...Public Transit Implications of Spatial Development and Their Impact on Commuting: Evidence from Suburban Beijing and Philadelphia Xinyi Huang Comparative Urbanism, 1st Draft Prof. McDonogh 4-11-2016 Table of Contents Introduction i. In general ii. Study Areas iii. Literature Review: Transport and Suburbia Spatial Development I. Context of Beijing i. Urban Form ii. Work-House Relocation iii. Commuting Patterns and Transport Development II. Context of Philadelphia i. Urban Form ii. Work-House Relocation iii. Commuting Patterns and Transport Development Public Transportation Strategies I. Beijing Subway i. Historical Background ii. Governance and Investment II. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Regional Rail i. Historical Background ii. Governance and Investment Transit and Commuting i. Yanjiao: Excess commute ii. King of Prussia: Reverse Commute Discussion and Conclusion Appendix: Images Bibliography Introduction In recent decades, one of the main arguments in relation to increasing transport demand and changing commuting pattern has focused on urban growth. Many existing studies have found strong evidence between land development and travel behaviors. Global urban sprawl has been accompanied by changes in individuals’ housing and employment locations, which in turn brings changes in commuting time, distance and destination. However...
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...Environment for Development Discussion Paper Series January 2014 EfD DP 14-01 A Review of Beijing’s Vehicle Lottery Short-Term Effects on Vehicle Growth, Congestion, and Fuel Consumption J un Y an g, Yi ng Li u, Pi ng Q i n, an d An tu ng A. Li u Environment for Development Centers Central America Research Program in Economics and Environment for Development in Central America Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) Email: centralamerica@efdinitiative.org Chile Research Nucleus on Environmental and Natural Resource Economics (NENRE) Universidad de Concepción Email: chile@efdinitiative.org China Environmental Economics Program in China (EEPC) Peking University Email: china@efdinitiative.org Ethiopia Environmental Economics Policy Forum for Ethiopia (EEPFE) Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI/AAU) Email: ethiopia@efdinitiative.org Kenya Environment for Development Kenya University of Nairobi with Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA) Email: kenya@efdinitiative.org South Africa Environmental Economics Policy Research Unit (EPRU) University of Cape Town Email: southafrica@efdinitiative.org Tanzania Environment for Development Tanzania University of Dar es Salaam Email: tanzania@efdinitiative.org Sweden Environmental Economics Unit University of Gothenburg Email: info@efdinitiative.org USA (Washington, DC) Resources for the Future (RFF) Email: usa@efdintiative.org The Environment...
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...Beijing Air Pollution Beijing has suffered from serious air pollution for many years. The Chinese Capital has issued its first pollution red alert as the capital became notoriously polluted and enveloped by a wave of acrid smog for the second time in December 2015. Much of the blame for Beijing’s air pollution will be its burgeoning automobile industry producing 24 million vehicles every year (Jack, 2016). Although this served as a capital booming development, the increase in vehicle population has also led to practical problems like traffic congestions. It causes a decrease in average car speed, which in tend increase the total emission from the vehicle exhaust (Tao Yang, 2009). PM2.5, which was said to be the smallest and deadliest smog particles emitted from vehicles’ exhaust, can rise to as high as 500 micrograms per cubic meter in some parts of Beijing. This is 20 times the level that is considered safe by the World Health Organisation. The rising use of automobiles has become an issue of environmental sustainability as the pollutants given off by the vehicles’ exhaust affects the cleanliness of the air in Beijing. This in turns cause the quality of the environment that the people are living in to deteriorate. It has put public health at risk everyday because of the presence of PM 2.5 particles in the air (Katrina, 2016). When inhaled, it can contribute to a myriad health issues like respiratory and cardiovascular problems, and even increase the risk of cancer especially...
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...of metropolises, such as Beijing and New York, are teeming with thousands of vehicles of all kinds. Unfortunately, traffic jams inevitably ensue, which will incur other problems. This essay, therefore, will firstly illustrate some of those problems, namely, delay in travel time, economic losses and medical risks. The second part will offer several feasible solutions to the traffic congestion issue, which are carpooling, establishing an intelligent traffic control system and raise taxes. In the first place, it can be argued that a series of problems can be incurred by high traffic congestion levels. To begin with, traffic jams, arguably, will give rise to increased travel time. Taking China for example, Yang et al. (2011) indicated that traffic congestion, in China, was a serious “urban illness” problem, which had resulted in delays in travel time. Accordingly, the economic efficiency of the whole city is understood to be affected to some extent. Secondly, traffic congestion is responsible for bringing about a large number of economic losses for individuals as well as the waste of oil resources. Generally speaking, the continuous stop and start driving in traffic jams will burn more fuel than smooth driving on an open highway. As a result, extra money will be spent on fuels. Just as Du and Zheng (2012) pointed out that traffic jams could result in tremendous economic losses and waste of fuel resources. In addition, another issue is that high traffic congestion levels may cause...
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...regions and economically developed cities. The role of the trunk airports was to transport local travelers and travelers from adjacent regional airports to other trunk airports. C) Regional airports—Regional airports were also known as local airports. They were small and built in remote areas. The main role of regional airports was the transportation of local passengers. Feng Wang was the general manager of market development for the Dalian Airport –his primary goal was to establish the Dalian Airport as a major regional hub in the Northeast and Bohai Rim of China—second only to Beijing International airport. In 2002, China’s civil aviation industry restructured and handed over 90 airports across the country to local governments, removing the protection of the central government. From this point onwards Dalian Airport had to compete with other airports as well as rail, road and sea transport. The issue before Wang was how could Dalian Airport benefit from the restructure and develop into a regional hub given its relatively small footprint. Traditionally, the aviation market was a point to point market—from a start city to a destination city. Dalian—the city—only had a population of six million (small by Chinese standards) of which only about one million...
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...Introduction After smog issues in London and Los Angeles have been brought into control due to sixty-year efforts, Beijing, and other heavily polluted northern metropolises in China are engulfed in high-density and toxic smog. The air pollution is admittedly recognized as developing at a pace that is too fast to take environmental sustainability into consideration. When suffering from the terrible air quality in Beijing and its vicinity, residents are increasingly conscious of the smog’s hazardous impact on health due to the propagation of news coverages. Thus, the whole nation has been of great concern and called urgently for efficient actions to fight against smog. The Chinese government has released several policies to manage the smog, ranging from limitation on private vehicles to closing heavily polluting factories or removing them away from the urban areas. However, the goal of cutting pollutants emission has not been achieved, since the sky in Beijing is still covered by dark smog occasionally. This essay will firstly discuss Northern China’s smog problem and how the politicians reacted to it. Following this, it will concentrate on Beijing’s air quality, since Beijing is universally considered as the cultural, educational and economic center of China. In order to understand comprehensively, the analysis will contain Beijing’s temporal situation and characteristics of air quality in Beijing, also examine the effect of Chinese implementation against smog crisis. Finally...
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...mobile phone networks, in to end to end IP based networks, couple this with the arrival of IPv6, every device in the world will have a unique IP address, which will allow full IP based communications from a mobile device, right to the core of the internet, and back out again. If 4G is implemented correctly, it will truly harmonize global roaming, super high speed connectivity, and transparent end user performance on every mobile communications device in the world. 4G is set to deliver 100mbps to a roaming mobile device globally, and up to 1gbps to a stationary device. With this in mind, it allows for video conferencing, streaming picture perfect video and much more. It won’t be just the phone networks that need to evolve, the increased traffic load on the internet as a whole (imagine having 1 billion 100mb nodes attached to a network over night) will need to expand, with faster backbones and oceanic links requiring major upgrade. 4G won’t happen overnight, it is estimated that it will be implemented by 2012, and if done correctly, should takeoff rather quickly. 4G networks i.e. Next Generation Networks (NGNs) are becoming fast and very cost-effective solutions for those wanting an IP built high-speed data capacities in the mobile network. Some possible standards for the 4G system are 802.20, Wi-MAX (802.16), HSDPA, TDD UMTS, UMTS and future versions of UMTS. The design is that 4G will be based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), which is the key enabler of 4Gtechnology...
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...the opening ceremony and closing ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Chinese traditional culture elements, including traditional music, dance, calligraphy and fireworks, were applied to the two ceremonies, which attracted the audience worldwide both on the scene and at home (Jasper, 2008) . Increasing public as well as media attention from the world would help the country build up its own country status and show the political power (Sands, 2008) . As the host country and the host city may attain increasing attention from the world, the businesses and the tourism economy can also benefit from the oversea companies and tourists which are attracted through the media, which may then lead to a possible increase in the amount of the oversea investment and the number of foreign visitors (Chalkley& Essex, 2004)...
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...Vol. 1, No. 2 International Journal of Economics and Finance How to be Competitive in Chinese Automobile Industry Jianhan Zhao Shanghai University of Finance&Economics, Finance Engineering Shanghai, 200433, China E-mail: dorazhaojh@hotmail.com Lei Gao Liaoning Shihua University, School of Mechanical Engineering Abstract Chinese market has a great demand for foreign cars, and a great many foreign automobile companies are competing for their market shares here. The most representative ones are Volkswagen and Honda, they adoped different market strategies and they both suffered some success and failures With so many competitions, the future of Chinese automobile industry is hard to predict. Keywords: Market structure, Industry structure, External challenges, Three joys, Source and supply chain 1. History background After the reform and open policy, China’s economy has been increased rapidly, and there was a great demand for cars. But the domestic automobile industry was not that developed at that time and could not meet with such a great demand. So in the 1980s, Chinese automobile industry started to join hands with the foreign companies and improve the technology. Among all the foreign companies, the most typical and successful ones are Volkswagen and Honda. The Volkswagen Company started to enter the Chinese market in 1984 with production base in Shanghai. It is one of the earliest manufactures set up business in China. And it set up another joint...
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...Software Engineering Intern - Beijing This position is based in Beijing, China The area: Engineering, Software Engineering Google's Software Engineers develop the next-generation technologies for which we've become world-renowned. In addition to revolutionizing search technology, we use our world-class programming skills to innovate in a number of other areas as well. Our projects include working on advanced information-retrieval algorithms, massive scalability and storage solutions, and large-scale applications that enrich the user experience. We also work extensively on networking systems, advertising systems and complex transaction systems in consumer applications. The role: Software Engineering Intern Software Engineers at Google are researchers and developers who yearn to create and implement complex computer science solutions. Our engineers develop massively scalable, distributed software systems and also collaborate on multitudes of smaller projects that have universal appeal - which requires research, awareness, interactivity, and asking questions. You build strong competencies in data structures and algorithms, along with a technical fascination for how stuff fits together. You need to have a solid foundation in computer science in order to consistently come up with new ideas as well as strive for a deep understanding of our products and services in order to continually improve upon them. We focus on being a collaborative, global organization consisting of engineers...
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...A Gentler China: A special report; 4 Years after Tiananmen, The Hard Line Is Cracking By : Khadija Mukhtar Published: June 3, 1994 BEIJING, May 29— nearly four years have passed since the Communist hard-liners sent tanks to Tiananmen Square, filling the morgues with the broken bodies of young fighters for democracy and casting a repressive nightfall across the country. Now a dawn of sorts has gradually broken across China. While thousands of "counterrevolutionaries" remain behind bars, often subject to beatings and humiliation, on the whole the repression seems to be easing. China is in some respects putting the hard-line era behind it and returning to the way it was before the Tiananmen crackdown. In Hiding for Years One young scholar wanted by the police for his role in the democracy movement spent several years in hiding, trying desperately to flee the country. Last year he decided that escape was impossible, so he returned to Beijing and sorrowfully turned himself in to the police. "Frankly," a police official told him dismissively, before sending him home again, "we don't want you anymore." Fear has diminished, though certainly not vanished. Cultural restrictions have relaxed, allowing newspapers and magazines to write about issues like pollution and homosexuality. Thousands of political prisoners arrested after Tiananmen have been released, and most are allowed to leave China. Political study classes are out, and talk radio is in. One human face of these changes...
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...Google China – Ethical Issues The Business Environment March 07, 2011 Table of Contents Preface 3 Google 4 Background 4 Google’s Philosophy 4 Google China 5 Ethical Issues 6 Conclusion 9 Annexure 10 References 10 Chinese Business Culture 10 The Great Firewall of China 11 Events Timeline 12 Preface This paper focuses on the Ethical issues pertaining to Google’s position in China around 2006. Google has been criticized for supporting the Chinese government censor policy and aiding them by restricting the anti-government information within China. Google in its quest to gain market share entered the Chinese market adhering to the Chinese government censorship policies. Google’s approach at that point in time was certainly against its corporate values and mission, hence unethical. However events of 2010 have forced Google to revisit its position and are resulted in redirecting its search engine traffic to Hong Kong. The paper provides a brief background to the Google, Chinese business culture, censorship policies in China and Google’s approach to enter the Chinese market. Later sections of the paper look at the ethical and unethical practices of Google in line with its corporate value, mission and strategies. Google Background Since its inception in 1996, Google has grown by leaps and bounds. From offering search in a single language it now offer dozens of products and services in many different languages. Starting from two computer science...
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...54 56 62 Chapter 2 Regional Airports’ Development and Expansion 2.1 Asian Aviation Hubs 2.2 Mainland Major Airports Chapter 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 Regional Demand Forecast for Aviation Services Rapid Growth in Asia-Pacific’s Air Transport The Increasing Importance of China’s Aviation Market Hong Kong’s Aviation Development under Mainland’s Rapid Growth Chapter 4 Capacity Issues and Enhancement Measures for HKIA 4.1 The Capacity of the Hong Kong International Airport 4.2 Runway Capacity Enhancement Measures 4.2.1 Aircraft Types Trends and its effects to Runway Capacity 4.3 Possible Measures 4.3.1 Air Transport Management Approach 4.3.2 Enhanced ATC & Aircraft Equipment, Technology, Procedures and Manpower 4.3.3 Expansion of Auxiliary Airside Facilities 4.3.4 Peak Spreading 4.3.5 Aircraft Size Restrictions 4.4 Conclusions Chapter 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Selected Case Studies for Building New Runways London Heathrow Airport third Runway Manchester International Airport Second Runway Tokyo Narita International Airport Second Runway Conclusion Chapter 6 Supply of and Demand for HKIA Services 6.1 The Estimated Future Traffic Demand for HKIA 6.2 Possible Capacity Enhancement Measures on HKIA’s Two Runways 6.2.1 ATC Systems Enhancement Measures (see also Section 4.3.2 & 4.3.3) 6.2.2 ATM Procedural Enhancement Measures (see also Section 4.3.1) 6.3 Airspace Utilization 6.4 Time...
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...Chinese Urbanization: its implications and business opportunities According to a McKinsey Global Institute study, “, China will have an urbanized population over one billion by the year 2030, from approximately 600 million today. As 400 million more people move from the countryside to urban population centers, there will be massive shifts in income, consumption, and the use of public goods (mass transportation, education, etc.). These changes will have a great impact on China’s society and economy. Why China’s Urbanization cannot be stopped China’s development over the last 30 years since the opening of China’s doors in 1978 has been anything but a smooth, national process. Indeed, starting with Guangzhou and following with Shanghai, Beijing and now Tianjin, the mega-cities have developed at a much faster pace than its surrounding areas, with surrounding cities, and rural areas lagging far behind. Both geography and socio-political concerns have contributed to this pattern of growth. Geographically, the coastal areas have been China’s traditional powerhouses in trade and commerce, and given China’s borders with the Himalayas, the Gobi Desert, and the tropical forests of Southeast Asia, the coastal areas served as China’s primary (if not only) conduit to the West. Socio-politically, Guangzhou’s and Shenzhen’s proximity to Hong Kong made them ideally suited to serve as the first door to the west; Shanghai’s location at the terminus of the Chang Jiang made it a historically important...
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...APPLICATION NOTE 183 RFC 2544: HOW IT HELPS QUALIFY A CARRIER ETHERNET NETWORK Bruno Giguère, Member of Technical Staff, Transport and Datacom Business Unit Service providers worldwide are actively turning up new services based on carrier Ethernet technology in a fierce competition to attract premium subscribers. The need for quality services has never been more important, making comprehensive Ethernet testing immediately at service turn-up vital to ensuring service quality and increasing customer satisfaction. Customer service-level agreements (SLAs) dictate certain performance criteria that must be met, with the majority documenting network availability and mean-time-to-repair values which are easily verified. However, Ethernet performance criteria are more difficult to prove, and demonstrating performance availability, transmission delay, link burstability and service integrity cannot be accomplished accurately by a mere PING command alone. Portable RFC 2544 test equipment enables field technicians, installers and contractors to immediately capture test results and demonstrate that the Ethernet service meets the customer SLA. These tests can also serve as a performance baseline for future reference. What is RFC 2544? The RFC 2544 standard, established by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards body, is the de facto methodology that outlines the tests required to measure and prove performance criteria for carrier Ethernet networks. The standard provides...
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