...Business Research and It’s Purpose The business research that I chose for my paper is the reinforcement of smoking and drinking and how tobacco marketing strategies link themselves with alcohol in the United States. The reason I chose this topic is because I see this issue increasing within our society. The purpose of this research is to investigate tobacco companies’ awareness about concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol, their marketing strategies linking cigarettes with alcohol, and the benefits tobacco companies pursued from these marketing activities. Problems under Investigation Smoking remains the leading preventable cause of premature deaths in the United States, accounting for more than 440,000 deaths yearly. Alcohol consumption is the third-leading cause of deaths in the nation. Each year, approximately 79,000 deaths are caused by excessive alcohol use. The concurrent use of cigarettes and alcohol further increases risks for certain cancers, such as cancer of the mouth, throat, and esophagus. In addition, the use of both tobacco and alcohol makes it more difficult to quit either substance. The three basics issues are under investigation: 1. What tobacco companies knew about the association between drinking and smoking, especially about smokers’ drinking behaviors 2. How tobacco and alcohol companies developed cross promotions featuring cigarettes and alcohol 3. How tobacco companies linked cigarettes with alcohol in their marketing activities...
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...Tobacco Clinical Trials Name Instructor Institution Laboratory testing In the laboratory, chemical tests are conducted to assess the extent to which the level of toxicants from the new tobacco modified product will reduce as compared to the ordinary produced tobacco cigarettes, biological tests are also conducted to plot the early indication of whether the newly modified tobacco products provide assurance that the risk of harm will not be increased at an expense of other factors(Rees, et al., 2009). In practice, some of the laboratory testing methods and techniques has already been developed. Only the necessary amendments are required determine the effects of creating a new product from tobacco that's modified to provide salbutamol sulfate, also known as albuterol.Laboratory testing of the modified tobacco product may involve three methods; I. Use of models such as mouse II. Using prototypes such as machines III. Use of real humans(The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, 2009) Mouse models may be useful in pharmacology and molecular biology to elucidate the behavioral and molecular basis of effective and cognitive signs of nicotine withdrawal. Mouse can mimic individual biologically induced behavioral deficits that are hypothetically associated(Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee, 2012). This is because they have some genes similar to those in humans and therefore may be of great importance in this set up. However, mice are not always reliable...
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...Business Research Ethics Paper Jeffrey Duncan RES/351 01/03/2012 Johannes Hoffmann Research used for business does have some rules of ethics, and should have no bias. However in some instances this does not happen. The Tabaco companies in 1994 skewed research results, and lied to congress to keep the F.D.A. from Regulating the nicotine in cigarettes. In the 70’s the Tabaco companies used unethical research practices, and then hid the documentation for thirty years. In July of 1995 a California congressman said that documents dated as far back as the 70’s show that the world's largest cigarette company tracked hyperactive third graders to see if they would later turn to smoking as a tranquilizer, and gave electric shocks to college students to see if it would make them smoke more. Back in 1995, Rep. Henry A. Waxman displayed stacks of documents from Philip Morris on the House floor that illustrated unethical and possibly illegal research into nicotine. One report had claimed that smokers crave nicotine more than food, Waxman said (Neergaard, 1995). In 1994, CEO William Campbell at Philip Morris testified before congress that Tabaco is not addictive (Neergaard, 1995). “Waxman said his documents prove Philip Morris knew more than a decade before the surgeon general did that nicotine was addictive. He read a 1969 company report for Philip Morris' board of directors that concluded smokers need the "pharmacological effect" of tobacco and that the craving was so great, it...
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...A RESEARCH REPORT ON “SHISHA CULTURE: WHY IS INCREASING IN YOUTH OF PAKISTAN?” Prepared for Karachi University Business School Prepared By Um-e-Amama Areeb Gul khan ENROLEMENT NO: BAC/UCGI/3418/2007 BS VIII University College Affiliated with University of Karachi A RESEARCH REPORT ON “SHISHA CULTURE: WHY IS INCREASING IN YOUTH OF PAKISTAN?” Prepared By Um-e-Amama Areeb Gul khan ENR NO: BAC/UCGI/3418/2007 BS VIII University College Affiliated with University of Karachi PREFACE It is mandatory for every student of bachelors of business administration from University College affiliated to KARACHI UNIVERSITY, to make a Research Report. My experience during the research period has been very exciting and knowledgeable. Now I have a broader idea about the subject and my vision has expanded which will be helpful for me in my professional and personal life. In this report I describe the history and hazards of smoking shisha culture and why it increase in youth of Pakistan. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and health to do this report work until it done not forgotten to my family for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this research report and their advise, which is the most needed for this research report. Internets, books, computers and all that as my sources to complete...
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...Poster 5-11, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) Dublin, April 30, 2009; updated 27 May Ruyan® E-cigarette Bench-top tests Murray Laugesen MBChB FNZCPHM Health New Zealand Ltd, Christchurch NZ. www.healthnz.co.nz laugesen@healthnz.co.nz Figure 1. Toxic emissions score, adjusted for nicotine. Toxic cigarettes v. E-cigarette 1,4 150 100 50 134 126 109 100 0 0 NZ Holiday Extra-mild Marlboro Red Regular NZ Holiday regular Canadian regular brands Ruyan V8 ecigarette Background Electronic cigarettes, without tobacco, flame or smoke, claim to be cigarette substitutes and to deliver nicotine safely, without smoke toxicants. Are these claims justified? Aim To assess the Ruyan® e-cigarette and its mist for safety, emissions, and nicotine dose. Figure 2. Nicotine per puff 120 micrograms 103 Nicotine per puff ISO Nicotine per puff Intense 60 48 8 9 10 0 Marlboro Red regular Ruyan Jazz Ruyan V8 Classic ecigarette Participating laboratories, methods, materials 1) Environmental Science and Research, Porirua NZ. Cartridge liquid: Monoamine oxidase inhibition (Kynur-amine substrate method); Nicotine (GCMS); Heavy metals (by ICP-MS) 2) Hill Laboratories, NZ. Mist: GCMS, Type II ATD, qualitative. 3) Hort Research, NZ. Liquid for 34 PAHs, by GCMS. 4) Labstat International ULC,Canada. Liquid: TSNAs, by LC-MS/MS. Mist: 14 PAHs and azarenes, Vinyl Chloride, acetamide, 7 volatile TSNAs. 5) Lincoln University, NZ. Liquid: HS-SPME & GCMS, qualitative...
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...Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 321-340; doi:10.3390/ijerph8020321 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Article The Effectiveness of Tobacco Marketing Regulations on Reducing Smokers’ Exposure to Advertising and Promotion: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey Karin A. Kasza 1,*, Andrew J. Hyland 2, Abraham Brown 3, Mohammad Siahpush 4, Hua-Hie Yong 5, Ann D. McNeill 6, Lin Li 5 and K. Michael Cummings 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; E-Mails: andrew.hyland@roswellpark.org (A.J.H.); michael.cummings@roswellpark.org (K.M.C.) Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK; E-Mail: akb2@stir.ac.uk Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile Streets, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; E-Mail: msiahpush@unmc.edu VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, The Cancer Council Victoria, 100 Drummond Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia; E-Mails: hua.yong@cancervic.org.au (H.-H.Y.); lin.li@cancervic.org.au (L.L.) Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Nottingham City Hospital...
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...Tobacco Taxation 1 Tobacco taxation is a hot topic and all 50 state governments have enacted taxes on cigarettes, and many have raised their taxes several times. Taxes on cigarettes are a way governments can achieve two social objectives; the first objective is to reduce the number of citizens who smoke. The government issuing the cigarette tax hopes that the rise in the cost of a pack of cigarettes will persuade people to quit smoking. The second objective is to raise government revenue. A cigarette tax, like any other tax, increases the amount of revenue governments can spend on social programs. Where there’s smoke, there’s taxes — especially for New Yorkers. In a 2010 budget move officials say will generate $440 million in revenue, the state legislature passed a bill that gave New York the highest cigarette tax in the country. On July 1, 2011 every pack sold in the state cost an extra $1.60, raising the total state tax to $4.35, pushing the average cost of a pack up to $9.20. For New York City residents, the cost of a pack will now come out to close to $11 — a $2 rise from just over a year ago. The $440 million in revenue will benefit health care programs, AIDS drugs subsidies, tobacco cessation programs and $71.6 million will go to the state cancer research center in Buffalo. Supporters also applaud the health benefits, saying it will reduce the number of smokers by tens of thousands of people. Tobacco consumption is the leading cause of preventable death in many...
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...Tools and Programs to help quit smoking 2.1 Increase in the price of tobacco Raising cigarettes taxes is considered a long term method of controlling smoking, which is prevailing in the society. According to meta-analysis in 2003, statistics from 86 research papers show more than 50% of smokers were influenced by increase of tobacco price, which means a 10% tobacco price increase would result in 2.4% less smokers (Martire, Mattick, Doran&Hall, 2010). Therefore, the effects of increasing cigarette prices have a significant influence on decreasing the consumption of tobacco. Furthermore, Hayes (2011) claims that if the government of New Zealand follows the policy completely, the deaths caused by smoking in ten years will decrease up to 300 each year. Consequently, the World Health Organization suggests that regulating the price of tobacco is the most efficient measure to reduce smoking (WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, as cited in Hayes, 2011). 2.2 Legislative response According to Hayes (2011), the main barrier in the process of controlling smoking efficiently is that government lack of policy. It means that the government policies would not only focus on the cigarettes consumers, but also on supervising the authorized tobacco sellers. In 1985, a legislation was enacted in New Zealand, children under 16 years old were prohibited to buy cigarettes (Hayes, 2011). In addition, National Public Health Partnership (2000) notes that ACT, Western Australia and South...
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...Abstract Potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) are two major nutrients in crop production. A deficiency of either one or both of these nutrients causes yield loss. In the specific case of tobacco production, both nutrients play a key role in controlling important quality parameters such as leaf color, texture, hygroscopic properties, combustibility, sugar and alkaloid contents. Monitoring N applications thoroughly for form, quantity, and timing of application is a prerequisite in modern agriculture. As in other field crops, balanced N-K fertilization enhances tobacco growth and improves the uptake of both nutrients, which in turn reduces nitrate losses during and after the cropping season. The importance of K on mineral nutrition in tobacco production in terms of yield and quality is presented. The role of K in determining the chemical composition of tobacco leaf is now well established. K content of dry matter must reach 2 to 2.5 percent and chloride (Cl) content must remain below 1 to 1.5 percent in order to ensure good maturation, perfect combustibility and a good taste. The paper reports several pot and field experiments carried out in France, China and Cuba, in which various factors affecting yield and quality of the tobacco crop were studied including dose, source, and timing of potash applications. The effect of the combination of various potash forms (potassium sulphate, potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, potassium bicarbonate) with two N sources (nitrate...
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...English 1200 10/20/2012 “The” Tobacco Luxury, money, power, pure; these are the type of words that come to mind when one thinks of a cigar, another familiar word is usually Cuba. Cuban cigars contain the finest tobacco in the world and the numbers show for the communist economy as it generated four hundred million dollars last year for Cuba alone according to Money News. The United States which is the largest Cigar market in the world does not even sell Cuban cigars due to a fifty year-long trade embargo with the trifling sized neighbor which is the United States. So then where is Cuba exporting this product to generate such large numbers? Western Europe is responsible for the business, Imperial Tobacco Group located in Britain to be more specific, which is the largest cigar distributor to European nations. With a relationship like this one, the benefits are on each side of the transaction. The Imperial Tobacco group employs over 37,000 people and operates forty-seven manufacturing sites across the globe (Imperial Tobacco Group). That is a large amount of Europeans being employed by a growing industry. With the company mainly based in the United Kingdom, Western Europe is the biggest consumer of Cuban Tobacco right now (Money News). Imperial Tobacco remains at the top for cigar sales across Western Europe. Where would this power house company be without the fine Cuban tobacco? The company would definitely not be worth as much as they are now. The profit for Imperial...
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...Tool 3. Demand Analysis Economic Analysis of Tobacco Demand Nick Wilkins, Ayda Yurekli, and Teh-wei Hu DRAFT USERS : PLEASE PROVIDE FEEDBACK AND COMMENTS TO Joy de Beyer ( jdebeyer@worldbank.org) and Ayda Yurekli (ayurekli@worldbank.org) World Bank, MSN G7-702 1818 H Street NW Washington DC, 20433 USA Fax : (202) 522-3234 Contents I. Introduction 1 Purpose of this Tool 1 Who Should Use this Tool 2 How to Use this Tool 2 II. Define the Objectives of the Analysis 4 The Reason for Analysis of Demand 4 The Economic Case for Demand Intervention 4 Analysis of Demand for the Policy Maker 5 Design an Analysis of Demand Study 6 Components of a Study 6 The Nature of Econometric Analysis 7 Resources Required 7 Summary 8 References and Additional Information 8 III. Conduct Background Research 9 IV. Build the Data Set 11 Choose the Variables 11 Data Availability 11 Data Types 12 Prepare the Data 13 Data Cleaning and Preliminary Examination 14 Preparing the Data Variables 14 References and Additional...
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...Background of the Study Smoking remains a pediatric epidemic with so many adolescents stubbornly refusing to quit. This epidemic is predicted to kill 250 million children and adolescents who are alive today, a third of whom live in developing countries.Tobacco is addictive, carcinogenic and deadly. Analysis has shown that a tobacco leaf contains about 1,000 chemical substances. The smoke carries more than 4,000 chemically different compounds, mostly harmful to man. Tobacco is known or probable cause of some 25 different diseases for lung cancer, bronchitis and Emphysema it is a major cause. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there are 1.1 billion smokers in the world at the beginning of this decade and it is one-third of world’s adult population. Four million people died yearly from tobacco related diseases throughout the world. WHO estimates that the figure will rise to 10million by the year 2030 that’s one death every three seconds. Help is available through treatment methods that involve a combination of behavioral treatment and pharmacotherapy, telephone helplines, national and international tobacco-free days and stop smooking seminars but both smokers and healthcare professionals agree that the challenge of quiting remains formidable. There are variety of ways to quit smoking besides using...
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...of income spent by a person on purchasing the product. The inelastic demand curve is as follows: (Economics13 n.d.) In case of cigarettes, the price elasticity measured for different countries by WHO in their study was less than -1 or inelastic and the addictive nature of cigarettes being cited as the main reason for it. The study however does point out that if the prices are increased for a longer period, the demand might in fact be elastic as people would be impacted more by the increase in prices. The research further suggested that the demand elasticity varies amongst poor and rich countries along with the population demographics. (Perucic, 2012) In general when the prices are increased or taxes are raised on inelastic products, the beneficiary is often the producer or the government as the tax burden would be on the consumers. A tax on cigarettes would mean the consumers bearing a greater tax incidence which would in fact discourage them to spend more on tobacco products. (Tax-inelastic-demand n.d.) As seen in the graph above, a tax imposition on cigarettes would shift the supply curve on the left with the equilibrium quantity reducing from Q to Q 1. The inelastic demand would mean that the tax burden is borne by the consumers whereas the producers bear a small fraction of the tax applied. The government while increasing taxes on cigarettes needs to ensure that all relevant substitutes for the...
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...UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Bachelor of Arts in Communication Research Joyce M. Aguillon Precious B. Romano SmokeCheck: A Study on the Effects of NCR Male High School Students’ Exposure to and Recall of Anti-Smoking Advertisements to Their Perceptions of and Attitudes toward Smoking Thesis Adviser: Professor Randy Jay C. Solis College of Mass Communication University of the Philippines Diliman Date of Submission April 2012 Permission is given for the following people to have access to this thesis: Available to the general public Available only after consultation with author/thesis adviser Available only to those bound by confidentiality agreement Student’s signature: Student’s signature: Signature of thesis adviser: Yes No No UNIVERSITY PERMISSION I hereby grant the University of the Philippines non-exclusive worldwide, royalty-free license to reproduce, publish and publicly distribute copies of this thesis or dissertation in whatever form subject to the provisions of applicable laws, the provisions of the UP IPR policy and any contractual obligations, as well as more specific permission marking on the Title Page. Specifically I grant the following rights to the University: a) to upload a copy of the work in these database of the college/school/institute/department and in any other databases available on the public internet; b) to publish the work in the college/school/institute/department journal, both in print and ...
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...still the number one contributor. In 1963, Herbert A. Gilbert was not aware of these kinds of statistics, however, he was on the brink of an invention that would revolutionize the way we smoke cigarettes almost fifty years later. The invention of the Electronic Cigarette [also known as the e-cig] was patented in 1963 by Herbert A. Gilbert, “The present invention relates to a smokeless non-tobacco cigarette and has for an object to provide a safe and harmless means for and method of smoking by replacing burning tobacco and paper with heated, moist, flavored air; or by inhaling warm medication into the lungs in case of a respiratory ailment under direction of a physician.” (Electronic Cigarettes, 2009) Unfortunately for Herbert, in the early 1960s cigarette smoking was not yet the threat it has become today. People just didn’t see a need to stop smoking. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Tobacco Company had always marketed towards women; smoking was a sexy thing. As one can see from the photograph, the young lady is beautiful, slender and happy. Throughout the middle of the 1960s big Tobacco Company’s began targeting the men and using advertisements such as cowboys and men with tattoos. This was to ensure your confidence while smoking that cigarette; sadly, this was just how smoking had become perceived. Subsequently, Herbert’s design was not tolerated nor put into distribution, and years would go by without much buzz regarding the Herbert e-cig. Naturally, time continued on...
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