...COGNITIVE LEARNING What is cognitive learning? Not all cases of learning can easily be captured by classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Learning would be extremely inefficient if we had to rely completely on conditioning for all our learning. Human beings can learn efficiently by observation, taking instruction, and imitating the behavior of others. Cognitive learning is a powerful mechanism that provides the means of knowledge, and goes well beyond simple imitation of others. Conditioning can never explain what you are learning from reading our web-site. This learning illustrates the importance of cognitive learning. Cognitive learning is defined as the acquisition of knowledge and skill by mental or cognitive processes — ;the procedures we have for manipulating information 'in our heads'. Cognitive processes include creating mental representations of physical objects and events, and other forms of information processing. How do we learn cognitive? In cognitive learning, the individual learns by listening, watching, touching, reading, or experiencing and then processing and remembering the information. Cognitive learning might seem to be passive learning, because there is no motor movement. However, the learner is quite active, in a cognitive way, in processing and remembering newly incoming information. Cognitive learning enables us to create and transmit a complex culture that includes symbols, values, beliefs and norms. Because cognitive activity is...
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...CUSTOMIZING ONLINE INFORMATION: HOW LEARNING STYLE, CONTENT DELIVERY AND PRE-INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY AFFECT RECALL AND SATISFACTION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lenny J. Cooper, M.A. ****** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Professor Matt Eastin, Adviser Professor Prabu David Professor Thomas McCain Approved by _____________________ Adviser Communication Graduate Program UMI Number: 3177152 UMI Microform 3177152 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ABSTRACT How people understand and learn information is changing due to an increased reliance on technology. The Internet is creating a complex environment where the lines between media and information are blurring. This switch can be seen in mass media, classroom learning applications and the work environment. Along with this reliance on technology comes access to an almost unlimited amount of information presented in a multitude of ways. This presentation can be overwhelming to information seekers and online learners alike. By taking advantage of the inherent properties of new media, namely the ability to present...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Michele Fonseca University of Phoenix Learning and Cognition Learning is basically a combination of different experiences in which individual skills like knowledge. When we learn it is a lifelong process this we know for a fact we do only focus on notions that school and training is essential for development. As we know essentially 'cognition' means is 'to know', gaining knowledge through thought or perception. Cognitive learning is about enabling people to learn by using their reason, intuition and perception. This technique is often used to change peoples' behavior. But people's behavior is influenced by many factors such as culture, upbringing, education and motivation. Therefore cognitive learning involves understanding how these factors influence behavior and then using this information to develop learning programs. Learning through experience can come in many forms not always as noticeable as others. For example, students in an academic setting have different learning styles. This specific type of learning ability could allow students to absorb information in a classroom setting effortlessly. This type of learning is more of a passive ability, rather than something that requires effort to accomplish. This type of student could be learning although not paying any attention what so ever in a classroom. This type of learning also can be accomplished outside of a classroom setting within society passively (Advanogy...
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...Original Learning Styles Research Research by Barbara Prashnig For more information, contact: Technology Based Solutions 504 Floral Vale Blvd. Yardley, PA 19067 888.783.2283 www.asktbs.com 1 Table of Contents Achievement Gains Through Learning Styles Matching ......................................... 3 A Summary of Learning Style Preferences at Various Grade Levels...................... 5 Classroom Discipline............................................................................................... 5 Cognitive Style ........................................................................................................ 6 Counselling ............................................................................................................. 7 Cultural Comparisons.............................................................................................. 8 Emotional Elements and Achievement.................................................................. 11 Formal/Informal Preferences and Achievement .................................................... 11 Gifted/Non-Gifted Students ................................................................................... 11 Intake, Sound and Achievement ........................................................................... 13 Learning Disabilities .............................................................................................. 13 Learning Styles/Teaching Styles.....................................
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...Learning and Assessment Basics Marsha Jameson EDU 510: Assignment 1 Summer 2012 Describe the characteristics of the learners in your current (or future) role as an educator. The characteristics of my learners are as follows: males between the ages of 18-34 from single family homes; with some high school and with less than 8th grade education. Why choose people that have these particular characteristics? It is because they make-up a large part of the prison population in the United States. In 2002, it was reported that 2,019, 234 were incarcerated in United State Prisons (United Nations Survey, 2002). In 2012, it was reported by the U.S. Justice Department that seven (7) million people or one in every thirty-two (32) adults were behind bars; on probation; or on parole. Of the total, 2.2 million were in jail or in prison. According to the International Center for Prison Studies at King’s College in London, the United States has more people behind bars than any other county. The U.S. incarceration rate is 737 per 100,000 people (Vicini, 2012). Why so many incarcerated? It is my belief that it is due to recidivism. What is recidivism? Recidivism is a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behavior, especially relapsing into criminal behavior. In the prison system, recidivism refers to released inmates who are re-convicted and re-incarcerated. The rates of recidivism have been known to be as high as fifty-percent (50%) (Reducing...
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...LSRC reference Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning A systematic and critical review This report critically reviews the literature on learning styles and examines in detail 13 of the most influential models. The report concludes that it matters fundamentally which instrument is chosen. The implications for teaching and learning in post-16 learning are serious and should be of concern to learners, teachers and trainers, managers, researchers and inspectors. Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning A systematic and critical review LSRC reference Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning A systematic and critical review LSRC reference LSRC reference Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning A systematic and critical review Frank Coffield Institute of Education University of London David Moseley University of Newcastle Elaine Hall University of Newcastle Kathryn Ecclestone University of Exeter The Learning and Skills Research Centre is supported by the Learning and Skills Council and the Department for Education and Skills The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Learning and Skills Research Centre or the Learning and Skills Development Agency Published by the Learning and Skills Research Centre www.LSRC.ac.uk Feedback should be sent to: Sally Faraday Research Manager Learning and Skills Development Agency Regent Arcade House 19–25 Argyll Street London...
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...ARTICLE IN PRESS International Journal of Intercultural Relations 28 (2004) 577–594 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijintrel Learning styles and their impact on cross-cultural training: An international comparison in France, Germany and Quebec Christoph I. Barmeyerà ´ IECS—Ecole de Management de Strasbourg/Universite R. Schuman, CESAG (Centre d 0 Etude des Sciences ´es ` ˆt Applique a la Gestion), 61, Ave de la Fore Noire, F 67085 Strasbourg, France Abstract Every person has his or her own individual way to learn and to solve problems in day-to-day situations. These personal cognitive strategies, acquired in a long socialization process are called ‘‘learning styles’’ and may differ depending on gender, age or culture. In this study, the learning styles of over 300 students in business administration in France, Germany and Quebec are examined with the Learning Style Inventory (LSI). Representative and signiï¬cant learning differences where found. This is why the LSI can be used in a ï¬rst step for the illustration and comparison of typical patterns of learning. In a second step the results may be of use to international trainers in making decisions about course design and methods of cross-cultural training in relation to the learning proï¬les of the participants. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Learning styles; LSI; Culture; Cross-cultural management; Socialization; Intercultural training; Cultural differences; Training methods ÃFax:+33 3 90...
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...What is learning? Learning is relatively permanent change or modification of behavior that is not part of only growth or maturation. Each human being differs to the way he or she processes information received and formed in conjunction with personal experiences It is linked to the five senses of hearing, seeing, touching, smell and taste. It is also linked to intelligence, personality, information processing, family and social interactions, environmental factors such as sound, light, temperature, emotional factors such as motivation, persistence, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, higher learning factors such as conceptualization, experiences, transforming information, physical factors such as food, drink. There are different parts of the brain associated with different styles of learning such as, visual learning takes place in occipital learning, auditory earning in temporal cortex, text learning is in the integration of part of the brain called bocce’s and veronicas in dominant hemisphere associated with secondary visual cortex. For kinesthetic learning it is the parietal cortex. The frontal cortex of the brain is involved in executive functioning and planning based on knowledge accumulated in various parts of the brain. There are three principles and four styles of learning. The three principles are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning. As human beings, most of our learning is based on mainly the third, the cognitive principle...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Problem Education has been very important through the ages and it can be defined as an organized and sustained instruction designed to communicate a combination of knowledge, skill and understanding valuables for all activities of life. Numerous groups during this century have identified what they believe the goals of education should be. One of the most widely cited reports is that of the commission on the reorganization of secondary education which in 1918 stated the goals of education as the seven cardinal principles: health, command of fundamental processes, worthy home membership, vocation, citizenship, worthy use of leisure and ethical conduct. Although neither science nor any of the other school subjects was included as one of the seven principles, the role and importance of science in achieving the seven cardinal principles is obvious. The world is fast becoming scientific in thinking and behaviors that without good knowledge of science, it might be difficult for people to adequately function in it. The purpose of exposing children to science instruction right from primary school level is not necessarily to turn them into scientist per se but to provide favorable scientific attitudes of ‘finding out’ and ‘hands-on‘ and to enable them raise questions about things that intrigue them. In a study on the impact of science on the society, Bertrand & Russell (1952) have shown that our time is an age of science. Science...
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...many years, noticed that some students prefer certain methods of learning more than others. These traits, referred to as learning styles, form a student's unique learning preference and aid teachers in the planning of small-group and individualized instruction. If optimal student learning is dependent on learning styles, and these styles vary between distance and equivalent on-campus students, then faculty should be aware of these differences and alter their preparation and instructional methods accordingly. According to Joy Paul Guilford’s Structure of Intellect (SI) theory, intelligence is viewed as comprising operations, contents, and products. There are 5 kinds of operations (cognition, memory, divergent production, convergent production, evaluation), 6 kinds of products (units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications), and 5 kinds of contents (visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, behavioral). Since each of these dimensions is independent, there are theoretically 150 different components of intelligence. Examples of learning styles one is called the Cognitive learning style by Anthony Grasha and Sheryl Reichmann refers to the preferred way individual processes information. Unlike individual differences in abilities (e.g., Gardner, Guilford, and Sternberg) which describe peak performance, styles describe a person’s typical mode of thinking, remembering or problem solving. Styles are usually considered to be bipolar dimensions whereas abilities...
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...child’s productive abilities in life. These developmental stages form a foundation for the child’s future learning and well-being. Elements that effect a child during their infancy and early childhood can hinder a child’s development. Particular elements such as one’s family as well as their parenting styles. Some parent’s style of raising children are more effective than other parents’ methods. There are also certain programs that have been developed to influence cognitive development. Family’s effect on Development One’s family and their influences affect them during infancy and early childhood more than any other period in their lives. If a child’s family is attentive, sensitive and responsive the child tends to develop better. Family’s show this during the child’s infancy and early childhood in manners such as a gentle reassuring touch, overheard conversation, and facial expressions which improves the speech of young children (Berger, 2011). Families are the first teachers for infants and young children. It’s this relationship between young children and their families that determine how they development. “Early relationships help infants developing a working model, a set of assumptions that become a frame of reference for later life” (Berger, 2011). Parenting Styles According to Developmental Psychologist Diana Baurind’s study of one hundred children revealed that parents...
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...A Multimodal Learning Style January 5, 2012 NRS 429v: Family Centered Health Promotion This paper will compare the different learning styles of the VARK questionnaire. It will differentiate the results of the questionnaire and one’s preferred learning style. There are three different learning styles in the VARK questionnaire and a combination of four scores are used to determine one’s learning style. The VARK questionnaire provides a combination of four scores. The four scores the VARK questionnaire analyses are visual, aural, read/write, and kinesthetic. A VARK profile is a combination of these four scores and gives one a learning preference. It also allows a person to see the varieties in learning preferences. The majority of people have a multimodal learning preference. In a multimodal learning style, multiple preferences are used while learning. A combination of any of the four scores may make up one’s learning style. Some people learn best using an aural learning preference. These people learn best by hearing the information aloud. They learn to take notes and then recite the information aloud. A person with an aural learning style learns best when they are able to hear directions and speak the answers. Others learn best by the kinesthetic learning style. Kinesthetic learners are also known as tactile learners. This means that they learn best by doing the task to be done. They tend to have good hand-eye coordination. (Mayer, R.E....
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...Learning Personality Theories Learning Team C PSY/405 Theories of Personality January 23, 2012 Professor XXXXX Learning Personality Theories Personalities develop and learn from observing others, society, experiences, and the environment. Different theories have been created to explain how a person learns and develops. Three learning personality theories discussed here are the behavioral analysis theory, the social cognitive theory, and the cognitive social learning theory. The strengths and limitations of the three theories will be analyzed that will provide small, but noticeable edges on the other. A description of how each theory affects personality will be discussed. In closing, an explanation of how each learning theory proposes interpersonal relationships are influenced will be examined. Strengths and Limitations Behavioral Analysis Theory An advantage of the behavioral analysis theory is that it is based on observable evidence. This theory contains important concepts such as reinforcement, used as effective therapies to treat undesirable behaviors. Although proven to be an effective therapeutic theory it has many weaknesses. It does not account for learning that does not involve negative or positive reinforcement, nor does it explain adaptive behavior. Proponents of this theory also argue that this approach is too deterministic and cannot be accurate, as it does not account for free will or emotion (Feist & Feist, 2009). Social Cognitive Theory Much...
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...LASA 1 Promoting Cognitive Developments Students Name Course name and number Instructors’ name Date submitted LASA 1 Promoting Cognitive Developments A good understanding of how children grow, learn, and change is significant as it allows people to accept and appreciate the cognitive, physical, emotional, educational, and social growth that kids undergo from birth through early adulthood. Piaget is well known for her cognitive developmental theory that sees the kid cognitive development and knowledge, as taking place in different stages. According to his theory, he claims that the child passes through four unique stages of development; Sensorimotor stage (0- 2 years), pre-operational stage (2- 7years), concrete operational period (7-11 years), and formal operations (11-15) years (Herzog et al, 1997). According to him, reasoning in kids deepens as they continue to grow. Their engagement in the social and physical world improves development and all other changes that occur via assimilation and accommodation (Kenpro, 2010). Skinner‘s theory deals with behaviorism in children. His theory explains that a child’s behavior can become increased by the presence of reinforces and declined via punishment. According to this theory imitation or observational learning can greatly improve the chance that the child will learn or develop new behaviors. According to skinner a child’s development is way outside of their influence, but becomes shaped by the environmental stimuli...
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...The Learning Processes of Kermit As I read the story of “Kermit and the Keyboard” I began to think of the learning processes that he engages himself in as he tries to accomplish learning task as it relates to playing the keyboard. In this story three cognitive theories can be recognized, analyzed and they are all believed to produce different learning outcomes. These three theories are the Cognitive Information-Processing Theory, The Piaget’s Theory of Development as it relates to learning and lastly, The Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development. Each one of these theories presents itself in the manner in which Kermit develops a strategy for learning how to play the keyboard. In the cognitive information-processing approach declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge and memory play a part in completing a learning task. In the story, Kermit displays declarative knowledge which is the act of knowing when he notes the signature and the key. These tell him specifically how many beats per measure in combination with how many sharps or flats exist in the music. The procedural knowledge is the how to knowledge. This is generated when he actually learns how to read the music and plays the keyboard. The memory aspect of the cognitive information-processing theory comes into play when he uses his procedural knowledge, retrieved through memory to support him in developing a reaction, which is the pressing down of the key which is in correlation to the indicated score to produce...
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