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Things We Cannot See When Our Eyes Are Closed

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Things we cannot see when our eyes are closed
Carla Foust
ANT 101 Introductions to Cultural Anthropology
Jonathan Brooks
December 10, 2012

Do you know any other culture besides your own? Culture is the way people do things, and it is transferred from generation to generation. In this paper I will attempt to inform you about the Zulu culture. Zulu mean people of heaven. The Zulu are an African ethnic group who live in the Southern region of Africa. The Zulu people come from a Pastoral background as their primary mode of subsistence. The men where dominate and had full control of the food supply. The Zulu people are known for their complex beliefs and values, sickness and healing, and gender relations.
In the eastern portion of southern Africa, the Zulus are the most well known clan. The Zulu settled in the late 18th century along with Xhosa, Pando, and Swazi people. This area is now known as KwaZulu-Natal. These collective clans all speak related languages and share similar cultures. This clan looked at this land as one of “milk and honey”, a fertile land with grass and patches of dense bush with numerous rivers and streams. This then was the birth place of the Zulu nation. There were struggles between the clans for grazing rights which resulted in shouting insults and assegai throwing.
The tribe’s primary mode of subsistence.
Before the mid-nineteenth century the Zulu depended on horticulture and the raising of livestock. Their staple crop was farm corn, and vegetables, while cattle, goats, and poultry were the most important livestock (McCord, 1911). The men and the boys that are called herds are responsible for the cows, which graze on the open country. The women do the harvesting and planting clout within the family (Johnson, 2012). The Zulu live in house or huts that are made from grass, supported on frame work of woven sticks. Its shape is like the old fashioned hemispherical bee-hive, with a lower door on one side through which on must crawl; and without windows or a chimney. The ceilings and walls are blackened from the smoker. They arrange these houses in circle to form villages (McCord, 1911).
The Zulu just as many other culture have what is referred to as a delicacy. Amazi is considered a delicacy to the Zulu people and may only be consumed by family members. Amazi is milk that is curdle in a gourd or basket and is released through way of a hole in the base. After consumption, the vessel is refilled immediately and never cleaned. Zulu has some forty culinary dishes, although the Zulu love meat, most of their dishes are vegetarian. Meat is only eaten at special occasions when a cow, sheep or goat will be slaughtered. When these items are available cabbage, onions, and tomatoes are popular, but they feed mostly on maize, pumpkin, and tubers.
Each member uses his/her own plates and utensils. Zulu food and eating is done using wooden bowls and wooden spoons and before the eating hands are washed and mouths are washed after. Traditional beer “Utshwala” is brewed every other day by the women. Utshwala is made from sorghum, it is prepared in a clay pot and served in a gourd and shared by everyone in the hut by seniority. The gourd is held in the right hand and the saucer with the left and the beer is drunk sitting or squatting (Durban, 2012).
What are the Zulu beliefs and values?
Despite the influences of modern day living, many if the Zulu people maintain their traditional customs and traditions. The Zulu believe in three major things and they are; women are extremely valuable in society because, all life passes though their bodies’, the rite of passage are moments of great religious importance in each person’s life, and the ancestors are the source of power and the souls of the people since, they know what is happening among the people (The Wonderful Life of Zulu People, 2009, 03). Their cosmology is characterized by God in multiple forms: uMvelingqangi (male god responsible for all life’s), uNomkhubulwano (female god who provides food security, particularly through good harvests), and a god for the control of weather, particularly thunder (Argyle, John, 1978).
The Zulu religion is households-based; it is the head of the household’s responsibility to fulfill the ceremonial rituals. Christianity has influenced the Zulu, about 86% of the Zulu combine traditional religious beliefs with Christianity. There are African indigenous churches that combine aspects of Western Christianity with Zulu ways of communicating with ancestors (Argyle, John, 1978). South Africans believe that the ancestors or ancestral spirits serve as intermediaries between the living and the creator or Supreme Being (Kamalu 1998: 46-50:Nyubane undated: Bunn 2002). It is believed that families must remember all ancestors and if they are forgotten they may seek to be remembered by visiting those who forgot causing trouble upon them. The Zulu believe that it is not the body that is important but the spirit of the deceased.
In Zulu culture superstations play a great role. The community healer “Sangoma” is consulted if it’s felt the ancestor is upset and causing wrongdoing. The Zulu people do not believe in fate, if something bad happens it is the doing of witches. Those who are accused and their families must suffer and is put to death. The sangoma deal with the psychic world and is charged with the cause of bad events, of protecting the clan against evil spirits and antisocial individuals (http://zulu-culture.co.za/inyanga_zulu_culture.php). Inyanga the tribe’s doctor is often thought of as a witch doctor, trains his son all information from generation to generation. Inyanga remedies consisted of plant and animal parts. Zulu people will travel long distance to seek the help of an inyanga for remedies to protect against lighting or unsatisfactory love lives. Although lighting is a natural phenomenon that Zulu fear , if anything is struck by lightning it is because of the wishes of the wishes of the spirits. When a person is struck by lightning there is no burial ceremony, trees struck by lightning will not be used for any purpose, and cattle will not be eaten.
If a storm is expected the men of the clan will go out to the cattle kraal and beat his shield, burn herbs and ask the spirits to protect the cattle. In huts beds where often raised on bricks, out of reach of the tokoloshe and a knock on the door at night went unanswered. The tokoloshe is believed to be a zombie created by wizards by taking a corpse, gouging out its eyes, cutting out its tongue and driving a red hot rod down through the skull shrinking it to size of a small child. Then blowing magic into its mouth, it comes to life(http:// zulu-culture.co.za/superstitions_zulu_cultue.php).
Unlike American cultures and traditions, the Zulu have their own. When Zulu shake hands they shake hands, then clasp thumbs around thumbs and then shake hands again. When walking the wives walk behind the husband in case they encounter another man, passing them on the left will allow both men to see the others weapons. If giving something they use the right hand only, with the left hand supporting the right at the elbow to show that nothing is being hidden. The Zulu has a seat order, the men will always sit on the right side of the hut with those of highest standing to the rear of the hut (http:// zulu-culture.co.za/zulu_family.php).
Dancing and singing is a major part of the Zulu people lifestyle, with each dance or movement symbolizing an event within the clan. The hunting dance with the fiery motivation body movements, the challenging war dance with sake like motion, and the rhythmical dance of the small shield are just a few dances among Zulu traditional dances. The Zulu dress code is captivating to the eyes of spectators. Men of the Zulu clan wear amaShoba a cow tail on their upper arms and below the knees. Aprons (IsiNene) worn in the front, consist of skin patches the size of a coin are sewn together to add weight and cover the male genitals. Rear aprons (iBeshu) are made from calf skin and are at ankle length for the men, for involved activities young men are knee length. Long animal skins are worn around the hips (inJobo). Only married men wear headbands, and only kings wear as much as he wishes. Skirts that has been treated with animal fat and charcoal and made out of cowhide are worn by married women. A married women entire body is to be covered, she wears a woven head dress on her head. The women also wear a cover over her breast, decorated with beads and a hidden message understood only by her husband. An engaged girl breasts are to be covered and her hair is allowed to grow, opposed to the single maidens who wear short grass skirts with the remaining body uncovered.
The Zulu people is a nuclear family which includes the mother (umama ), a father (ubaba ), the sister (udadewethu ), brother (umfowethu ), the daughter (undodakazi ), and the son (undodana). Historically polygamy was encouraged among the Zulu. Today monogamous marriage is more common, in rural KwaZulu-Natal polygamy is still practiced. The Zulu value marriage getting married evolves expensive exchanges, making divorce difficult. The domestic unit usually includes a man, his wife or wives, and their children, sometime the man’s parents are also a part of the household. If the man has more than one wife, each will have her own hut which is located in order in standing of the husband’s hut.
What are the Zulu gender relations?
Established hundreds of years ago the Zulu family structure is based on the relationships between family members. It is the duties of the wife to bring the children up. Teaching the children at an early age to be respectful to their elders and never to speak until they are spoken to. The wives are considered servants to the husband, they are to bring the husband their food before retiring to their quarters. Women are valuable in society. This begins from the day she is born until the she dies. The boys leave the home each morning to look after the family’s herds. Before the herds are taking out again in the afternoons, the boys return home for morning milk and breakfast. In boys past time they practice stick fighting which prepares them for entering military service. Girls are introduced to the family chores slowly, by learning how to carry water using a small gourd. With braided support applied onto the girls head done by their mothers they learn to carry water in small gourds. When she turns eleven she is given her own hoe to help her reap and plant cops out in the fields. At this age she will make fires, and prepare simple dishes and be able to look after younger siblings. Often when out in the fields you will see the older girls with their younger sisters and brothers in a pouch on her back. Public meeting are attended by the man, he also accepts house visitors and make all of the decisions. Although the women own the land the man own the hut and all that is in them. The husbands also carve wooden utensils including spoons. When going out to war when there are more than one son, the husband will seed the weakest son first.
Dose the Zulu use medicine for healing?
Zulu healing medicine has changed very little over time. Medicine takes two forms and has various roles in the Zulu society. First medicine is made from plants, this medicine works magically to make contact with the ancestral spirits. This medicine is also used as a weapon, to produce a negative or positive impact on those to whom they are intended against. Second medicine is made from animals and it is to target physical ailments and physiological problems of the body. Tribal doctors use three methods of diagnosis:

1)Throwing of the Bones
Amathambo or the throwing of the bones is the ability to consciously interpret though images or symbols produced by the arrangement or the bones that have been thrown, and apply them to the health of the patient. There is no direct perception from the consultant to the doctor.
2) Transmental Diagnosis
In this method, the Sangoma goes into a trance to determine what is ailing the patient. This is simply an altered state of consciousness brought about by drugs, plants or in many cases self induced, as with autohypnosis.
3) Perceptive Diagnosis
This form of diagnosis implies the ability to see or feel and interpret the various vibrations emitted by the patient (almost like an aura). The doctor sits a few feet away from the patient and, without having to exchange words, he or she will physically perceive the pain actually experienced by the patient.
All doctors have developed their unique methods of diagnosis, doctors seldom touch their patients to find the troubled part (http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail)
The Zulu treat death in different forms. Death by natural causes is looked upon differently than death by accident or murder. When a death is caused by murder or by accident it is considered to be “ a spill of blood”. The Zulu people regard death as a tremendous loss and are considered polluting. Various rituals must be observed to remove the impurities (Argyle, John, 1978).

Conclusion:
Zulu mean people of heaven. The Zulu people come from a Pastoral background as their primary mode of subsistence. Cattle, goats, and crops have been plenty for the Zulu for ages. Despite the influences of modern day living, many Zulu people continue their traditional customs and traditions. In this report I have demonstrated by given examples of how Zulu people are well-known for their traditions, beliefs, rituals, and sickness, healings, and gender relations.

Reference: 1. (2011, 12).Zulu.StudyMode.com Retrieved 12, 2011, from http://www.studymode.com 2. (2012, 11).Zulu Culture, Traditions, Food, Religion and Combat, Retrieved 11, 2012, from http://zulu-culture.co 3. Marschall, Sabine marschalls@ukzn.ac.za, “Zulu Heritage between Institutionalized Commemoration and Tourist Attraction”. Visual Anthropology; May/June2008, Vol. 21 Issue 3, p245-265, 21p, 6 Black and White Photographs, Retrieved 11, 2012 4. Robert Trent Vinson and Robert Edgar, Zulu Abroad: Cultural Representations and Educational Experiences of Zulus in America, 1880-1945. Journal f Southern African Studies, Vol. 33, Number 1, March 2007, Retrieved 11, 2012. 5. Spalding Lewis, “Romancing the Zulu: H. Rider Haggard, Nada the Lily, and Salvage Ethnography. English in Africa 39 No. 2 (August 2012): 69-84, DOI: http://dx.di.org/10.4314/eia.v39i2.4 6. (2012, 02). Zulu Culture. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 02, 2012, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Zulu-Culture-912296.htnl

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...Technology Improvements in Surveillance: Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) and Its Effects on Society Oftentimes when people talk about surveillance we naturally think of cameras on the corner of a street or the camera installed by the entrance of a bank. Surveillance is much more in-depth and diverse than that. Surveillance is the act of monitoring the activity of a person or a group of people in a given location for the purpose of gathering information that can be used for the purpose of directing, influencing, managing, or protecting them. Surveillance can be used by individuals, companies, or government agencies as a form of deterrent to crime and evidence for convicting criminals or solving a civil case. There are different forms of surveillance; natural surveillance which involves the placement of physical features, activities and people in a way that maximizes visibility. If a criminal is aware that he or she is at a risk of being watched or observed, a potential crime is less likely to occur. For the purpose of crime deterrent and safety, the traditional form of surveillance, the Patrols, has rapidly been replaced by technology like the closed circuit televisions (CCTV). Patrols cannot be everywhere and also not cost effective; therefore, technological methods of surveillance have quickly been used to supplement patrols because of its cost efficiency and effectiveness. What is CCTV? According to the article Video Surveillance of Public Places by Jerry Ratcliffe, CCTV...

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