...Foreign Direct Investment Learning objectives • Be familiar with current trends regarding FDI in the world economy. • Understand the different theories of foreign direct investment. • Appreciate how political ideology shapes a government’s attitudes towards FDI. • Understand the benefits and costs of FDI to home and host countries. • Be able to discuss the range of policy instruments that governments use to influence FDI. • Articulate the implications for management practice of theory and government policies associated with FDI. The focus of this chapter is foreign direct investment (FDI). The growth of foreign direct investment in the last 25 years has been phenomenal. FDI can take the form of a foreign firm buying a firm in a different country, or deciding to invest in a different country by building operations there. With FDI, a firm has a significant ownership in a foreign operation and the potential to affect managerial decisions of the operation. The goal of our coverage of FDI is to understand the pattern of FDI that occurs between countries, and why firms undertake FDI and become multinational in their operations as well as why firms undertake FDI rather than simply exporting products or licensing their know-how. The opening case describes the international growth of Starbucks. The closing case explores Cemex’s foreign investments. OUTLINE OF CHAPTER 7: FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT Opening Case: Starbucks’...
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...WHAT IS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the process whereby residents of one country (the source/home country) acquire ownership of assets for the purpose of controlling the production, distribution and other activities of a firm in another country (the host country) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) defines foreign direct investment (FDI) as a category of international investment where a resident in one economy (the direct investor) obtains a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another economy (the direct investment enterprise). (IMF, 1993) * Two parts of this definition are important to note: 1. The “lasting interest” implies the existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise, 2. The “direct investment” implies the acquisition of at least 10 percent of the ordinary shares or voting power of an enterprise abroad. * Foreign Direct Investor - an individual, an incorporated or unincorporated public or private enterprise, a government, a group of related individuals, or a group of related incorporated and/or unincorporated enterprises which has a direct investment enterprise – that is, a subsidiary, associate or branch – operating in a country other than the country or countries of residence of the foreign direct investor(s). Common Misconceptions of FDI. * FDI does not necessarily imply control of the enterprise since only a 10 percent ownership...
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...International Production: Past, Present and Future JOHN H. DUNNING ABSTRACT This article describes the origins, and traces the subsequent evolution of the eclectic paradigm from the mid-1950s to the present day. It does so in the light of the changing characteristics of MNE activity and of the global economic scenario. The article concludes by asserting that the eclectic paradigm still remains a powerful and robust framework for examining contextual specific theories of foreign direct investment and international production. Key words: Eclectic paradigm; FDI; MNEs; Strategy; International production; Alliances. JEL classifications: F21, F23, M21. 1. Its Origins Although the eclectic paradigm (or the eclectic theory as it was initially called) of international production was first put forward by the present author at a Nobel Symposium in Stockholm in 1976, its origins can be traced back to the mid-1950s. At that time, I was writing my PhD thesis, later to be published as a book (Dunning, 1958), on US direct investment in British manufacturing industry. Earlier research by Rostas (1948), Frankel (1955) and some Anglo ± American study teams1 had shown that the labour productivity in US manufacturing industry was, on average, 2 to 5 times higher than that in UK industry. The question this fact posed in my mind was: was this difference in productivity a reflection of the superior indigenous (and immobile) resources of the US (cf. the UK) economy; or was it due to the more proficient...
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... P. 3 3.1 The Monopolistic Advantage Theory P. 3 3.2 International Product Life-Cycle Theory P. 3 3.3 Internationalization Theory P. 4 3.4 The Eclectic Paradigm Theory P. 4 3.5 Further Theories P. 4 4.0 Case Study: Volkswagen in China P. 5 4.1 Brief History of Volkswagen P. 5 4.2 Entry into China P. 5 4.3 The Eclectic Paradigm and Volkswagen P. 5 4.3.1. Ownership Advantages and P. 5 Internationalization Advantages 4.3.2. Location Advantage P.5 4.4 The Oligopolistic Reaction Theory P. 6 5.0 Conclusion P. 6 6.0 Bibliography P. 7-8 7.0 Appendices P. 9-11 1.0 Abstract Foreign Direct Investment has seen extensive growth globally in the past quarter century and numerous studies have attempted to address the question of why firms choose to enter foreign markets via this method. FDI is an important aspect of developing economies with China seeing some of the highest investment rates. The report takes the example of Volkswagen who were the first automobile company to engage in FDI in China and have seen excellent growth there over the years. It has found no one theory can be applied and many elements must be considered when looking at why an individual firm chooses to internationalize through FDI. 2.0 Introduction Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has become an increasingly important...
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...FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND THE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION CHAPTER 2. 2.1. INTRODUCTION International business activity is by no means a recent phenomenon. The lives of Phoenicians and Carthaginians, in the ancient world, were deeply dependent on international business. This economic activity included foreign direct investment (FDI), joint ventures and strategic alliances, among other forms of internationalisation (Moore and Lewis, 1999). Several multinational corporations (MNEs) can also be identified in Europe in the middle ages and in the beginning of the modern era (Dunning, 1993a; Jones, 1996). The origins of modern international business activity however, are associated with the industrial revolution. Modern MNEs, in particular, have their roots in the massive international movement of factors that took place in the nineteenth century (Dunning, 1993a: p.99). Resource-seeking was the most common motivation of FDI in this period, even if by 1850 many firms had already crossed the Atlantic, in both directions, in what can be defined as market-seeking investment (Dunning, 1993a: p.100; Jones, 1996: p.5). 8 Despite the presence of FDI, most foreign investment in the nineteenth century - and indeed until the late 1940s – was portfolio capital. As a result, international business activity was largely ignored in economic theory until the late 1950s. On the one hand, the phenomenon did not have a major perceived economic impact. It was widely assumed that MNEs were...
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...Guo1 ABSTRACT Why and how firms take advantage of foreign opportunities, especially via foreign direct investment (FDI) has been much documented. China, as a major emerging market, has attracted significant flows of FDI, to become the second largest receipt. This paper briefly examines the literature on FDI and focuses on likely determinants of FDI in China. It then analyses responses from 22 firms operating in China on what they see as the important motivations for them to undertake FDI. Results show that market size is a major factor for FDI especially for US firms. For local, export-orientated, Asian firms, low labor costs are the main factor. The paper concludes with managerial implications for businesses wish to exploit opportunities in China. INTRODUCTION The past few years has seen a tremendous growth of foreign direct investment (FDI) that has exceeded both world output and world trade. China is by far the largest recipient, and in 2004 surpassed the USA as host destination. It has consequently attracted an increasing attention from multinational businesses. Since China adopted the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970s, foreign investment has played an increasingly important role in its economic growth. According to the World Investment Report for 2004 by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, China absorbed a total of US$53.5 billion worth of foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2003. The Xinhua News Agency, quoting The National...
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...Foreign Direct Investments: Volkswagen’s Entry Strategy in China’s Car Market 21/1/2013 Content Page Table of Contents Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Literature review 2 Volkswagen rational for China – Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm. 4 Conclusion 6 References 7 Abstract China is one of the most attractive destinations for Foreign Direct Investments in the world. It is first destination for Inward FDI among developing countries (WTO, 2012). China has developed second world’s largest car market after U.S.A. and has been the largest car producer in the world since 2008. German company Volkswagen (hereafter VW) is the world’s second largest motor vehicle manufacturer after Toyota Motor (CNN, 2012) and the biggest manufacturer in Europe. VW is one of the earliest investors and the biggest foreign car maker in China with 15% of market shares. This report, by applying relevant theories, such as Dunning’s eclectic paradigm or Hymer’s internationalization theory, will explain why VW Company decided to invest in China through joint venture rather than acquisition or Greenfield investment. Introduction Chinese car industry, as well as many other branches, is very young, although dynamic and fast growing. In 1978 Chinese government introduced policy of open doors which allowed foreign companies to invest and operate in China. Since then car sector has developed rapidly from an infant to a mature industry. Moreover, Chinese government provides various...
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...Effects of Foreign Direct Investment ANDREAS JOHNSON Host Country Effects of Foreign Direct Investment The Case of Developing and Transition Economies JIBS Dissertation Series No. 031 JIBS Dissertation Series No. 031 ANDREAS JOHNSON Host Country Effects of Foreign Direct Investment The Case of Developing and Transition Economies This thesis consists of four individual essays and an introductory chapter. While independent from each other, these essays share some common properties. They are all empirical and focus on the interaction between inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) and host country characteristics. The primary focus of the thesis lies in how inflows of FDI affect developing and transition economies. Macro-level data are used in all essays. The first essay analyses the FDI inflows that the transition economies of Eastern Europe have attracted and tries to find determinants of these inflows. The following two essays compare the effect of FDI between developing and developed economies. The second essay studies the relationship between corruption in the host country and the volume of FDI inflows. The third essay explores the effect of FDI inflows on host country economic growth. The fourth and final essay analyses the relationship between FDI and trade, focusing on the link between FDI flows and host country exports in eight East Asian economies. ISSN 1403-0470 ISBN 91-89164-64-4 ANDREAS JOHNSON Host Country Effects of Foreign Direct Investment ...
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...and services. How do the statistics of world trade and direct investment show the trend of globalization? Globalization allows for countries to expand outside of their own country for resources. With this being done, more and more countries are able to interact in world trade and direct investment, which correlate to the trend of globalization increasing. 2. What are the main drivers of globalization? Accelerated technological change, liberation of trade and investment and investment in many countries, and entrepreneurship and competition among firms (location economies, economies of scale, and economies of scope). How do location economies, economies of scale and economies of scope motivate firms to expand their operations overseas? Location economies refer to the cost efficiencies that a firm can achieve by locating some of its activities overseas. Such cost efficiencies can result from lower labor or raw material costs, superior labor skills, or elimination of transport or tariff costs. Economies of scale refer to the reduction of average production costs due to the expansion of sales in additional markets when fixed costs are amortized onto a larger quantity of units sold, thus lowering the production cost per unit, which gives a company the ability to expand sales and production volume. Economies of scope refer to the realization of additional profit from the exploitation of certain valuable assets in additional foreign markets because those...
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...The Fundamentals of International Business | | Assignment question: There are several theories that seek to explain why FDI takes place. These theories try to explain why firms go to the trouble of acquiring or establishing operations abroad. Such theory includes Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm, Vernon’s Life Cycle and Knickerbocker’s Model to name a few. Your academic paper should illustrate the use of such theories to evaluate the rationale for foreign direct investment for a leading player in your chosen industry. | | | | Student: Matteo Noris ID: 10224550 Course: (BA) International Business Assignment Due Date: 25th January 2012 Unit Tutor: Agnieszka Chidlow Matteo Noris ID: 10224550 Fundamentals of the International Business Submission Date: Wednesday 25th January 2012 Weighting: 30% of the total mark for the Unit * Chosen Assignment Question : 2 Foreign Direct Investment There are several theories that seek to explain why FDI takes place. These theories try to explain why firms go to the trouble of acquiring or establishing operations abroad. Such theories include Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm, Vernon’s Life Cycle and Knickerbocker’s Model to name a few. Your academic paper should illustrate the use of such theories to evaluate the rationale for foreign direct investment for a leading player in your chosen industry. Contents Page Contents Page 2 Abstract 3 Introduction 3 Main Body 4 Conclusions 8 References...
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...International Monetary Fund (IMF) defined Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as “ an incorporated or unincorporated enterprise in which a foreign investor owns 10% or more of the ordinary shares or voting power of an incorporated enterprise or the equivalent of an unincorporated enterprise”. (IMF, 2004). Gilomore, O’s Donnel, Carson and Cummins (2003) stated, “There are eight factors that are influencing the choice of host market in terms of FDI. They are knowledge and experience of foreign market, size and growth of the foreign market, government emphasis on FDI and financial incentives, economic policy, transportation material and labor cost, availability of resources, technology and political stability.” Since 1970s FDI inflows increased in Malaysia reaching its peak around the 1990s and since then fluctuating and recently experiencing outflows of foreign funds. (TheGlobalEconomy, 2016). The objective of this essay is to discuss factors influencing a decrease in FDI in Malaysia. Slow economic growth is one of the factors that have affected FDI in Malaysia. According to Hill, Cronk & Wickramasekera (2013), “Economic growth is an increase in the productive capacity and national output of a country, measured by the rate of increase of GDP”. China being Malaysia’s second biggest export market after Singapore has a direct impact on the Malaysian economy. (Hui, 2014). Because of a lower economic growth in China, demand for Malaysian goods and services have declined in the...
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...Foreign Direct Investment in the UAE On April 14, 2014 Abdulla Al Saleh, Undersecretary, UAE Ministry of Economy, Foreign Trade Sector announced that the U.A.E expects to attract $14.4 Billion in Foreign Direct investment in 2014 after the won the recent right to host the World expo in 2020. Since 2011 the U.A.E. has experienced a major increase in foreign direct investment in sectors such as Retail, Logistics, Information Technology, Service industry, Retail In the retail sector the U.A.E. is now equal first with London as the leading global retail hotspot, according to CBRE’s “How Global Is the Business of Retail?” report, attracting more than half of all international retail brands surveyed. The study said, ‘with a wealthy consumer base and very little competition from local retailers, the U.A.E. specifically Dubai has rapidly become a key destination for international retailers having passed Paris and New York in terms of most popular shopping destinations. Business Monitor International (BMI) estimates that the UAE retail sales of AED 114 billion (USD 31.01bn) in 2011, will grow 32.9 per cent to AED151 billion (USD 41billion) by 2015. Many of the Retail sub-sectors are expected to see a growth a few examples of these can be the Over the counter (OTC) Pharmaceuticals which from 2011 had sales estimated at around 1.1 billion Dirhams, (IBM) expects this two reach 1.54 billion dirhams by the end of 2014 which is an increase of 40 percent. Automotive sales has increased...
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...[pic] PRACTICAL SESIONS 1. Introduction We are going to work on the process of internationalization of a specific company and adapt its determinants to major theories of business internationalization at the same time, we will work the attraction of international investment of two country-specific factors. First of all, you must choose that undertaking, which may not be that choosing another schoolmate. You then select two countries where the company is present, if possible, one developed and other non-developed. 1. Tasks The tasks that you must perform will be a word document and a PowerPoint to present it in class. It is a single work consisting of choose a multinational company and based on information in primary and secondary schools about the company, to analyze the following issues as a case study: 1.- Explain briefly the origin and growth of the company. What is the current situation in terms of number of brands, institutions, countries and modalities of expansion? 2.- What specific factors are those who have influenced the internationalization of the tourist company in question? a) What are the competitive advantages of the company that will ensure an international success?-Hymer applied to the company. b) Does kind of industrial organization sector which belongs to the company? (competes under conditions of perfect competition, oligopoly...) What are your main competitors? Is the industry formed by SMEs or multinational...
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...Theories of Foreign Direct Investment Bipul Kumar Das * Abstract: The foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is increasing in the world economy. It plays an important role inthe growth process of an economy. Various FDI theories provide the motivations and determinants ofFDI. Economists broadly classified the FDI theories into macro-level and micro-level FDI theories. Themacro-level FDI theories give the macroeconomic factors that determine the FDI and micro-leveltheories discuss the motivation of FDI associated with the firm level. Besides these two categories,the development theories of FDI also discussed the motivation of FDI flows. JEL Classification : F21, F23. Key words: FDI theories, macro-level FDI theories, Micro-level FDI theories, DevelopmentFDI theories.The Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) theories can be classified broadly into twocategories. One is at the macro level and the other is at the micro level. Again at the macro-level, we have capital market theory, Dynamic macroeconomic theory, FDI theories based onexchange rates, FDI theories based on economic geography, gravity approach to FDI and FDItheories based on institutional analysis. At the micro-level, we have the theories likeExistence of firm specific advantages (Hymer), FDI and oligopolistic markets, Theory ofinternalization, and Electic FDI theory (John Dunning). Recently another type of FDIcategories discussed by the economists is the development theories which combine both themicro level and macro-level...
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...petroleum industry capitals respectively, are the top real estate investment destinations, and account for as high as 65 percent of all activities in this asset class, a report by the National Bureau of Statistics has revealed. The report indicated that Lagos has the greatest amount of real estate activities at 37 percent, followed by Abuja with 22 percent and Port Harcourt (Rivers State) with 6 percent, all covering 65 percent of real estate activities in the country. The trio, often regarded as Nigeria’s traditional cities, have seen increased tempo of activity in real estate development and much of the investments that have gone into real estate in the country in the last decade were concentrated in these cities. Nigeria’s has a burgeoning real estate sector, which by the GDP rebasing exercise in the country in April 2014, was discovered to be the fastest growing and sixth largest sector in the Nigerian economy, explaining the rising level of investment in the sector by both local and foreign investors. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as “an investment in which a firm acquires a substantial controlling interest in a foreign firm (above 10 percent share) or sets up a subsidiary in a foreign country” (Chen, 2000). The International Monetary Fund adds “the investor’s purpose is to have an effective voice in the management of the enterprise”. FDI is not only a financial transaction between two foreign enterprises, in which one company invests in the capital of the other...
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