...CHAPTER 1 * 1. 1- 1- Organizational Theory, Design, and Change Sixth Edition Gareth R. Jones Chapter 1 Organizations and Organizational Effectiveness * 2. What is an Organization? Organization: a tool used by people to coordinate their actions to obtain something they desire or value Organizations provide goods and services Organizations employ people Organizations bring together people and resources to produce products and services Basically, organizations exist to create value Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall * 3. How Does an Organization Create Value? Value creation takes place at three stages: input, conversion, and output Each stage is affected by the environment in which the organization operates Environment – the set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization’s boundaries but affect its ability to acquire and use resources to create value Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall * 4. Figure 1.1: How an Organization Creates Value Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall * 5. Why Do Organizations Exist? People working together to produce goods and services create more value than people working alone 5 major reasons why organizations exist: To increase specialization and the division of labor Division of labor allows specialization Specialization allows individuals to become experts at their job To use large-scale technology Economies of scale: cost...
Words: 985 - Pages: 4
...Mohamed Hassimiu Barrie 520 Quantitative Analysis September 16, 2012 Module 2 Answer to selecting two problems from my own experience, describing problems, the improving principle and the principle that I do not want to worsen. The scenario also wants me to make use of the Triz contradiction matrix to identify suggested principles to resolve the contradictions. As stated by economists, the desires of man are unlimited while the resources or means to satisfy these desires are limited in supply. This has been so since creation and it has never changed. Even though the world has advance nowadays through information technology and other new inventions, the desires of man keep advancing and complicating far above these inventions. The big companies are doing everything to satisfy the need of human beings but because of the complex nature of these needs they cannot be satisfied. The need to solve these ever ending problems of human beings have drive people to form organizations where people can come together with a common purpose to look at a specific problem and try to find solutions to them. For instance if we think about the common problems we face in our offices and our everyday life and how we strive to solve these problems, we will realize that life itself is about constantly finding solutions to ever ending problems. The important economic concepts of scarcity come into play here. By scarcity economics mean that the wants and desires of human beings are unlimited...
Words: 4885 - Pages: 20
...day activities. Ultimately determining how efficiently the desired goals will be acquired. Questions this structure will need to confront will include the amount of specialisation in areas of work and responsibility, the levels of management and their consequent size, the grouping of departments together for functionality of expertise, and the kind of integrative mechanism for control over work done. One of the more common types of organisational structures found within today’s society that has attempted to answer these questions of direction and efficiency is known as Bureaucracy. The Bureaucratic model in itself is not a functioning organisational structure within itself, but more of a hypothetical guide to creating ones own business design based on...
Words: 2220 - Pages: 9
...1 Religion in Schools – Intelligent Design vs. Theory Stephanie C. Hansen Western International University April, 2006 Intelligent Design should be taught in schools, not only viewed as a religious theory. The debate continues on what roles the school should take on controversies regarding Theory of Evolution vs. Intelligent Design. Opponents insist that this is a “veiled way” of getting religion into the classroom, and that it should not be allowed. One of the main reasons to have Freedom of Speech is so “Truth” can emerge from vigorous debate on all sides of every important issue. Why then should we Americans ever want to suppress the free discussion of important issues in our public schools? (William McGinnis, 2006) Opponents would insist that Intelligent Design has no part in science. On the contrary, the more Intelligent Design is argued, the more scientific it proves to be. In the book Darwin’s Black Box (Behe) the author contends that “Darwin’s response is no longer adequate because of scientific advances that have occurred since Darwin’s death”. Thus, the Theory of Evolution deserves to be revisited. It wasn’t until after his (Darwin’s) death those life forms could be inspected on a molecular level. Therefore, it would also be “scientific” to re-evaluate the Intelligent Design concept on a scientific level since it has been determined “scientifically” that “even in their most basic forms, various organisms are so complex that they...
Words: 1695 - Pages: 7
...The theory of intelligent design holds that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection” (http://www.intelligentdesign.org). I appeal to intelligent design because the universe couldn’t have arisen by chance there has to be a higher being that created the universe and everything in it. But I also believe there is a scientific reason behind how mankind came about because there’s no proof that God created mankind. I feel that all living organism developed from another living organism due to evidence that can prove evolution it true. Intelligent design gives people the chance to decide what they believe is true, but still believe in a higher power as...
Words: 700 - Pages: 3
...[Background conversation] So Bucky died 30 years ago. And when he died everybody went Buckminster Fuller is dead and I went, “Wait a minute!” because I was working with the institute at the time, I went, “This is the guy who said, ‘death is yet --- [Background conversation] So Bucky Fuller 30 years --- [Background conversation] [0:01:47] So Bucky Fuller died 30 years ago and everybody went, “Bucky Fuller’s dead, we should wrap up all the stuff, put it in an archive.” And I went, “Wait a minute! This is the guy who said, ‘this is not me, this is yesterday’s breakfast. And when this is gone doesn’t mean I am gone, it means that you need to find other ways to communicate with me.’” And I actually just got an email yesterday from a woman who said, “Oh! I’ve been dreaming about Bucky Fuller and I actually saw him in the mall the other day.” And I am like, “Whoa! This is pretty interesting she’s in Australia.” And I think that his influence is like everywhere. [0:02:27] What I decided was that I was going to do -- that he had conducted a 56 year experiment to determine and document what one individual could achieve that could not be accomplished by any religion, government, organization of any kind. So it’s basically what one man can do and he documented it and I said, “Well, when somebody does an experiment, you don’t just archive it away. You actually examine it.” So that’s what I’d spent the last 30 years doing literally. And doing what he told us to do, which is what all...
Words: 7054 - Pages: 29
...ID No. Quiz1raw Quiz/50 Quiz2raw Quiz/48 Quiz3raw Quiz/49 average Quiz 30% of Final Grade Pre case 15% of Final Grade Post case 10% of Final case writing - 15% of Final case writing - 10% of Final Grade written Grade oral pres Grade Peer eval 10% of Final Grade absences attendance class part Class part average 10% of Final Grade 1 '11211326 2 '11015187 3 '11237988 4 '11229640 5 '11239832 6 '11211628 7 '11137630 8 '11242914 9 '11216158 10 '11220007 11 '11119020 12 '11228326 13 '11213760 14 '11235853 15 '11238208 16 '11108231 17 '11214414 18 '11142685 19 '11224150 20 '11221046 21 '11207299 22 '11225238 23 '11213493 24 '11133465 25 '10917543 26 '11236280 27 '11229152 28 '11230509 29 '11229764 30 '11125969 31 '11212012 32 '11101709 33 '11223375 42.50 48.50 50.00 51.50 44.50 45.00 49.50 45.00 50.00 42.00 47.00 49.00 44.50 46.00 35.50 50.50 44.50 46.00 41.00 41.50 44.50 52.00 37.00 44.00 39.50 45.00 43.50 34.00 43.00 47.00 45.00 42.00 48.00 85 97 100 103 89 90 99 90 100 84 94 98 89 92 71 101 89 92 82 83 89 104 74 88 79 90 87 68 86 94 90 84 96 28 47 37 47 46 29 40 35 39 45 32 41 23 31 31 42 37 46 37 36 39 36 33 36 37 43 36 36 48 31 41 29 36 58.33 97.92 77.08 97.92 95.83 60.42 83.33 72.92 81.25 93.75 66.67 85.42 47.92 64.58 64.58 87.50 77.08 95.83 77.08 75.00 81.25 75.00 68.75 75.00 77.08 89.58 75.00 75.00 100.00 64.58 85.42 60.42 75.00 41 51 43 45 38 44 44 42 44 43 30 39 46 39 35 46 45 40 49 50 50 49 39 35 38...
Words: 1931 - Pages: 8
...Checkpoint: Theory, Design, and Specification Theory: The reduction of the amount of violence that has been against women in South Carolina within the last decade is a severe problem, which has not only lead to violent abuse, but many deaths have also occurred. In this state they have remained in the top ten ranking states for domestic and sexual abuse. Women are expected to leave their abusers, and they are expected to see all the signs of a dangerous spouse, or intimate partner. Design: PEACE is a program geared towards helping victims of either sexual or domestic abuse, giving women and their children safe havens, and helping them with self-esteem issue’s, helping them to also gain individual independence. Services to victims will include the following: 1. Providing shelter for a maximum of one year. 2. Providing therapy to victims one session a week for 12 weeks, followed by one session a month for a maximum of 12 months. 3. Providing professional counseling sessions to either create higher education plans, or review employment opportunities. 4. Providing life coach sessions once a month for 12 months maximum. Specification: PEACE program staff will meet each quarter to communicate in regards to progress of participants, they are expected to either be enrolled in college courses, working some form of employment, and showing progression within the first 90 days. Each participant will be fully evaluated prior to the staff meeting each quarter. All activities...
Words: 303 - Pages: 2
...Institute of Business and Information Technology PU, Lahore Project Report “Procter and Gamble” Organization Theory and Design F10BB (Morning) Submitted To: Ma’am Heena Saleem Submission Date 11th June, 2014 Group Members: Abeeha Mahmood F10BB038 Taliha Ghazi F10BB037 Saba Javed F10BB008 Komal Asim F10BB036 Fatima Mushtaq F10BB004 Zunaira Mumtaz F10BB018 Table of Contents Brief History and Background of the Organization: 3 Structure of the Organization: 6 Structural Dimensions of the Organization: 7 Goals, Strategies and Effectiveness: 10 P&G Goals and Objectives: 10 P&G Company Strategies: 13 Organizational Strategies: 14 The External Environment Analysis: 16 Technology: 17 Life Cycle Assessments: 20 Innovation and Change: 21 Conflict, Power and Politics: 25 Procter and Gamble Brief History and Background of the Organization: Procter & Gamble is the largest consumer goods company in the world and sells products under more than 80 brand names. The Procter and Gamble Company is today more familiarly known as P&G, and it has grown from its humble roots as a Cincinnati soap maker to one of the 20 largest multinational corporations in the world (based on sales). P&G took a long time to become the wonder brand they are today. The path to success took a lot of creativity and innovation. P&G invented branding in the 19th century; since then it has acquired products...
Words: 7438 - Pages: 30
...Theories of Systems Analysis and Design for Integrated Business Solutions Xin Tian Herzing University Theories of Systems Analysis and Design for Integrated Business Solutions Introduction The word system comes from the Greek work “systema” defined as an organized relationship among functioning components or units. Business system analysis and design breaks down the entity’s components into its basic constituents for the purpose of studying how each component works with other components in the fulfillment of the business purpose (Grady, 2007). Business system analysis and design entails identifying the goals of an enterprise. Next, the analyst develops systems that will fulfill these goals through studying the basic components of the system with the aim of fulfilling the business’ goals in an efficient way. The analysis aspect of the system deals with what the systems should do while the design part outlines how the system will fulfill its purpose. A basic system will consists of two or several interrelated constituents. Each element of the system will consist of three properties. 1) Each component affects the functioning of the entire system. 2. Each component is affected by at least one other component in the system. 3. All subsystems of the components have the first two properties. Systems analysis and design for integrated business solutions entail three levels. The first level is the...
Words: 1264 - Pages: 6
...Analyse and critically discuss the nature and purpose of the employment relationship for organizations and the relationship between work design, planning, pay and the employment relationship. Explain how expectancy theory; reinforcement theory and equity theory help managers to build an effective pay strategy as part of managing employment relationships Words: 2,695 . Introduction The term ‘employment-relationship’ is interchangeable with others when describing aspects of the overall relationship. According to USQ (2004) this relationship is basically the exchange of work by employees for pay from employers. While the primary relationship is that between the employer-employee, as organisations have evolved, grown in size and number, so too has the diversity of employees, each with their own particular ‘psychological contract’ (Hodgkinson 2003). The purpose of a defined and productive employment relationship is to equitably manage the various relationships, and resolve conflicts (USQ 2004). Breaching this psychological contract potentially will have negative implications for loyalty, motivation, and worker commitment to the organisation (Hislop 2003). This essay will discuss some of the factors in the workplace, which have an effect on the principals at each end of this relationship, and maintaining such diverse relations within a context of equity to each. The objective of business is to increase profits by increasing the effectiveness of production...
Words: 3797 - Pages: 16
...factors in engineering design theory: a post-positivist approach Terence Love Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Western Australia Social, environmental and ethical factors in engineering design theory: a post-positivist approach Terence Love B.A. (Hons) Engineering This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 1998 Abstract This research investigated how social, environmental and ethical factors can be better included in theories of engineering design. The research focused on designing as an essentially human activity via consideration of the epistemological and ontological issues involved in constructing coherent design theory. The research investigations led to a clearer understanding of the roles of ontology, epistemology and methodology in design research and this clarification enabled the construction of a post-positivist approach to engineering design theory that better includes social, environmental and ethical factors alongside the existing products of scientific engineering design research. Other contributions to knowledge that emerged from the research process and which underpin the conclusions include; clarification of the terminology and basic concepts of design research and engineering design research, historical...
Words: 105471 - Pages: 422
...factors in engineering design theory: a post-positivist approach Terence Love Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Western Australia Social, environmental and ethical factors in engineering design theory: a post-positivist approach Terence Love B.A. (Hons) Engineering This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 1998 Abstract This research investigated how social, environmental and ethical factors can be better included in theories of engineering design. The research focused on designing as an essentially human activity via consideration of the epistemological and ontological issues involved in constructing coherent design theory. The research investigations led to a clearer understanding of the roles of ontology, epistemology and methodology in design research and this clarification enabled the construction of a post-positivist approach to engineering design theory that better includes social, environmental and ethical factors alongside the existing products of scientific engineering design research. Other contributions to knowledge that emerged from the research process and which underpin the conclusions include; clarification of the terminology and basic concepts of design research and engineering design research, historical...
Words: 105471 - Pages: 422
...Instructional Design Analysis Linda Lee AIU Online Abstract This analysis will analyze the process of instructional design. It will discuss the instructional design disciplines. There will be a discussion on instructional design and how it aligns with scientific methods. The ADDIE model will be detailed in this essay. The difference between instructional theory and learning theory will be compared and defined. The most important component of the instructional design process will be visited. The task that instructional designers perform will be discussed as well as the skills that he or she is required to possess. The conclusions drawn will be included. Instructional Design Analysis The definition of Instructional Design is a systematic way to develop instructional materials that are structured well by using objectives, related teaching strategies, systematic feedback and evaluation. It can also be defined as the scientific way to create detail oriented specifications for the design, development, evaluation, and maintenance of instructional material, which facilitates performance and learning. According to Wilson, (2004) instructional design can be defined as a technology, a science, an art or a craft. The instructional designer observes what is happening and collects empirical data in order to improve a particular topic. Empirical data is what the designer observes with their eyes and ears. Principles of the discipline of instructional design Instructional...
Words: 3597 - Pages: 15
...PART I WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN? 1 THE CONTEXT OF DESIGN Before examining types of research designs it is important to be clear about the role and purpose of research design. We need to understand what research design is and what it is not. We need to know where design ®ts into the whole research process from framing a question to ®nally analysing and reporting data. This is the purpose of this chapter. Description and explanation Social researchers ask two fundamental types of research questions: 1 2 What is going on (descriptive research)? Why is it going on (explanatory research)? Descriptive research Although some people dismiss descriptive research as `mere description', good description is fundamental to the research enterprise and it has added immeasurably to our knowledge of the shape and nature of our society. Descriptive research encompasses much government sponsored research including the population census, the collection of a wide range of social indicators and economic information such as household expenditure patterns, time use studies, employment and crime statistics and the like. Descriptions can be concrete or abstract. A relatively concrete description might describe the ethnic mix of a community, the changing age pro®le of a population or the gender mix of a workplace. Alternatively 2 WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN? the description might ask more abstract questions such as `Is the level of social inequality increasing or declining?', `How secular is society...
Words: 5593 - Pages: 23
