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Total Quality

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Walter Andrew Shewhart
Fue un físico, ingeniero y estadístico estadounidense, a veces conocido como el padre del control estadístico de la calidad.

Filosofía

Shewhart entendía la calidad como un problema de variación, el cual puede ser controlado y prevenido mediante la eliminación a tiempo de las causas que lo provocan.,

Los puntos esenciales de su filosofía acerca de la calidad son los siguientes:

• Existen dos características de calidad: subjetiva (lo que el cliente quiere) y objetiva (propiedades del producto, independientemente de lo que el cliente quiere).

• Una importante dimensión de calidad es el valor recibido por el precio pagado

• Los estándares de calidad deben ser expresados en términos físicos y características cuantitativamente medibles de los productos.

• La estadística debe ser usada para tomar información sobre el gran potencial que tiene muchos productos y servicios y traducirla en características medibles de un producto específico que satisfaga al mercado.
Sus Aportaciones

Uno de los aportes más notables del Dr. Shewhart fue su famoso Ciclo de Mejoramiento PHVA (Planear, Hacer, Verificar y Actuar), el cual establece una metodología para resolver los problemas de calidad de una empresa y conduce al mejoramiento continuo. El ciclo PHVA, se refiere a lo siguiente:

P Planear: Planificar, definir objetivos y las acciones a desarrollar para alcanzarlos.
H Hacer: Hacer según lo planificado.
V Verificar: Evaluar o comprobar los resultados y compararlos con lo planificado.
A Actuar: Ajustar o decidir lo que hay que mantener y lo que hay que corregir, es decir, sacar aprendizaje de nuestra experiencia.

William Edwards Deming (14 de octubre de 1900 - 20 de diciembre de 1993) fue un estadístico estadounidense, profesor universitario, autor de textos, consultor y difusor del concepto de calidad total.

Filosofía

1.- Constancia en el propósito de mejorar productos y servicios:
"El Dr. Deming sugiere una nueva y radical definición de la función de una empresa: Más que hacer dinero, es mantenerse en el negocio y brindar empleo por medio de la innovación, la investigación, la mejora constante y el mantenimiento".*
2.- Adoptar la nueva filosofía:
"Hoy día se tolera demasiado la mano de obra deficiente y el servicio antipático. Necesitamos una nueva religión en la cual los errores y el negativismo sean inaceptables".*
3.- No depender más de la inspección masiva:
"Las empresas típicamente inspeccionan un producto cuando éste sale de la línea de producción o en etapas importantes del camino, y los productos defectuosos se desechan o se re elaboran. Una y otra práctica son innecesariamente costosas. En realidad la empresa le está pagando a los trabajadores para que hagan defectos y luego los corrijan. La calidad NO proviene de la inspección sino de la mejora del proceso"*.
4.- Acabar con la práctica de adjudicar contratos de compra basándose exclusivamente en el precio:
"Los departamentos de compra suelen funcionar siguiendo la orden de buscar al proveedor de menor precio. Esto frecuentemente conduce a provisiones de mala calidad. En lugar de ello, los compradores deben buscar la mejor calidad en una relación de largo plazo con un solo proveedor para determinado artículo".*
5.- Mejorar continuamente y por siempre los sistemas de producción y servicio
"La mejora no es un esfuerzo de una sola vez. La administración está obligada a buscar constantemente maneras de reducir el desperdicio y mejorar la calidad".*
Aportes
William Edwards Deming fue un excelente consultor, ingeniero y apostador administrativo. Entre sus clientes se encuentran varias de las más grandes empresas manufactureras, telefónicas, transportistas, hospitales, diversas industrias, firmas de abogados, universidades, asesoró incluso a muchas empresas gubernamentales. En Japón se le considera "El padre de la tercera revolución industrial" ya que gracias a sus importantes aportaciones sobre calidad las empresas tomaron una nueva filosofía que las llevo sin duda a alcanzar un éxito rotundo. Realizó la aplicación de los métodos estadísticos a la ciencia, después de exitosos censos en Estados Unidos fue invitado a aplicar métodos estadísticos en las elecciones de Grecia, la India, Naciones Unidas y Alemania. Sus principales trabajos fueron realizados en el ámbito de la gerencia después de la II Guerra Mundial, contribuyo de manera imperiosa en la economía prediciendo el milagro japonés en el año 1947.Los 14 puntos de Deming anunciados en su libro " Fuera de la Crisis" causaron gran revuelo y están vigentes en las empresas exitosas en la actualidad. No fue sino hasta la transmisión de un documental por NBC en Junio de 1980 detallando el éxito industrial de Japón que las corporaciones Americanas prestaron atención. Enfrentados a una producción decadente y costos incrementados, los Presidentes de las corporaciones comenzaron a consultar con Deming acerca de negocios.

Joseph Juran

Fue un consultor de gestión del siglo XX que es principalmente recordado como un experto de la calidad y la gestión de la calidad y la escritura de varios libros influyentes sobre esos temas. Él era el hermano del ganador del Oscar Nathan H. Juran.

La filosofía de Juran

Juran enseñó los principios de calidad a los japoneses en la década de 1950 y fue una fuerza importante en su reorganización para la calidad. Entre los pasos que emprendieron las organizaciones japonesas como resultado del liderazgo de Juran estuvieron los siguientes:

Aportes
Las contribuciones de Joseph Moses Juran (1904-2008) a la administración de empresas son inconmensurables, tanto que se le considera como uno de los padres de la gestión de la calidad. A propósito de ello, a la pregunta ¿Cuál cree que fue su mayor contribución? Juran respondió “Contribuí a una nueva ciencia: la gestión de la calidad”. A se sintetizan sus principales aportes:
Juran proporcionó la definición más precisa y aplicable de lo que llamamos calidad. Definió dos secuencias universales de los pasos a seguir, una para lograr avances decisivos, otra para lograr el control. Articuló el Principio de Pareto, que sostiene que un pequeño porcentaje de factores en cualquier situación dará lugar a un gran porcentaje del efecto. Argumentó que una estructura organizacional de apoyo y compromiso de la dirección son esenciales para el logro de la calidad.

Kaoru Ishikawa Fue un químico industrial japonés, administrador de empresas y experto en el control de calidad, cuyo aporte fue la implementación de sistemas de calidad adecuados al valor de procesos empresariales. El sistema de calidad de este teórico incluyen dos tipos: gerencial y evolutivo. Se le considera el padre del análisis científico de las causas de problemas en procesos industriales, dando nombre al diagrama Ishikawa, cuyos gráficos agrupan por categorías todas las causas de los problemas.

Filosofía
Se basa en 7 herramientas básicas para la administración de la calidad. El proceso (es un diagrama, identificados de la manera más simplificada posible, utilizando varios códigos necesarios para el entendimiento de éste).

Principios de calidad de Ishikawa

Algunos de los elementos clave de sus filosofías se resumen de esta manera: 1. La calidad empieza con la educación y termina con la educación. 2. El primer paso en la calidad es conocer lo que el cliente requiere. 3. El estado ideal del control de calidad ocurre cuando ya no es necesaria la inspección. 4. Eliminar la causa de raíz y no los síntomas. 5. El control de calidad es responsabilidad de todos los trabajadores y en todas las áreas. 6. No confundir los medios con los objetivos. 7. Poner la calidad en primer término y poner las ganancias a largo plazo. 8. El comercio es la entrada y salida de la calidad. 9. La gerencia superior no debe mostrar enfado cuando sus subordinados les presenten hechos. 10. 95% de los problemas de una empresa se pueden resolver con simples herramientas de análisis y de solución de problemas. 11. Aquellos datos que no tengan información dispersa (es decir, variabilidad) son falsos acontecimientos.

Aporte
Fue quien destacó las diferencias entre los estilos de calidad japoneses y occidentales, debido a sus diferencias culturales. Su hipótesis principal fue que aspectos como que su país consta de una sociedad vertical, además de no haber sido influenciados por el taylorismo, diferencias de escritura, educación y religión fueron claves en el éxito japonés en el control de calidad.
Las principales ideas de Ishikawa se encuentran en su libro ¿Qué es el control total de calidad?: la modalidad japonesa. En él indica que el CTC (Control Total de Calidad) en Japón se caracteriza por la participación de todos, desde los más altos directivos hasta los empleados más bajos.

Genichi Taguchi:
Fue un ingeniero y estadístico japonés.
Filosofia
Su filosofía se basa en la metodología para la aplicación de estadísticas para mejorar la calidad de los productos manufacturados. El método Taguchi ha sido objeto de controversia entre algunos estadísticos occidentales convencionales. Otros han aceptado muchos de los conceptos introducidos por él como propuestas válidas para el conjunto del conocimiento del sector.

Contribuciones
Taguchi hizo una muy importante contribución a la estadística industrial. Los elementos clave de su filosofía de calidad son: * Función de pérdida de Taguchi, utilizada para medir la calidad de un producto o servicio.; * La filosofía del Ingeniería de la calidad fuera de línea, basada en el diseño de productos y procesos de tal modo que proporcionen su función de la manera más robusta posible, es decir, insensibles a las influencias de factores externos al diseño (factores de ruido); e * Innovaciones en el diseño de experimentos, en particular, el uso de una matriz de factores de ruido no controlables en la vida real, pero cuya variabilidad es sistematizada en el experimento.

Phil Crosby

Graduado en pediatría, profesión de su padre, resolvió que esa carrera no era de su agrado. La carrera de Philip Crosby comenzó en una planta de fabricación en línea, donde decidió que su meta sería enseñar administración en la cual previniendo problemas sería más provechoso que ser bueno en solucionarlos.
Filosofia

1. Compromiso de la dirección, la cual tiene que definir y comprometerse con una política de mejora de calidad. 2. Equipos de mejora de calidad, representantes de cada departamento encargados de cada equipo. 3. Medidas de calidad, reunir datos y estadísticas para analizar tendencias y problemas de la organización. 4. El coste de calidad, es el coste de hacer las cosas mal y de no hacerlo bien a la primera. 5. Tener conciencia de la calidad, enseñar a la organización el coste de la no calidad para de esta manera evitarlo. 6. Acción correctiva, se emprenderán acciones correctivas sobre posibles desviaciones. 7. Planificación de cero defectos, definir un programa de actuación para la prevención de errores que puedan llegar a suceder. 8. Capacitación del supervisor, la dirección recibirá la preparación sobre cómo elaborar y como se llevará a cabo el programa de mejora. 9. Día de cero defectos, se considera una fecha para llevar a cabo el cambio de la organización. 10. Establecer las metas, fijar objetivos para reducir los errores. 11. Eliminación de las causas error, eliminar barreras que impidan el cumplimiento óptimo del programa de cero defectos. 12. Reconocimiento, se ofrecen recompensas para aquellos que ayuden a cumplir las metas. 13. Consejos de calidad, se pretende unir a todos los trabajadores con comunicación. 14. Empezar de nuevo, la mejora de calidad es un ciclo por lo que nunca se deja de tener un cambio continuo.

Aportes
El aporte de Philip Crosby a la gestión de la calidad se resume en su exhortación a que las organizaciones trabajen por alcanzar la meta de cero defectos. A continuación una breve exploración bibliográfica en la que se presentarán algunos de sus postulados.

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Total Quality Managment

...INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The concept of quality has existed for many years, though its meaning has changed dramatically and evolved over time. In the early twentieth century, quality management meant inspecting products to ensure that they met specifications. In the 1940s, during World War II, quality became more statistical in nature. Statistical sampling techniques were used to evaluate quality, and quality control charts were used to monitor the production process. In the 1960s, with the help of so-called “quality expert,” the concept took on a broader meaning. Quality began to be viewed as something that encompassed the entire organization, not only the production process. Since all functions were responsible for product quality and all shared the costs of poor quality, quality was seen as a concept that affected the entire organization. Before the dramatic change, quality was still viewed as something that needed to be inspected and corrected. To survive, companies had to make major changes in their quality programs. Many hired consultants and instituted quality training programs for their employees. A new concept of quality was emerging. One result is that quality began to have a strategic meaning. Today, successful companies understand that quality provides a competitive advantage. They put the customer first and define quality as meeting or exceeding customer expectations. Competition based on quality has grown in importance and has generated tremendous interest...

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