...1. Introduction At the very basic level, Environment, trade, and investment are fundamentally linked as the environment provides various basic inputs of economic activity – forests, fisheries, metals, minerals and also the energy used to process those materials. Trade and I investment, are thus affected by environmental concerns, because producers and investors have to comply with environmental regulations and markets have to address the consumer demand for greener goods. Apart from these physical and economic connections, there are certain legal institutions which govern trade, investment and the environment. Institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and also regional & bilateral trade agreements include trade and investment rules. Multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), regional agreements, and also the national and sub-national regulations encompass the environmental law. Fundamental goals of WTO are sustainable development and protection and preservation of the environment. These are included in the “Marrakesh Agreement”, which established the WTO, and also complement the WTO’s objective to reduce the trade barriers and eliminate discriminatory treatment in international trade relations. Though, there is no specific agreement which deals with the environment, as per WTO rules members can adopt trade-related measures aimed at protecting the environment, following a number of conditions to avoid the misuse of such measures. The WTO contributes in protection...
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...14771 Paper di Laurea di : Luca Cantadori Matricola: 14771 Anno Accademico : 2012/2013 Anno Accademico : 2012/2013 CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH ON THE ENVIRONMENT:Focus on International Trade i. Economic growth and the environment ii. Environmental Kuznets curve: a. Kuznets Curve:Income inequality and growth b. Income inequality , growth and the environment iii. Population growth: how increasing population could affect the environment iv. Economic impacts of environmental policies: c. Economic growth: investment and innovation d. Effect on competitiveness v. International Trade and the environment vi. Effects of Trade on the environment vii. Trade due to differences in Environmental Policies: e. Pollution Haven case viii. Trade not due to differences in Environmental policies: f. Comparative advantage and environment: how factor endowments can influence environment ix. Conclusion x. References xi. Abstract i.Economic growth and the environment In the first half of the twentieth century there was and incredible explosion of international trade: indeed international trade almost triplicate its size.( According to data from www.worldbank.org) A lot of changes contributed to this expansion, first of all technological changes that allowed to reduce distances between...
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...ECONOMICS WORLD TRADE AND ENVIORNMENT ISSUES AND POLICIES SEPTEMBER 2015 BY VIDUR KANODIA HR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS MCOM – I DIVISION – M ROLL NUMBER – 28 Objective This paper provides an overview of trade, environmental, and related public issues and policies. It discusses the pollution problem, the recent global warming trend, the attempts of world’s various levels of institutions such as the UN, the WTO, regional, national, and other organizations to solve the global trade and environmental issues. It also discusses a number of basic theoretical issues and empirical findings such as the free-rider problem, tragedy of the commons, theory of second best, relative efficacy of price and quantity control, carbon leakage, border carbon adjustments, cap-and-trade system, pollution haven hypothesis, optimal social discount rate and the environmental Kuznets curve. Some computable general equilibrium models are reviewed and several notable WTO environmental and health-related trade dispute cases are analyzed, including the tuna-dolphin, shrimp-turtle, eco-labeling, beef- hormone, and GMOs cases. Introduction Trade liberalization can have substantial ramifications for the global environmental policy regime. Lowering trade barriers and opening new markets can boost economic growth and development, which may help or harm the environment. On the one hand, growth and development tend to increase resource and energy demands, degrade natural resources, and bring forth...
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...The international business and trade environment is the backbone of global economy. Trade agreements to buying and selling goods and services internationally give manufacturers in various countries the opportunity to expand beyond the domestic market. Trading across national borders increases sales, creates jobs, balances seasonal fluctuations and provides a variety of products and services. As the global economy continues to strengthen, international trade continues to be in demand. 4.2 OBJECTIVES Increases Sales For some businesses, the drop in the value of the dollar increases business internationally. To capture the international market, businesses have launched Internet marketing campaigns and websites targeted at consumers in specific...
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...The concern of the relationship between international trade and the environment can date back to the United Nations (UN) Conference on the Human Environment in early 1970s (UN,1972). As the international trading activities increase in both frequency and magnitude, the relationship between world trade and environmental conservation becomes closer and closer. The extent of globalisation is now spreading across every parts of the world. At present, human is facing an important yet complicated problem climate change. In order to address this problem and promote sustainable development, the globalisation becomes a key focus. As one of the drivers of globalisation, international trade receives more public awareness than before. Nowadays, whether or not the trade-driven globalisation conflicts with preservation of the environment and natural resources environmental is a controversial topic (Heywood, 2014). However, in this essay I will argue that promoting globalisation through international trade creates both conflicts and opportunities to conservation of the environment and natural resources. From an economic point of view, both world trade and environmental protection are important because they are the essential for promoting sustainable development, due to this reason it is possible to reconcile their continued levels. Hence, addressing the conflicting aspects and maximising the opportunities between them are necessary. After discussing the relationships, I will also give the relevant...
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...pay in the currency you want "to enable trade to take place in markets which are unable to pay for imports. This can occur as a result of a non-convertible currency, a lack of commercial credit or a shortage of foreign exchange" The Political Environment - local jobs and industry "to protect or stimulate the output of domestic industries (including agriculture and mineral extraction) and to help find new export markets" The Political Environment - rules and regulations to protect the host country "as a reflection of political and economic policies which seek to plan and balance overseas trade" "to gain a competitive advantage over competing suppliers." .Money - some people cannot pay in the currency you want "to enable trade to take place in markets which are unable to pay for imports. This can occur as a result of a non-convertible currency, a lack of commercial credit or a shortage of foreign exchange" The Political Environment - local jobs and industry "to protect or stimulate the output of domestic industries (including agriculture and mineral extraction) and to help find new export markets" The Political Environment - rules and regulations to protect the host country "as a reflection of political and economic policies which seek to plan and balance overseas trade" "to gain a competitive advantage over competing suppliers." .Money - some people cannot pay in the currency you want "to enable trade to take place in markets which are unable...
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...Journal of Economic Surveys, 2006, 11: 24-25. Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on China's Foreign Trade Thomas J. Sargent ABSTRACT In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. Key words：Green Barriers; products; Trade In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products. 1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers" Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases...
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...Impact of WTO on Globalization Trade Policy Introduction World Trade Organization (WTO), found in 1995 and headquarters is in Geneva, has its clearly main purposes since its beginning that to promote economic and trade development all over the world. Up to the end of 2008, there are more than 135 members in the organization. In particularly, with the expansion of globalization trade, international business is more often than any time in the history. As one of the most crucial carrier of economic globalization, WTO establishes a set of international trade rules focusing on the liberalization, which play a strong role of encouraging and guiding in the process of economic globalization (Pauwelyn, 2005). This essay will mainly discuss WTO’s influence on the rules of globalization trade in combination with the current reform of trade policy. It will explain the topic from the following four aspects in detail: first, the basic rules WTO set up for the international trade, then, rules on e-commerce, the new rising global business, third, the preferential rules made by WTO for developing countries, and at last, it will discuss the impacts of WTO’s regulations on environmental issues when doing global trade. Basic Rules WTO set up for the Global Trade WTO's main objective is to provide adequate competitive opportunities for the trade among the members, which needs recognized common rules and principles for members to abide. There are two basic principles, namely the MFN principle (referred...
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...Methodology…………………………………………….iii Findings, Results and analysis………………………..iv External environment analysis…………………………v PESTLE analysis………………………………………..vi • Political factors • Economic factors • Social and cultural factors • Technological factors • Legal factors • Environmental factors The competitive external environment…………………………vii • Strengths • Weaknesses • Opportunities • Threats Porters’ five forces tool • Supplier power • Buyer power • Competitive rivalry • Threat of substitution • Threat of new entry Internal environment analysis………………………………..viii Key success factors…………………………………………..ix Analysis of recommendations and conclusion………………x • Ansoff matrix • References…………………………………………………….xi Introduction Many global events like the Rugby world cup, an international trade fair etc are conducted in areas near us but few of us usually take into consideration the strategic approaches behind the success or the failure of these events. The purpose of this assessment is to examine strategic approaches in respect to a global event like the Nuremberg Toy fair in Germany. The report analyses the city of Nuremberg in Germany both internally and externally using such models like the PESTLE and SWOT analysis. The report looks at the internal and external environment surrounding the city of Nuremberg. The report also examines the key success...
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...Case Study #1: Canada in the Global Business Environment Canada: A trading nation? You are preparing for a top-level meeting between the Minister of International Trade, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and senior business executives representing several multinational corporations as well as a large group of small- and medium-size enterprises. The objective of the meeting is to discuss Canada’s strategy in responding to the changing global business environment. Expectations are high since everyone wishes to move beyond political pronouncements and joint statements, to specific strategies and actions. The Trade Canada Summit is raising expectations and all are committed to motivating a call to action across major stakeholders engaged in international commerce. While Canadians like to refer to the country as a “trading nation”—partly because of history and partly because of the large impact of trade on the Canadian economy today, leading practitioners and senior officials recognize several truths: • Canadian trade is highly concentrated in import/export activities with the United States • Certain industry sectors such as automotive and resource-based businesses account for a disproportionately large amount of Canada’s trade • Intra-company trade—transfers of resources between affiliated companies—is an important part of Canada’s “export” business The hard reality being confronted, and one which serves as a critical backdrop for this meeting, is the realization that...
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...Macro Environment Components on Trade Companies in Romania Authors: Elena Pîndiche, The Christian University Dimitrie Cantemir of Bucharest, Romania; Roxana Ionita, Lecturer, The Christian University Dimitrie Cantemir of Bucharest, Romania This paper deals with the impact of micro and macro environment components on trade companies in Romania. Trade companies organize and operate under specific environmental conditions impact or both. In the activity of any companies the environment plays a key role in defining its strategies in seizing and using opportunities of development, being practically the support in achieving the objectives of growth, profitability or just survival. Trade companies should have the best possible perception of the components on each macro, because some of them are heavily dependent than others. Dealing with environmental factors allow detection trading company strengths and weaknesses, and to measure responsiveness and anticipation. Keywords: micro environment; macro environment; company Introduction Trading company designs and operates under specific environmental conditions impact or both. The external environment of the firm identifies two major components: the microenvironment - the firm has direct links, reciprocal often imposed by the need to achieve its object and macro environment - the firm has indirect relationships in most cases only company suffering its influence. The micro and macro environment components...
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...Globalization & Environment Globalization is about a word that have many definitions, that depeneds on which area you are in. for example, there are many topics, such as: economy, capitalism, culture, among others, where the word “globalization” can fit in but for now globalization is affecting the environment. Globalization is the new decade of the 20th century where a new era of interaction among nations, economies and people. Globalization is an normal process of global integration that involve, economic through trades; technology and culture. While globalization is affecting the natural environment and through it human developmen, for tracing the main lines between globalization and environment this essay will focus on the economic in trades, the investments and some globalization/environment performances. About 30 billion US dollars flow of capital, technology, goods and services crosses national borders daily. Economic globalization impacts the environment and development in different ways and through a multitude of channels. Also, globalization contributes to economic growth and in the mid time affects the environment in many of the same ways that economic growth does. Globalization makes the change accelerate, altering the industrial companies of countries, and hence resources to use and pollution levels. In case of technology, globalization dispered the capital depending the need of their environmental atmosphere, the environment may improve or deteriorate. In the other...
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...International trade is exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders. Although the path of world trade growth has been uneven in the past few years (Contraction in 1998, rebound in 1999 and 2000, followed by a slowdown in 2001), the fact that trade continued to expand faster than output is indicative of the increasing openness of national economies. Part of this development is due to the gradual but continued trend towards more liberal trade policies around the world. Since the establishment of the WTO in 1995, Members have been implementing staged reductions in bound tariffs, in domestic levels of support and export subsidy levels for agricultural products, and lifting non-tariff barriers. Specific measures, targeted on improving market access for least-developed countries in particular, have also been implemented...
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...Canada: A trading nation? You are preparing for a top-level meeting between the Minister of International Trade, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and senior business executives representing several multinational corporations as well as a large group of small- and medium-size enterprises. The objective of the meeting is to discuss Canada’s strategy in responding to the changing global business environment. Expectations are high since everyone wishes to move beyond political pronouncements and joint statements, to specific strategies and actions. The Trade Canada Summit is raising expectations and all are committed to motivating a call to action across major stakeholders engaged in international commerce. While Canadians like to refer to the country as a “trading nation”—partly because of history and partly because of the large impact of trade on the Canadian economy today, leading practitioners and senior officials recognize several truths: Your role Canadian trade is highly concentrated in import/export activities with the United States Certain industry sectors such as automotive and resource-based businesses account for a disproportionately large amount of Canada’s trade Intra-company trade—transfers of resources between affiliated companies—is an important part of Canada’s “export” business The hard reality being confronted, and one which serves as a critical backdrop for this meeting, is the realization that by current standards, Canada does NOT qualify...
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...but at the international level as well. The WTO is one part of the architecture of multilateral cooperation. It provides a framework of disciplines to facilitate global trade and serves as a forum to negotiate further trade openness. Freer trade is not an end in itself; it is tied to crucially important human values and welfare goals captured in the WTO's founding charter, the Marrakesh Agreement. Among these goals are raising standards of living, optimal use of the world's resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development, and protection and preservation of the environment. The issue of climate change is not part of the WTO's ongoing work program and there are no WTO rules specific to climate change. However, the WTO is relevant because climate change measures and policies intersect with international trade in a number of different ways. First, trade openness can help efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change, for example by promoting an efficient allocation of the world's resources (including natural resources), raising standards of living (and hence the demand for better environmental quality) and improving access to environmental goods and services. Second, the WTO is relevant because national measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change may have an impact on international trade (as they may modify conditions of...
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