...our modern day , Latin was spoken among the most educated. Written literature was in Latin. The origins of language is an important aspect of our culture. We write and speak to get points across. The President of the United States makes his arguments to the Senate and other countries by using English. If we were in the period of time, everything important would be in Latin. The journey of language was not an overnight change. Other languages also help shape our language as we know it now. I often wonder where languages come from. Not such different dialactes that come with different areas of the United States. But during the origins of language with its spread from culture to culture came changes. Now that there is a different means to communicate, people may not agree with one another. According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, the term vernacular can be defined as using a language that is native to a country or province rather than a cultured, foreign, or literary language (Merriam-Webster, 2011). These languages would one day be known as Portuguese, French, Spanish, Italian, and etc. The vernacular languages would also be considered as the large family of contemporary “Romance” languages. Before the twelfth century, Latin was the major language that was used. Especially by writers, This means all of the books were in Latin. This is how teachings and traditions were passed down. This affected the development of a society. “The developments of Latin were influenced...
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...Historical Foundations Laketa Byrd American InterContinental University Abstract Latin was once the official language used in religion, education, law, business and government until the sixteenth century. Although Latin’s were able to adapt to the native language of other regions, the Latin language became less used and less recognizable to people and many vernacular languages were already beginning to form and spread. Because the vernacular language was easier for anyone to be able to read and write, it became the native language in the later part of the middle ages. Before this time, most texts and literature was written by either the French or Latin and only by those that were superior in literacy and education, professional and rich as they were the main ones using and able to read and write in Latin. When average everyday people started learning how to read and write, they created their own language as a way of communicating with each other, the vernacular language. This language was later used in in everyday life. In this report, I’ll discuss the origin of the vernacular language, how it became widespread and the impact this language had on society, religion and the Latin language. Historical Foundations Latin was once the only language of the Roman Catholic Church and was one of many common languages being used to worship God and was mainly used among the rich and those that were educated and highly literate to help people from...
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...Running Head: Origins of Vernacular Language Unit 1: Origins of Vernacular Language Brittany Austin Instructor: Cheryl Lemus HUMA215-1101A-02 February 17, 2011 Origins of Vernacular Language According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, the term vernacular can be defined as using a language that is native to a country or province rather than a cultured, foreign, or literary language (Merriam-Webster, 2011). These languages would one day be known as Portuguese, French, Spanish, Italian, and etc. The vernacular languages would also be considered as the large family of contemporary “Romance” languages (Matthews, 2011). Before the twelfth century, Latin was the major language that was used by writers. The developments of Latin were influenced by other native languages which included Celtic languages, Greek, and Etruscan (University of Calgary, 1996). Latin was continuously developed because there were significant differences in each period. These differences included those in the literary written language, and also in the differences in the spoken language of the educated and the less educated populace. Between 500 – 100 after the Empire, the peninsula was also using the vernacular language in the form of popular celebrations of religious festivals, improvisational troupes of actors, story-tellers, etc (Matthews, 2011). However none of the literature was written down and handed down...
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...Project Topics in Cultural Studies HUMA215-1301A-36 Vernacular language is native of a particular group, region or country; mainly spoken as opposed to written. Until the 12th century, Latin was the language used among the educated and within literature. It is no surprise that Latin had such an impact on the medieval world. Latin owes its dominance to the rise of the Roman Empire from several hundred years B.C. to its demise around 1200 A.D. All through the time that it reigned supreme, Rome exported not only its values, architecture, law and art, but also its language. When the empire began to fall, the Latin language began to lose its hold on the people of Europe and North Africa. Since the empire began shrinking as early as the eighth and ninth century it is not surprising that the people living furthest from Rome itself were the first to undergo a cultural and ethnic revival, an integral part of this revival would be the use of their own vernacular language rather than the use of Latin. Latin became widely spread with the expansion of the Roman Empire. Latin eventually became the dominant the dominant language in the western half of the Empire. There were several Italic languages all belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family, Latin was among languages and its development was influenced by other tongues, including Celtic, Etruscan and Greek languages. All languages undergo development and changes...
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...Vernacular Language. Impact of Vernacular Language J.S. Charles August 17 2013 Topics in Cultural Studies Certification of Authorship: I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in this paper. I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas, words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I also certify that this paper was prepared by me especially for this course The vernacular language was created through Latin during the 12th century. Only the educated and the elite were able to read and write Latin. The vernacular language is the native language of the roman public derived from Latin and became and became the language for everyone. If the French had never created the vernacular language, perhaps the whole world would have been speaking one language. The vernacular language made it easy for the poor to learn to read or write, because Latin was such a difficult language to learn. As it spreads, different countries and provinces have established different dialects creating their own language. I am curious though, if Latin was the only language spoken before the sixteen century and was limited to the elite, educated and the government, how did the average citizen communicate with each other before vernacular language? ...
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...Project Topics in Cultural Studies-HUMA215 Candice Kelley Waugh 1/21/14 “To be or not to be…?” If the question is whether to confine all literary works to only the Latin language, then the answer for scholars and writers alike in the 12th century was indeed not. While Latin was spoken and read by educated men throughout Europe at the time, the growing availability of education for even the common man and women made for an increase in the amount of works created. It would then follow that with proper knowledge of the written word, those with the creative inkling would begin to write, not as a scholar, but rather in the vernacular most commonly recognizable to those who would read their works. Vernacular simply means the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region (Sayre, 2013). The Latin language however is far from dead. Its roots can be found in nearly every language throughout the world. Even with the complexity of the English language, Latin bases, roots, prefixes and suffixes are very apparent. Without the shift from exclusivity to commonality the literary world would have suffered greatly. Prior to the 12th century, literature was primarily written in Latin. According to Dr. Deborah Schwartz, a professor at Calpoly University, writers of the time adapted poetry from Latin to French as part of a movement known as “translation studii” (Schwartz, 1999-2008). Not only were current works translated to language that could...
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...Tiffany Bevil Topics in Cultural Studies: HUMA215 - 1304A - 04 Unit 2 Individual Project Michael Polich American InterContinental University Online October 21, 2013 Romance is the native language of Europe that I chose to discuss. The term ”Romance” come from the Vulgar Latin adverb romanice, comes from Romanicus as an example the expression romanice loqui, “to speaking roman, that is the Latin Vernacular as well as with latine loqui, to speak in Latin that is Medival Latin and with Barbarice loqui this is to speak in Barbarian a non- Latin language from the people living outside the Roman Empire. The word Romance novel and love affair, Popular Tales that focused on Love in the medieval literature of Western Europe were composed in the vernacular and come to be called romances. The origins of romance languages are the continuation of Vular Latin. It was spoken by the soldiers, settlers, and merchants of the Roman Empire. The expansion of the Empire between 350 BC and AD 150, made Latin the dominant native language in the Continental Western Europe with its administrative and educational policies. Latin has a strong influence in Southeastern Britain; the Roman province of Africa and the Balkans north of the Jirecek Line. The Empire decline and after it was destroyed in the fifth century. Several types of Latin began to spread within each local area at a fast rate and developed into a continuum of recognizably different...
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...Unit 2 Individual Project HUMA215-Topics of Cultural Studies Abstract This is a paper about how more common vernacular languages influenced positive changes to the new world of art, agriculture and lifestyles. The Black Death almost collapsed Europe with so many citizens dying, but the Renaissance brought growth and rich culture to Europe. VERNACULAR LANGUAGES “Latin was the main vernacular language for the educated upper class and clergy.” (MUSE). All court documents and medical books were all written in Latin. This language separated the upper class from the rest of the lower class, less educated citizens; which also limited the less educated from moving up in class for a better life a new more common-man vernacular languages were created. Charlemagne aka Charles the Great (742-814) was the first "Emperor" in Western Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire. Alcuin of York (730 – 804) was a scholar, teacher and poet who created a successful curriculum of reading and writing for children. This combination of King and scholar changed the future of student’s curriculum. After being introduced to Alcuin of York, Charlemagne invited him to come and teach at Charlemagne Palace School. He taught all the royal children and young clerics that were attached to the palace chapel. “Alcuin became a leading scholar and teacher at the Carolingian court and joined the royal court in 781, and became one of Charlemagne's chief advisers on religious and educational matter;...
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...Rafael / Mis-education, Translation and the Barkada of Languages 1 MIS-EDUCATION, TRANSLATION AND THE BARKADA OF LANGUAGES: READING RENATO CONSTANTINO WITH NICK JOAQUIN Vicente L. Rafael University of Washington, Seattle vrafael@uw.edu This paper re-visits the classic piece by Renato Constantino, “The Mis-education of the Filipino” (1959/1966), inquiring into the colonial basis of his anti-colonial critique of American English. It explores the affinity between his view of language and those of American colonial officials, especially around the relationship between English and the vernacular languages. Both conceived of that relationship in terms of a war of and on translation. It then turns to an important but overlooked essay by Nick Joaquin published around the same time as Constantino’s, “The Language of the Streets” (1963). By closely considering Joaquin’s views on “Tagalog slang” as the basis for a national language, we can see a different politics of language at work, one based not on translation as war but as play. Whereas Constantino was concerned with language as the medium for revealing the historical truth of nationhood that would lead to democratizing society, Joaquin was more interested in the conversion of history into language as a way of expanding literary democracy. Abstract Vicente L. Rafael is Professor of History at the University of Washington in Seattle. He grew up in Manila and graduated from the Ateneo in 1977. His books include Contracting...
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...John Clark and Colin Yallop 10. 11. 12. 13. Natsuko Tsujimura Robert D. Borsley Nigel Fabb Irene Heim and Angelika Kratzer 14. Liliane Haegeman and Jacqueline Guéron 15. Stephen Crain and Diane Lillo-Martin 16. Joan Bresnan 17. Barbara A. Fennell 18. Henry Rogers 19. Benjamin W. Fortson IV 20. AITA01 Liliane Haegeman 2 Introduction to Government and Binding Theory (Second Edition) Morphological Theory Language Acquisition Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Fifth Edition) Children’s Syntax Understanding Utterances Phonology in Generative Grammar Approaches to Discourse An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (Second Edition) An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics Modern Phrase Structure Grammar Linguistics and Literature Semantics in Generative Grammar English Grammar: A Generative Perspective An Introduction to Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition Lexical-Functional Syntax A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction Thinking Syntactically: A Guide to Argumentation and Analysis 5/9/05, 4:36 PM An Introduction to Sociolinguistics FIFTH EDITION Ronald Wardhaugh AITA01 3 5/9/05, 4:36 PM © 1986,...
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...Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Sistema de Información Científica Miranda Montenegro, Iván Ricardo Insights on Bilingualism and Bilingual Education: A Sociolinguistic Perspective Íkala, revista de lenguaje y cultura, vol. 17, núm. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2012, pp. 263-272 Universidad de Antioquia Medellín, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=255025411004 Íkala, revista de lenguaje y cultura, ISSN (Printed Version): 0123-3432 ikala@quimbaya.udea.edu.co Universidad de Antioquia Colombia How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage www.redalyc.org Non-Profit Academic Project, developed under the Open Acces Initiative InsIghts on BIlIngualIsm and BIlIngual EducatIon: a socIolInguIstIc PErsPEctIvE [Percepciones sobre el bilingüismo y la educación bilingüe: una perspectiva sociolingüística] Iván Ricardo Miranda Montenegro holds a Master’s degree in Applied Linguistics to EFL Teaching from Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. Colombia. He currently works as assistant professor at Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. Mailing address: Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Instituto Internacional de Idiomas, Calle 4 sur No 15-134 Sogamoso, Boyacá, Colombia. E-mail: ivan.miranda@uptc.edu.co Abstract This paper is primarily intended to present some major considerations about bilingualism and bilingual education...
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...Compare and contrast the legacies of cultural syncretism in Africa and the Americas with the resistance to cultural change Westerners encountered in China and India. What cultural factors caused the differences in outcomes? What legacies have the differences in types of encounters and degrees of cultural change left today? Had syncretism not occurred in the Americas, how might modern culture be different? If cultural syncretism had taken root during early encounters in China or India, how might they be different today? The quest for wealth and power brought Europeans to Indian shores in 1498 when Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese voyager, arrived in Calicut (modern Kozhikode, Kerala) on the west coast. In their search for spices and Christian converts, the Portuguese challenged Arab supremacy in the Indian Ocean, and, with their galleons fitted with powerful cannons, set up a network of strategic trading posts along the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. In 1510 the Portuguese took over the enclave of Goa, which became the center of their commercial and political power in India and which they controlled for nearly four and a half centuries. Economic competition among the European nations led to the founding of commercial companies in England (the East India Company, founded in 1600) and in the Netherlands (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie--the United East India Company, founded in 1602), whose primary aim was to capture the spice trade by breaking the Portuguese monopoly in Asia...
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...negotiable? Work Preferences Travel Preferences Additional Job Information $40,000.00 Yes Full Time Frequent Domestic and Foreign Travel Experiences X None are applicable Adjudication experience Arabic language skills Autotrack Canine Handler/Team Member Canine Training Chinese language skills Commentator profiles Elicitation experience Explosives Federal government personnel security investigations Foreign media collection French language skills Greek language skills HAZMAT/CBRN response Indonesian language skills Instructor - Security and/or law enforcement training Internet research Interpretation techniques Interrogation experience Interviewing experience Investigative experience Japanese language skills Korean language skills Law enforcement Marine security guard Medical defensive tactics Microsoft Access Microsoft Excel Microsoft PowerPoint Microsoft Publisher Microsoft Word Military police officer Military special operations officer National Crime Information Center (NCIC) Operation & maintenance of alarm system Operations & maintenance of X-ray systems Operations & maintenance of closed circuit TV systems Persian (Farsi) language skills Personal protection Polygraph experience Portuguese language skills Private security police officer Protective security services Russian language skills...
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...This page intentionally left blank The Study of Language This best-selling textbook provides an engaging and user-friendly introduction to the study of language. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, Yule presents information in short, bite-sized sections, introducing the major concepts in language study – from how children learn language to why men and women speak differently, through all the key elements of language. This fourth edition has been revised and updated with twenty new sections, covering new accounts of language origins, the key properties of language, text messaging, kinship terms and more than twenty new word etymologies. To increase student engagement with the text, Yule has also included more than fifty new tasks, including thirty involving data analysis, enabling students to apply what they have learned. The online study guide offers students further resources when working on the tasks, while encouraging lively and proactive learning. This is the most fundamental and easy-to-use introduction to the study of language. George Yule has taught Linguistics at the Universities of Edinburgh, Hawai’i, Louisiana State and Minnesota. He is the author of a number of books, including Discourse Analysis (with Gillian Brown, 1983) and Pragmatics (1996). “A genuinely introductory linguistics text, well suited for undergraduates who have little prior experience thinking descriptively about language. Yule’s crisp and thought-provoking presentation of key issues works...
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...MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD.…...13 1.3 THE MIDDLE ENGLISH CORPUS……………………………………….15 1.3.1 GEOFFREY CHAUCER AND HIS LENDING SUPPORT OF THE LONDON STANDARD’S DIFFUSION……………………………………….17 1.3.2 THE ROLE OF THE PRINTING IN THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE………………………………………………….…….19 1.3.3 PRINCIPAL MIDDLE ENGLISH WRITTEN RECORDS AS A REFLECTION OF ONGOING CHANGES IN STANDARDIZATION………25 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….…………....28 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….30 APPENDIX 1……………………………………………………………………33 INTODUCTION linguistic history english language The English language has had a remarkable history. When we first catch it in historical records, it is a language of none-too-civilized tribes on the continent of Europe along the North Sea. From those murky and undistinguished beginnings, English has become the most widespread language in the world, used by more peoples for more purposes than any language on Earth. The early part of the Modern English saw the establishment of the Standard written English we know today. Its standardization was first due to the need of the central government for regular procedures by which to conduct its business, to keep its records and to communicate with the citizens of the land. Standard languages are often the by-products of bureaucracy, developed to meet a...
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