...disorders there are and the range of ways to experience and treat treat these disorders. One such specific subset of a Panic Disorder being “Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia”. Similar to a great amount of other panic disorders, people with Panic Disorder with agoraphobia usually experience panic...
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...AGORAPHOBIA DEFINITION Agoraphobia (ag-uh-ruh-FO-be-uh) is an anxiety disorder in which individuals have feeling of afraid to panic and embarrass themselves in front of many people. As result, the trying to avoid themselves from public situation. Individuals who suffer from agoraphobia are afraid of being in situation in which escape would be difficult or embarrassing of panic-like symptoms occurred. Because of their fear of embarrassing themselves, people with agoraphobia may confine themselves to their homes and venture out as little as possible, and when they do go out, they may only do so with someone they believe will able to be help them or becoming their shield when they become anxious. Note that individuals with agoraphobia do not avoid people because of any fear of people; instead they avoid people because “something” might happen that they cannot control and then they will embarrass themselves. Diagnosed that have been carried out noted that amongst female and males, the female have higher percentage of agoraphobia which was 7% whereas the male only 3.5%. THEORIES The available theories suggest that agoraphobia have psychological and physiological components, but it is unclear whether physiological factors cause physiological changes, or vice versa. In considering biological contributors to the development of panic disorder, researchers have been struck by the fact that biological relatives of individuals with panic disorder are 8 times more likely to develop...
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...creatures. Adult fears: social fears; fears related to blood, illness, injury, or death; fear of animals; fears of environmental hazards. Genetics: Mean heritability 40%. Environment or combination of both appears important. Theories of Fear: 1. Two-factor Theory (Mowrer) & Pavlov, Watson & Rayner. Includes classical & operant conditioning. 2. Rachman (1976) which includes direct conditioning, modeling, & information/instructional transmission. Prepared Fears (Seligman, 1970): 1. rapidly acquired 2. resistant to extinction 3. “noncognitive” 4. differentially associated with stimuli of evolutionary significance. Research on preparedness theory: Cook & Mineka (1987, 1990); McNally (1987); Bandura Behavioral & Cognitive Theories: 1. Neo-conditioning; 2. Neo-conditioning & emotional processing. Anxiety Sensitivity: Reiss – AS is one of 3 fundamental fears. The others include illness/injury sensitivity & fear of negative evaluation. Cognitive Model of social phobia: Clark & Wells (1995) Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia Issues with this disorder: controversy == 1. panic attacks and generalized anxiety are not qualitatively distinct forms of anxiety. 2. Agoraphobia is a major disability – why listed as secondary? McNally (1994): Agoraphobia is a separate and distinct...
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...Agoraphobia Marissa Burton SOC 313 Shamika Smith February 18, 2013 Panic disorders are anxiety disorders, diagnosed in people who experience thoughts of intense fright or discomfort; they are described by panic attacks, episodes in which the individual has feelings of deep anxiety or terror, followed by a sense of imminent doom (Flavo, 2009). Some people avoid going into situations or places in which they have formerly had a panic attack in anticipation of it reoccurring again. These people have agoraphobia, and they tend to stay away from public places where they feel that urgent escape might be difficult. About one in three people with panic disorder develops agoraphobia. Their world may become lesser, as they are always on guard, waiting for the next attack (Anxiety and Depression Association of America, 2010-2012). In this paper, I will discuss the lifestyle of people living with agoraphobia as well as the interventions, and factors that may act as retraining forces in agoraphobic individuals. Agoraphobia is a type of anxiety disorder in which individuals tend to avoid situations that they feel may cause them panic. People with agoraphobia may even avoid being alone, leaving their home or any predicament where they could feel humiliated, trapped, or helpless if they do panic. According to Mayo Clinic Staff (2011), people who are agoraphobic do not feel safe in any public place, especially where there is a crowd. They can feel trapped inside of their own home because...
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...Agoraphobia as defined by the APA Dictionary of Psychology is literally the fear of the market place. Agoraphobia is manifested as anxiety about being in places or situations, fearing one may have panic symptoms or a panic attack, throwing up or having diarrhea in public. Those with agoraphobia live with the terror that they may become trapped, desperately avoiding situations where they feel that they would not be able to escape quickly or that may not be able to get help if they need it.κ Those with agoraphobia have a hard time feeling safe in public places, and most especially where crowds gather. Common areas that most people suffering from agoraphobia dread are elevators, sporting events, bridges, lines, driving, public transportation, malls and airplanes. In the more serious cases of agoraphobia, one’s fears become so intense that they are just trapped in their own homes because that is the only place they truly feel safe.λ Unlike most phobias and fears, Agoraphobia usually begins between late adolescence and the mid-30s. This phobia is often passed along in families. It can also occur if a person grows up with an overprotective parent or a parent that is a perfectionist. According to the Mayo Clinic, between 1 and 5 percent of people in the United States develop agoraphobia in their lifetime. Nearly 80% of those suffering from this phobia are women.μ Something familiar to all of us is anxiety at its minor symptom level. This often seems to weigh against...
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...unconscious awareness of her own hatred for her abusive mother. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a ________ perspective. cognitive social-cognitive humanistic biological psychoanalytic Michael’s sexual obsession with unusual and often inanimate objects, such as otters and dryer sheets, would best be described as which of the following sexual disorder:. Voyeurism Frotteurism Masochism Paraphilia Sadism Mr. Kalish, a long-term government employee, falsely believed that his supervisor was a communist agent who was putting poison in the employees' coffee. When Mr. Kalish was referred to a psychiatrist, he claimed to be the grandson of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Kalish is most likely suffering from: dissociative identity disorder. agoraphobia. schizophrenia. panic disorder. an antisocial personal disorder. Jabar, a 25-year-old auto mechanic, thinks he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the mental hospital where his relatives have brought him for treatment. Jabar is most likely suffering from: an obsessive-compulsive disorder. schizophrenia. a panic disorder. a dissociative identity disorder. a dysthymic disorder. Several weeks after being fired from a job he had held for more than 20 years, Landon awoke one morning in a state of bewildered confusion. He had little sense of who he was and even failed to recognize his wife. Landon's experience of memory loss and confusion is most indicative of: panic disorder. phobia. generalized anxiety...
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... 2013 Abstract Week Two of PSY/300, which is the General Psychology class, has an assignment of writing a paper regarding phobias and addictions. It includes the meanings and the differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. The paper explains what phobias are as compared to addictions and how each of them affects behavior in individuals. It also explains what classical conditioning means to phobias as well as what operant conditioning means to addictions. Phobias and Addictions Every person is in one way or another, conditioned by either operant or classical conditioning. Phobias develop through classical conditioning, whereas addictions develop through operant conditioning. The classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association, (McLeod, 2012). Operant conditioning is the other type of conditioning whereas an individual learns through a reward system. It is more or less association made between behavior and consequence of that behavior. Phobias and addictions develop through these two types of conditioning. Phobias develop through classical conditioning and addictions through operant conditioning. Through the past decades, psychologists studied these two relationships to develop a more understanding of these emotional disorders. Phobias and addictions are negative behaviors and usually come from classical conditioning or operant conditioning. Phobias happen out of a fear of something and addictions...
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...INTRODUCTION Everyone experienced some sort of anxiety feeling before an important event, such as an important exam, going on the 1st date, going on the roller coaster for the 1st time, and etc. during their lifetime. When this anxiety start to be an overwhelming thought in a person’s mind and causes nightmares, fears, and panic attacks, it becomes an illness, called anxiety disorder. It is the fear, apprehension, and often the expectation of unspecified danger. It is considered a normal natural response used everyday to figure out whether a situation is dangerous or not. How to differentiate a normal anxiety form an abnormal disorder: The intensity of the anxiety; whether or not the anxiety matches the circumstance. The length of the anxiety is inappropriate to what is causing the anxiety. Adequately respond to make a decision in what to do in that our body has alarm us to some danger. Anxiety is a total normal thing and is experienced daily. But when you have consistent anxiety you should start to worry. Anxiety is a reaction to stressful situations that helps rather than hinders daily functions. If we didn’t have anxiety we wouldn’t be motivated to do certain things in life that could be a good accomplishment or help us out. Anxiety Disorder is defined as the occurrence of anxiety without obvious external cause, intruding on daily functioning. Now I will discuss Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Generalized Anxiety Disorder is the experience of long-term anxiety with...
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...Diagnosis and Recommendations Jadine was diagnosed with Panic disorder without Agoraphobia because of her scores on the BAI. I am recommending she see a medical doctor to prescribe her some medication to help with the anxiety, and a sleep aid so she can rest at night. First off its very common diagnosis all it means is she has unexpected panic attacks that tend to reoccur. Agoraphobia is a fear of being in crowded places or about being in public places which she does not have. It is recommended that Jadine continue counseling to address her anxiety, and to help her balance her work, school and family life. I think Jadine would benefit from mindfulness techniques like meditation to help reduce her stress. I think Jadine would benefit greatly from a support group for single mothers....
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...Course assignment Topic: Phobias Prepared by: Accepted by F1-10 ------------------------------------------------- Table of Contents What is a phobia? pg 3 Types of phobias pg 3 Symptoms of phobias pg 5 Coping with phobias pg 5 Bibliography pg 7 What is a phobia? The word “Phobia” comes from the Greek “phobos” meaning fear. But it is not an ordinary type of fear. A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder. It is a strong, irrational, fear of something that possess little or no actual danger. In many cases it is usually limited to one particular thing such as the fear of heights or lifts, of enclosed or open spaces, of travelling by plane, of certain animals and, in the worst of cases, of people. A phobia that has recently become very common is the fear of being “unclean” or contaminated by dirt or germs, and this leads to frequent and obsessive washing. Although the hands of a person with this phobia will get sore from repeated use of soap, he will not stop washing them. Some people have purely personal phobias. One woman was frightened that while she was driving a car, a bird would fly in front of a widescreen. Another man would never stand on a balcony fearing that at any moment it might collapse...
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...Research paper on Anxiety Disorder Jeffrey S. Fletcher, M.A. Kathleen B. Stinger Psychopathology and Counseling, Coun 656 4, May 2014 Author Note Jeffrey S. Fletcher, Student, Liberty University. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Jeffrey S. Fletcher, Jfletcher1@liberty.edu Abstract This research paper is designed to review articles and books of professional journals in anxiety disorders, definition of anxiety disorder, review of current and past treatments of anxiety disorders, the new section and changes to anxiety disorder in the DSM-5, new treatments for anxiety disorders and medications for anxiety disorders. This paper will show spiritual considerations for treating anxiety disorders and how religion can improve one’s condition. It will show how CBT treatment of anxiety disorders have not been very successful and how medication has its limitations in treatment of anxiety disorders. This paper will also show what this clinician has learned and will take forward into the daily practice of treating adolescents with anxiety disorders. Keywords: anxiety, anxiety disorders, DSM-5, treatment Introduction When we talk about anxiety we have to distinguish between healthy anxiety or normal anxiety and anxiety disorders. It is normal to have a certain amount of anxiety for instance when one is in danger it is normal to become anxious. To have an anxiety disorder your anxiety would have to interfere with your life in a negative way. Anxiety...
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...Part I As of this date, the best evidenced-based treatment for treating panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, appears to be a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy. There are numerous studies to support this claim, some of which will be discussed here. There have been a number of comparative studies of psychotherapy, drug treatment, and a combination of both in the treatment of panic disorder and most have indicated that a combination is superior to mono-therapy of either type (Bandelow, Lichte, Rudolf, Wiltink, & Beutel, 2014). There are other methods that are also used, but current research shows that none appear to be as effective as this combination. Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illnesses, although persons suffering from them rarely seek treatment. Specific phobias are the most common type of anxiety disorder followed closely by panic disorder/agoraphobia (PDAG). Anxiety disorders are now thought to originate from an interaction of psychosocial, genetic, and neurobiological factors (Bandelow et al., 2014). Panic disorder (PD) is associated with significant personal, social, and economic costs and ranks among the most expensive psychiatric disorders (White et al., 2013). Merriam-Webster defines panic disorder, panic attack and agoraphobia as...
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...goes off when you feel threatened. Although it may be unpleasant, anxiety isn’t always a bad thing. In fact, anxiety can help you stay alert and focused, spur you to action, and motivate you to solve problems. But when anxiety is constant or overwhelming, when it interferes with your relationships and activities—that’s when you’ve crossed the line from normal anxiety into the territory of anxiety disorders. Anxiety Disorders The DSM is divided into different sections which represent separate, broad categories of psychiatric disorders. One of these categories is anxiety disorders. The disorders found in this category are: Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia; Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia; Agoraphobia without a History of Panic Disorder; Specific Phobia; Social Phobia; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD); Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD); Acute Stress Disorder; Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD); Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition;...
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...Study Guide #4 Chapter 11 Define personality. When did Freud practice? How did this affect his developing theory? Explain the three parts of the mind: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Define the three parts of the personality: id, ego, and superego. How do they work together (which two are in conflict)? What are psychological defense mechanisms? Define denial, repression, rationalization, and projection, and be able to recognize them in an applied scenario. Explain the psychosexual stages and list the five stages and the conflict associated with the first three. Explain the Oedipus/Elektra complex. How do behaviorists view personality? Explain the social cognitive view of personality. Define reciprocal determinism. What is self-efficacy? How do people high in self-efficacy differ from those low in self-efficacy? Define locus of control and explain the difference between an internal and external locus of control. Explain the self-actualizing tendency and its relation to the self-concept. Define the real and ideal self. When is mismatch likely to occur between the two, and what does it often result in? What is unconditional positive regard? Define trait theory and explain what a trait is. Who is Gordon Allport and what contribution did he make to trait theories? Define Cattell’s surface and source traits. List and explain the Big Five/Five-Factor Model traits. Explain the trait-situation interaction. Chapter...
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... |basis for animal and human behavior. It is one of the major perspectives in psychology, and | | |involves such things as studying the immune sytem, nervous system, and genetics. | |Learning Perspective |The views of human development which holds the changes in behavior result from experience or | | |form adaptation to the environment. | |Cognitive Factors |Something inmaterial that contributes to producing a result. | |Diathesis-Stress Model |A psychological theory that attempts to explain behavior or illness as a result of | | |predispositional vulnerability together with stress from life experiences. | |Personality Factors |Personality factors are a set of emotional qualities and ways of behaving. This makes people | | |different from others. | |Social-Cognitive Perspective |Focuses on how people tend to apply information about other people and social situations. |...
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