...Tort Reform All humans on this earth, whether they live in a crowded city, a sparsely populated farming community, a developed or developing nation or a small tribe in the rainforests of the Amazon, have some way by which their civilization is led and regulated for the safety and comfort of its inhabitants. People living together in near proximity need some sort of social control to regulate conduct and relations be it by laws or morals or both. Ivan Nuy, an author who developed the Social Control Theory in 1958, proposed that there are four types of social control: Internal, Indirect, Control with Needs Satisfaction and Direct. Social Control Theory proposes that people's relationships, commitments, values, norms, and moral beliefs encourage them not to break the law. Thus, if moral codes are internalized and individuals are tied into, (their) community, they will voluntarily limit their propensity to commit deviant acts. [ (Nuy, 1958) ] Law is needed for when comfort, morals and disapproval fail to prevent undesirable acts against people in a society. In our country’s system, we have two main types of classifications for justice, civil law and criminal law. Criminal law, under public law, covers laws and regulations that aim to protect all members of the society. Its emphasis is on punishment. Criminal offenders are prosecuted by government officials, who must provide “the burden of proof” to prove the guilt of the defendant beyond a reasonable, doubt, usually a district...
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...Private Police and Civil Liability Dan Seemann SEC/350 August 4, 2014 Darrin Waters Civil Liability and Private Police Private police and security continue to grow at a rapid pace because of reduced Constitutional restrictions, but employers must also understand the increased civil liabilities associated with employing private security. This paper will help to evaluate civil liability and how these liabilities are applied to private police forces. Another key element will be to identify and recommend certain measures that can be implemented to help mitigate organizational and institutional liability. Mitigating these liabilities will enable a larger return on investment for the business using these private security forces. Potential for Civil Liability Civil liability is considered the potential responsibility for payment to be assessed to an individual or organization that has incurred damages based on a lawsuit. There are several different factors that can determine the potential for liability based on certain tort laws that may be applied. A tort is considered to be a wrongful act that was committed that may result in compensation based on varying levels of proof and damages that are present. Rules, evidence, precedent, and judicial discretion all help to determine which category or tort law will be applicable. The elements and burden of evidence and proof can also vary from state to state, and can focus on different...
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...regardless if the person claiming various actions is deserving of the reward expected. Tort law can be misused and in most cases it is. At times that tort law includes the protective barrier over criminals, and in many cases it is used as exactly that. This paper examines the lives of varied individual in four different cases in which tort law is used, and quite possibly abused. The Scenario Paper In any courtroom across the country, and more than likely, across the globe, a person can find the use of tort. Over the years, the governing bodies in tort law have transformed it from its common law origins. Tort, as with any law, is forever changing and evolving by the use of lawyers and judges, alike. Despite certain efforts for the reform of tort, it is still difficult to overlook the use of modern torts and fail to see the convoluted system of rules and laws covering the main purpose of tort law. According to the Cornell University Law School website (2010, para. 4), “torts fall into three general categories: intentional torts (e.g., intentionally hitting a person); negligent torts (e.g., causing an accident by failing to obey traffic rules); and strict liability torts (e.g., liability for making and selling defective products).” This paper will examine a few of these types of torts and their possible outcomes. Scenario One In scenario one, there are several intentional and unintentional tort actions that are displayed. The torts that clearly stand out are battery...
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...Between Criminal And Civil Law Introduction The structure of the paper is as follows.Firstly,discuss the difference between criminal and civil law,and then analyse the overlap of the two systems.finally,give some advice to a victim of a civil wrong and a crime. Body 1. distinction between criminal and civil law Criminal Law is a kind of public law, which “governs relationships between individuals and the government, and those relationships between individuals which are of direct concern to the society.” The criminal law exist to punish a person that who have committed criminal offenses. In order to punish criminals and deter crime and others they remain stable state and society. "In public law, mandatory rules prevail. Laws concerning relationships between individuals belong to private law. ” (Elizabeth A. Martin ,2003) Civil law is private law. “In England and Wales, civil law means non-criminal law. The law relating to civil wrongs and quasi-contracts is part of the civil law. “Civil law deals with the disputes between a person, organizations, or between the two, in which compensation is awarded to the victim. The main purpose of the civil law is to compensate individuals who have suffered loss or injury by the wrongful actions of other person. Civil law is different from criminal law, because it emphasises more upon punishment than on dispute resolution. (Glanville Williams,1982) The essence of the distinction of criminal and civil law is different aims...
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...CHAPTER 16---THE LEGAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS………….50 things! 16.1 LAW AND THE LEGAL SYSTEM 1. How does law differ from the legal system? * The legal system evolves to respond to changes in social norms and commercial activities. . Legal system is remarkably fair. The legal system establishes the rules of the game, adopting and enforcing them in a reasonably predictable manner. One U.S. law that creates unique challenges for American firms operating overseas is the Foreign Corrupt. Practices Act, which prohibits the distribution of bribes and other favors in the conduct of business. 2. Should laws be flexible? * Rules and Regulations provide a framework to any system. I believe that Laws should never be bounded by situations they should be equal for everyone under any circumstances. Flexibility would only make the system vulnerable. 3. Are our laws fair? * There are, of course, abuses and mistakes by judges and juries, and procedural mishaps occasionally tip the scales of justice in the wrong direction. Sometimes—as in George McGovern’s case—innocent parties are forced to bear the cost of defending themselves in court. On the whole, however, the U.S. legal system is remarkably fair. 4. Do people consider laws fair? * I think most of the people consider that a United States law is not fair. 5. In the United States legal decisions are based on the rule of law. What is the rule of law? * Predictability and Fairness. How do we...
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...Business Torts and Ethics With the actions of businesses being more prominent in the eyes of the public more than ever before, it is crucial that businesses remain credible. Remaining credible requires businesses to uphold four of the major types of corporate responsibility- economic, ethical, philanthropic, and legal (Scilly, 2016). In order to simply survive as a business, a company’s legal duties must remain their top priority. With such a large variety of possible violations, companies are left with a plethora of reasons to take precaution to avoid civil and criminal liability. Companies can do so by complying with the law (Pagnattaro, Cahoy, Magid, Reed, & Sheed, 2016, p. 7). This week in Contemporary Business Law, the class was given a scenario regarding a property management business dealing with a legal issue. This paper will describe the scenario, define the company’s legal obligations, differentiate among some of the potential torts that might arise from this business context, discuss ways to prevent the risk of the potential torts, lastly apply and evaluate the ethical principles and responsibilities of the business. The Scenario “Springfield Arms Apartments is a business that rents primarily to students. One evening, your tenant Sharon is attacked by an intruder who forces the lock on the sliding glass door of her ground-floor apartment. Sharon's screams attract the attention of Darryl, your resident manager, who comes to Sharon's aid. Together, Darryl and...
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... LAW OF TORTS DEVELOPMENT OF LAW OF TORTS IN INDIA AND ENGLAND NAME : AMAN RAJ SINGH BA-LLB( Hons.) BATCH OF 2014-19 GUIDED BY: PROF. B.HYDERVALI Acknowledgement For this academic endeavour, which in its pursuit has been a very insightful and fruitful project, I have many to express my gratitude to. Primarily, I would like to thank my subject professor, Professor B.Hydervali, Law of Tort, for assigning me this paper to write. Had the opportunity not come across via him, I would not have delved into this ambit of Tort Law and gained further insight into the human condition. Further, I would like to thank Mr.Rajesh Kumar Singh, my father, mentor and continual, irreplaceable support system, for sustaining my spirits and my self esteem, throughout not only this project but also life in general. For if it weren’t for him, I would always been in vain fear of failure and giving up would have become an option. Lastly, I would like to thank my wide expanse of friends and peers, each a different colour and genre in personality and each...
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...down to being merely nominal. The law has not laid down that what shall be the measure of damages in actions of torts; the measure is vague and uncertain, depending upon a vast variety of causes, facts and circumstances. There are four kinds of damages: a. Contemptuous Damages – These are awarded when it is considered that an action should never have been brought. When the plantiff has technically a legal claim but there is no moral justification for it or he morally deserved what the defendant did to him, the court may award a half penny or a paisa showing its disapproval of the conduct of the plantiff. b. Nominal Damages – These are awarded where the purpose of the action is merely to establish a right, no substantial harm or loss having been suffered, for eg., in cases of infringement of absolute rights of personal security (e.g. assault) and property (e.g. bare trespass, invasion of a right of easement, etc.). Nominal damages are so called because they bear no relation even to the cost and trouble of suing, and the sum awarded is so small that it may be said to have “no exsistence in point of quantity.” c....
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...ABSOLUTE, QUALIFIED AND PUBLIC RIGHT Tort law “Tort law is the body of laws that deals with wrong doings in civil cases.” The word tort is derived from Latin word “Tortuni”, in English it means “twist” or “torture” and corresponds to the term “civil wrong”. According to John Salmand: “Tort is a civil wrong for which the remedy is a common law action for unliquidated damages.” According to Undrhill: “A tort law may be defined as a wrong, independent of contract and resulting in: 1) The infringement of some absolute right to which another is entitled. 2) Infringement of qualified right of another causing actual damage. 3) Infringement of a public right causing some special damage to an individual.” ABSOLUTE RIGHT “A legally enforceable right to take some action or to refrain from acting at the sole discretion of the person having the right.” According to the absolute right every person has absolute right to his liberty, security, property and reputation. 1) RIGHTS TO LIBERTY A person can demand any kind of liberty. It is his absolute right that he have any type of liberty e.g. liberty to go anywhere, liberty to write, liberty to travel. No one can stop other from going anywhere or doing any work. All such type of works that are allowed by the law and are not violating or infringing the rights of others comes under the scope of liberty. EXAMPLE If someone wants to vote for some particular political party we cannot stop him from voting with...
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...CHAPTER 1 An Introduction 1.1 Introduction: The peculiar feature that tort occupies in private international law is that if the tortious act has been committed entirely locally, then lex loci delicti governs it, irrespective of the fact that whether it has or has not some foreign element, such as, both or one of the parties is domiciled or resident abroad or national of another country. The foreign law is applicable only in some very exceptional situations. Torts in Common Law countries mean civil wrongs to a person, to property, or to a person’s reputation. Common examples are negligent acts causing injury or deaths, conversion, trespass to property and defamation. 1.2 Research Methodology: In making this project report the doctrinal method of research has been used. 1.3 Focus area: This project report focuses on the tort under private international law. 1.4 Scope of the study: In this project report the meaning of tort and law applicable to tort under private international law has been explained. CHAPTER 2 Conceptual Analysis 2.1 TORT AND CONFLICT OF LAWS: Torts in Common Law countries mean civil wrongs to a person, to property, or to a person’s reputation. Common examples are negligent acts causing injury or deaths, conversion, trespass to property and defamation. The same act may be both a tort and crime: assault can be a cause of action in tort and may also be a criminal offence. That is also true in some other situations, for example, misappropriation...
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...“A tort is a civil wrong for which the remedy is an action for unliquidated damages and which is not exclusively the breach of a contract, or the breach of a trust, or the breach of other merely equitable obligation”- Salmond The words ‘tort’ has originated from the Medieval Latin word ‘tortum’ which literally means injustice. But to be more specific, torts law is a vast branch of law which deals with civil wrongs like negligence (of different sorts), battery, harassment and trespass among others. In common parlance, torts may be described as the wing under which all claims pertaining to civil rights are brought and monetary compensation is awarded to right the people who have been hurt or their property damaged. Entering a property without...
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...INTRODUCTION The word ‘Tort’ has been derived from a Latin word ‘Tortum’ which means crooked or twisted act. This word is a French equivalent of English word wrong and of the Roman law term ‘delict’. It is a civil wrong independent of contract for which the appropriate remedy is action for unliquidated damages. Person committing a tort is called tortfeasor and the act is called tortious act. In this piece of research project, we will analyze which one is more authentic or valid, whether law tort or law of torts. Jurists have debated this question for a long time. It is generally asked in the form, “is there a law of tort or only a law of torts?” Those who call it Law of Tort (Winfield) base their understanding on the Latin maxim ‘ubi...
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...NEGLIGENCE Tort Law is a field that encompasses material of considerable breadth and diversity and whose existence, as a reflected in individual actions seeking civil redress for injuries nor arising out of contractual relations can be traced can be traced back to primitive societies. (White, 2003 p.23) A ‘tort’ is a Norman word for a ‘wrong’ but ‘torts’ have typically been distinguished from crimes and from ‘wrongs’ identified with contractual relations. Tort Law is concerned with civil wrongs not arising from contracts. We can see the shifting character of Tort Law in nineteenth and twentieth century America as deriving from the shifting ideas of legal scholars and judges particularly ideas about the civil responsibilities of a person to his or her neighbors in society and about the manner in which society should respond to injuries and injured people. An independent identity for Torts late in the nineteenth century is the affection of tort doctrines, especially negligence, to the problems produced by industrialization. Industrialization has played a part in creating the climate of intellectual legal opinion and it affected torts as an independent category of law. Some certain lawyer-intellectuals in the development of legal doctrine in America, who were academicians after 1870, significantly affected the content of tort rules and doctrines and also affected the changing state of tort law in America. There are many categories of Torts. It divided three...
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...Synopsis of Tort Cases Team C: Michael Colschen, Christina Thomason, and Shawn Glover BUS/415 April 5, 2011 Carol De Muth, Facilitator Torts and Liability Torts arise when negligent activity by one individual to another individual results in injury or liability from the action. The negligent party owes a duty of responsibility to provide recourse in the form of reimbursement through monies or other court appointed determinations as restitution for the negligent act. Tort cases are mostly negligent acts that involve suits heard in civil court. Tort cases are brought forth by private citizens, whereas criminal acts involve prosecution by the government. The tort acts demonstrated in this scenario involve bodily harm from negligent acts, defamation of character, and negligence for safety, medical malpractice, and broken promissory note. Scenario One Synopsis The scenario one contains several torts that involve damage, injury, and wrongful acts that involve potential civil lawsuits for strict liability. The scenario begins with a Daniel and his eight year old son Reuben attending a football game. The quarterback receives an injury from a player on the opposing team. The quarterback could file a lawsuit against the opposing team member for the injury as an act of bodily harm but the defendants defense states a circumstance that comes with the occupation of playing football. The quarterback can file a workman’s compensation claim against...
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...Torts Julie and Mary are plaintiffs for the J&M Jewelry store that opened in the Sunny Market Place. The defendants are Tom and Fred who own the Deluxe Jewelry in Sunny Market Place. Tom and Fred do not want the competition for their store so they decided to take action against J&M Jewelry and trespassed by entering their store without consent. An intentional tort is the most willful of torts, this intent is not to harm but rather to engage in a specific act, which ultimately results in an injury, physical or economic to another” (Kubasek, Browne, Herron, Meyer, Barkacs, Dhoodge, and Williamson 2012, p. 185). Tom and Fred had no intent on causing physical harm to the plaintiffs; they wanted them to be afraid with the hopes of leaving the premises. The defendants were hoping to scare the ladies away by robbing the store, so they would no longer have competition and keep customers to themselves. Julie was upset with what the defendants did and slapped Tom causing him to push her. Julie did something unlawful by slapping Tom causing an assault and battery, which he returned the harm by pushing her down. Kubasek, Browne, Herron, Meyer, Barkacs, Dhoodge, and Williamson (2012) define the legal principle of assault and battery as “An assault occurs when a person is placed in fear or apprehension of an offensive bodily contact; if the contact occurs, it constitutes a battery “(p. 187). Another tort that occurred in this scenario is the strict liability tort when Tom takes Julia...
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