...Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation UCTEA Chamber of Surveying and Cadastre Engineers TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası Jeodezi ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi Vol.2 Iss.1 pp.19-28 May 2013 Journal No.107 Doi: 10.9733/jgg.120913.2 www.hkmodergi.org Analysis of surface textures of physiographic features extracted from multiscale digital elevation models via grey level co-occurrence matrix Dinesh Sathyamoorthy* Science & Technology Research Institute for Defence (STRIDE), Ministry of Defence, Malaysia Abstract Volume: 2 Issue: 1 Page: 19 - 28 May 2013 This paper is aimed at employing grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) to analyse the surface textures of physiographic features extracted from multiscale digital elevation models (DEMs). Four GLCM parameters, energy, contrast, autocorrelation and entropy, are computed for horizontal (0°), vertical (90°) and diagonal (45 and 135°) cell pair orientations. For the respective DEMs and physiographic features, varying patterns are observed in the plots of the GLCM parameters due to varying surface profiles and the changes that occur over the scales. Due to the smoothing of the terrain during multiscaling, the features have increasing values of energy and entropy, and decreasing values of contrast and entropy, indicating decreasing roughness. Mountains have the highest roughness as compared to the other features over the scales, while basins have the lowest roughness. For each parameter, similar trends...
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...CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS Reference or Navigational maps are created to help navigate over the earth surface. These kinds of maps show where particular places are located and can be used to navigate you way to them. Street maps or Highway Road maps are placed in this category. Topographic Maps illustrate the horizontal and vertical positions (relief) of land surface features. Topographic maps use contour lines to show elevation (height above sea level). Physical geographers use topographic maps to show the locations of landscape features on the earth. Thematic Maps are used to communicate geographic concepts like the distribution of densities, spatial relationships, magnitudes, movements etc. World climate or soils maps are notable examples of thematic maps. DIFFERENT KINDS OF MAPS Road maps show major and minor highways and roads, airports, railroad tracks, cities and other points of interest in an area. People use road maps to plan trips and for driving directions. Weather maps show weather patterns in cities, states, countries, etc. Climate Maps give general information about the climate and precipitation (rain and snow) of a region. Grid Map is a map in which a grid, or set of squares, is used to locate places. Each location uses a letter and a number on the grid. PHYSICAL AND POLITICAL MAPS Physical maps show country borders, major cities and significant bodies of water. Physical maps also show the location of landforms like deserts, mountains...
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...Mini Project 1 Note: This is an individual project. You can help each other but no part of the project should be similar to any other student’s project. The project contains 5 out of 25 Marks. Read the Procedure section thoroughly before starting the project. You have to submit a project report before Monday 4:30 PM, June 15, 2016 in lab and the deadline will be same for all sections. Your project will be evaluated on your problem solving skills, quality of your report, technical writing skills and definitely an individual viva. Understanding the problems and procedure is a part of the project. Procedure: 1. Go to this link (http://bit.ly/1G1jKbc) for Geocontext, an online tool to determine topographic profile. 2. Press the Reset button to disable already selected locations. 3. Type the desired location/area in search location. e.g. Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 4. Zoom in using scale on right side of the map and click on map to select point A and point B. The terrain profile will be displayed below the map. 5. You have to enter the link details from this map to the Fresnel Zone Calculator provided during lab experiments. 6. You can see the effect of Earth Curvature on LOS path and terrain by enabling/disabling curved earth option under Scientific tab. To draw Fresnel zone, check Fresnel, enter operating frequency and tower heights. This tool can only be used for 100% clearance of 1st Fresnel zone. But we will use this tool to obtain only...
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...[pic]TM [pic] WorldMaster™ Help General Controls Moving the camera Moving/Panning Mouse Shift + Right click + Drag mouse Keyboard The Arrow Keys (Shift + Arrow Keys will pan slowly) Note: Scroll Speed may be adjusted in the Edit menu under Program Options. Zooming In and Out Mouse Ctrl + Right click + Drag mouse up or down Keyboard Ctrl + Up/Down Arrow Keys Tilt Camera Mouse Alt + Right click + Drag mouse up or down Keyboard Alt + Up/Down Arrow Keys Rotate Camera Mouse Alt + Right click + Drag mouse left or right Keyboard Alt + Right/Left Arrow Keys Keyboard Shortcuts Ctrl + Z Undo last action H Bring up the History dialog Getting Started The Tools General Tools History The Battle Realms™ WorldMaster features a Photoshop-like History feature, brought up with the H key or the Edit menu. This feature tracks every map change as a separate entry, allowing the user to undo and redo every action done during that program session. Note that non-volatile tools, such as Select Vertices, do not store undo/redo information in the History. The History list has a maximum number of entries coupled with a maximum size of memory that it may take up. Once either of these limits is reached, the oldest history is lost. Brush Settings Many of the WorldMaster tools involve using a brush to “paint” a specific attribute onto the terrain. The brushes used for these...
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...LAND NAVIGATION Marginal Information Map Instructions Top Margin series name -is found in the upper margin. It usually includes a group of similar maps at the same scale or the same sheet lines designed to cover a particular geographical area. The name given a series is that of the most prominent areas. edition number- represents the age of the map in relation to other editions of the same map and the agency responsible for its production. Scale- note indicates the relative value of distance on the map compared to distance on the ground. A map with the scale of 1:50,000 means that 1 inch on the map equals 50,000 inches on the ground or 1,270 meters. Different map scales indicate different degrees of topographical detail. As the ratio increases, map detail decreases. For example, a map with a scale of 1:25,000 is more detailed than a map with a scale of 1:50,000. With a ratio of 1:25,000, 1 inch on the map equals less area on the ground than a map with ratio of 1:50,000. series number- is a sequence reference expressed either as a four-digit number (1125) or as a letter followed by a three or four-digit number (M556; N3341). It is found in both the upper right margin and the lower left margin. sheet name- is found in bold print at the center of the top and in the lower left area of the map margin. A map is generally named for the settlement contained within the area covered by the sheet, or for the largest natural feature located within the area at the time the map...
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...Acclimatization to High Altitudes Elevations below 5,000 feet have little noticeable effect on healthy people. However, at higher elevations the atmospheric pressure is reduced, and the body tissues get less oxygen. This means that soldiers cannot work or exercise as well at high altitudes. The limiting effects of high elevation are often most pronounced in older soldiers and persons with low levels of fitness. Due to acclimatization, the longer a soldier remains at high altitude, the better his performance becomes. Generally, however, he will not perform as well as at sea level and should not be expected to. For normal activities, the time required to acclimatize depends largely on the altitude. In order to insure that soldiers who are newly assigned to altitudes above 5,000 feet are not at a disadvantage, it is recommended that 30 days of acclimatization, including regular physical activity, be permitted before they are administered a record APFT. Before acclimatization is complete, people at high altitudes may suffer acute mountain sickness. This includes such symptoms as headache, rapid pulse, nausea, loss of appetite, and an inability to sleep. The primary treatment is further acclimatization or returning to a lower altitude. Once soldiers are acclimatized to altitudes above 5,000 feet, deacclimatization will occur if they spend 14 or more days at lower altitudes. For this reason, soldiers should be permitted twice the length of their absence, not to exceed 30 days...
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...Before I can establish a physical training regimen to help get my squad prepared for the upcoming deployment I need to look at the METL and see what I can expect as far as daily operations. I know that I will need to implement a lot of cardiorespiratory endurance training based on the terrain. Muscular strength will still be a factor, but I will adjust the ratio of the program so as to put more of a focus on running, ruck marching, and buddy carry type exercises. Some objectives I would create would be ability group runs that increase by time and speed weekly. Ruck marches at distances starting at 3 miles with a 30 lb ruck to 12 miles with a 60lb ruck. Buddies carry drills that consist of fireman carries, log drills and litter runs. While this is being conducted I will monitor each soldier and identify specific problems that need to be worked on and adjust the training schedule accordingly. As far as the soldiers that are overweight they would conduct physical training with the platoon as well as take part in special population PT the same day. This would be emplaced to help push those soldiers to get within standards in accordance with AR600-9 that much faster. The overweight soldiers need a special separate plan to get where they need to be, but taking away from physical training that is imperative to the mission is a problem. That is why we would initiate a special population program at a different time. If I was a squad leader that inherits a squad that has overweight issues...
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...Art Appreciation Question 1. Analyze this painting by addressing these three formal elements and terms describe the palette, shape and Space. Be sure to identify the perspective system employed in this painting The palette, or range of colors used in this painting, have a more neutral tone. The combination of forest greens, golden yellows, faint blues, and grays, combined with the lack of any bright colors, gives the painting a more neutral look. The painting employs several triangle shapes, which can be seen at the apex of the trees and the two mountains in the posterior of the landscape. The spacing of the painting is both three-dimensional and deep. As one looks into the painting, it feels as if one could walk into the painting and move into the landscape. The painting has depth, as it feels like one can “see for miles” into the painting. This painting certainly employs an aerial perspective system, as the clouds, haze of the atmosphere, and vantage point all add depth to the space. Question 2. Explain how the artist uses color create space. (In answering this question, be sure to identify if the compositional space is two dimensional or three dimensional) Also articulate how the artist uses color to convey light and rhythm. The artist uses the varying colors on the red background to create the perception of three-dimensional space. The contrast of the dark dots and the golden dots on the red background makes the painting appear as if the red is a type of screen...
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...Halong Bay 1. Overview Hạ Long Bay (Vietnamese: Vịnh Hạ Long, literally: "descending dragon bay") is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and a popular travel destination, in Quảng Ninh Province, Vietnam. Administratively, the bay belongs to Hạ Long City, Cẩm Phả town, and part of Vân Đồn District. The bay features thousands of limestone karsts and isles in various sizes and shapes. Hạ Long Bay has an area of around 1,553 km2, including 1,960–2,000 islets, most of which are limestone. The core of the bay has an area of 334 km2 with a high density of 775 islets. The limestone in this bay has gone through 500 million years of formation in different conditions and environments. The evolution of the karst in this bay has taken 20 million years under the impact of the tropical wet climate. The geo-diversity of the environment in the area has created biodiversity, including a tropical evergreen biosystem, oceanic and sea shore biosystem. Hạ Long Bay is home to 14 endemic floral species and 60 endemic faunal species. Historical research surveys have shown the presence of prehistorical human beings in this area tens of thousands years ago. The successive ancient cultures are the Soi Nhụ culture around 18,000–7000 BC, the Cái Bèo culture 7000–5000 BC and the Hạ Long culture 5,000–3,500 years ago. Hạ Long Bay also marked important events in the history of Vietnam with many artifacts found in Bài Thơ Mout, Đầu Gỗ Cave, Bãi Cháy. 500 years ago, NguyenTrai praised the beauty of Hạ Long Bay...
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...How is the Nile River important? I think the Nile River is important because it has multiple uses, but the main uses I’m going to talk about is fresh water, topography, and food. Fresh water was really important because it was all over the place so people might as well use the water,for example there is water in many features like in rivers, lakes, and Inland seas which were great sources of fresh water. Water is important because people in the early Egypt bathed and washed things in the water. The water was also a source of food which leads me on to my next topic. The way people hunted for food were they waited by the by the rivers, and usually the birds and different animals would gathering around the river so the hunters or people would...
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...Name Instructor Class Date Network Design Paper In this network design work, the aspect of sub-netting would be a significant consideration during g the design process in order to ensure that the entire IP network is subdivided in a logically visible manner. In such a design with 156 computers, it would be advisable to address all of these computers with some common and identical most significant bit group within the assigned IP address. This would effectively assist in the division of two fields that could include the routing or network prefix, as well as the rest of the field host identifier. The design has two server rooms. The routing prefix could be located within the server room in the first floor, while the rest of the host identifier could be fixed within the second floor server room. The design would thereby require some routers to enhance effective traffic between the various sub-networks that could be allocated for individual floors (McCabe, 102-104). Since the population is not considred to be extremely large, it is recommended that the institution should consider designing an IPv4 layout. This has a limited number of IP addresses as compared to the IPv6, but would still be sufficient even for future expansion of say the offices and the computer labs in the future. The assigned IP address to each of the devices within the networks would be used as a unique for of identifier to all of these devices. This will make the devices to become controllable and be...
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...University of Phoenix Material Soil and Glaciers Worksheet From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission. Part 1 Size grades of soil are named sand, silt, and clay, which includes colloids. Size grades are defined using the metric system. Use Figure 4.8 from the textbook to fill in the following chart. Specify the type and size and description of the particle. In some cases, particle size will be less than some value or greater than another value. For instance, gravel is greater than 2.0 mm. Name Size Description Gravel >2.0 mm Rock that is unconsolidated with fragments that have a general particle size range Sand 0.05 Sand particles are largerly formed by the physical break up of rocks. Sand has small surface areas and have an almost negligible role in the chemical activity of the soil. Sand particles are chemically insert or inactive. Silt 0.002 Silt is formed by physical weathering. Finer silits, which approach colloidal sizes, may exhibit some of the characteristics properties of clay. Clay Below 0.002 milimeters The clay fraction differs from the sands and silts in that it is composed predominantly of minerals formed as products of secondary weathering. The rock mineral will go through change before becoming clay minerals. Colloids 0.0001 – 0.00001 milimeters Like other soil particles, some colloids are minerals, whereas others are organic. Minerals colloids...
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...heavily debated, most scientists approximate that man settled some time 800 years ago. In comparison to North America, which is somewhere around 25,000 years, New Zealand is still young (Warner pg. 47). Important Considerations Location, Climate, and Topography: • Southeast of Australia, New Zealand is similar in size to Colorado; its southern location from the Equator means opposite seasons from Europe and North America. • New Zealand’s climate is classified as Cbf (Fig. 2). • Most of the North Island lies on the Australia Plate, where as the South Island is on the Pacific Plate (Fig. 1). This, combined with active volcanoes, creates a hotbed for seismic and volcanic activity (CIA). • One quarter of the earthquakes have been below a 2.0 magnitude, but within the last year alone, New Zealand has seen 17,246 earthquakes with a majority ranging from 0-5 magnitudes (Geonet). (Fig. 2) Link: http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/. Topography • New Zealand formed after the collision of the Australian and Pacific Plates (Fig. 1). • This Collision created an extremely undulated landmass. • The picture to the right, (Fig. 3) courtesy of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, shows the topography of New Zealand. o The green areas indicate a lower area, where as a yellow/tan color shows elevation. o Information for this image gathered through satellite sonar imaging (NASA)....
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...similar materials may require special treatment with heavy atom labels in order to achieve the required image contrast [218]. A SEM is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the sample's surface topography and composition. The electron beam is generally scanned in a raster scan pattern and the beam's position is combined with the detected signal to produce an image. SEM can achieve resolution better than 1 nanometer. Specimens can be observed in high vacuum, low vacuum, wet conditions and a wide range of cryogenic or elevated temperatures. The most common SEM mode is detection of secondary electrons emitted by atoms excited by the electron beam. The number of secondary electrons that can be detected depends on things, on the angle at which beam meets surface of specimen called as specimen topography. By scanning the sample and collecting the secondary electrons that are emitted using a special detector, an image displaying the topography of the surface is created [219]. Membrane potential plays a critical role in bacterial physiology. The essential function of a cell membrane is to separate the cell from its environment. The membrane permits a cell to maintain a unique intracellular composition as well as ionic gradients across the membrane, both of which are essential for cellular viability. As a component...
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...marshes occur in the intertidal zone: the area between terrestrial land and open salt water. Areas above high water level are increasingly restrictive on growth, and although some mangroves persist they commonly diminish in size and are soon replaced by saltmarsh communities more tolerant of hypersalinity. PART 1: ABOITIC FACTORS The main abiotic factors that will determine the structure of the salt marsh community are the salinity of the soil, the water content in the soil and the substrate type. The impact these abiotic factors have on the structure is ultimately determined by the topography of the land. The unusual topography of the land determined the salinity concentrations in the soil: the land forms a shallow basin in the center and is surrounded by a slightly higher landform. When the salt marsh is rarely inundated, the water is drawn to the center of the ecosystem due to the abnormal topography of the land. During the process of evaporation, a majority of the water content is removed from the soil and transformed into water vapour, leaving behind highly concentrated salt sediment. Another key abiotic factor is the substrate type. According to the data collected, sites B and D have fairly low water content in the soil, while the remaining sites recorded a much high reading. The soil at sites B and D appeared dry, especially on the surface, and replicated fine grain sand – this particular substrate cannot retain a high water moisture and will easily lose water to evaporation...
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