...novel economist has to learn. Further on in his pursue of knowledge he is explained; In organizations conflict often revolves around common resources as they are critical for influence, power, performance and even organizational survival. A commons is a shared resource for which access to users is not restricted, and use of the resource subtracts from the other users’ benefit. As first introduced by Hardin in 1968 in his work “The tragedies of the commons”; the very existence of common resources surfaces a very different kind of a problem. When many people have the privilege to use a commons resource and no one user has the right to exclude another, not only is conflict likely, but tragedies of resource inefficiency and exhaustion emerge. Considering that a primary goal of any organization is to use resources effectively and efficiently to achieve its goals, conflict involving commons resources can pose a significant threat to an organization’s performance. To resolve (and even avoid) the tragedy of the commons, a pleura of solutions have been proposed by leading economists. One popular solution suggested by the property rights, territoriality, and social dilemmas literatures is privatization of the common resources. Broadly speaking, privatization. Theory behind privatization is set to encourage efficient and effective management of the commons because, economically, the user will incur not only just the benefits of the cost of its management, but also psychologically, the user...
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...REVISITING THE ”TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS” University Sciences Po Paris Semester: Fall 2011/2012 Student: Sönke-Timo Kisker Student – ID: 100033186 Course: Thinking and Acting the Environment Course-ID: 23811 Course Coordinaton: Florence Faucher-King; Thomas Léon Assignment: Mid-term paper Word-count: 2746 Date: 18.10.2011 | Agenda I. Introduction 2 II. Specifying a framework 2 a. Defining ‘global public good’ 2 b. Defining the “Tragedy,”within Game theory 3 III. Revisiting Hardin's main assumptions and argumentations 4 c. Variables influencing rational choices of Individuals 4 d. The concept value and ethics in decisionmaking 5 IV. Practical examples of dealing with the commons 6 e. Mc Evoy's findings of assigning responsibility 6 f. Co-Management 6 ...
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...marriage and Othello’s characters William Shakespeare is（1564-1616） widely regarded as the greatest writer in the history of English literature and the most pre-eminent dramatist around the world. Among all his works, many literary critics regard Othello as the peak of his tragedies. Othello is not only a tragedy of family, but also a tragedy of love. Jealous psychology of the characters ultimately leads to the marital tragedy. Iago was jealous of Cassio and Othello, so he slandered and entrapped Cassio and Desdemona, which directly brought about the tragedy. Othello’s true love to Desdemona was utilized by Iago who had an ulterior motive. Driven by jealousy, Othello readily believed Iago, and personally killed his own wife, and eventually drew his sword to cut his own throat. Therefore, the tragedy in Othello’s marriage is largely rooted in jealous psychology. We analyze the reason effect this tragedy of marriage by following the premarital objective situation and the subjective married life. Othello and Desdemona’s marriage is doomed and dysfunctional from the beginning because of acute differences in marriage and due to Othello’s flaw of characters. We analyze the reasons which affect this tragedy of marriage by following the premarital situation then Othello’s characters in married life. To pave the way for detailed analysis, it is necessary to know about two types of marriages at that time. Jessica Tvordi says in “In quarter and in Terms like Bride and Groom”: Reconfiguring...
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...The Northern Cod Moratorium of 1992 and the Tragedy of the Commons As defined by Garrett Hardin using the example of herdsmen who are all dependent on one open, common pasture, the tragedy of the commons refers to the phenomenon where there is a depletion of a shared resource, caused by individuals acting towards their own self-interests rather than thinking of the long term interests of the group (1968). This phenomenon can also relate to another theory known as the prisoner’s dilemma. First framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher, the prisoner’s dilemma is a situation in which two individuals, who have been accused of a crime, are taken in for questioning by the police (Dixit & Nalebuff, 1991). Furthermore, both individuals each have two options, either to accuse the other person or not to cooperate with the police. In most cases, the individuals choose a self-serving option in order to save themselves. However, this theory does not only have to apply to prisoners but can also apply in economics in regards to firms and their competition and how cooperation between companies can often lead to a greater good (Dixit & Nalebuff, 1991). These two theories occur often in day-to-day life and seem to reveal how humans are predisposed to think of themselves first before thinking about the good of others. This paper will examine the extent of these theories related to the overfishing of Northern Cod on the eastern cost of Canada and how...
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...Hamartia in Oedipus the King According to the Aristotelian characteristics of good tragedy, the tragic character should not fall due to either excessive virtue or excessive wickedness, but due to what Aristotle called hamartia. Hamartia may be interpreted as either a flaw in character or an error in judgement. Oedipus, the tragic character in Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, certainly makes several such mistakes; however, the pervasive pattern of his judgemental errors seems to indicate a basic character flaw that precipitates them. Oedipus’ character flaw is ego. This is made evident in the opening lines of the prologue when he states "Here I am myself--you all know me, the world knows my fame: I am Oedipus." (ll. 7-9) His conceit is the root cause of a number of related problems. Among these are recklessness, disrespect, and stubbornness. Oedipus displays an attitude of recklessness and disrespect throughout the play. When he makes his proclamation and no one confesses to the murder of Laius, Oedipus loses patience immediately and rushes into his curse. Later, he displays a short temper to Tiresias: "You, you scum of the earth . . . out with it, once and for all!," (ll. 381, 383) and "Enough! Such filth from him? Insufferable--what, still alive? Get out--faster, back where you came from--vanish!" (ll. 490-492) If an unwillingness to listen may be considered stubbornness, certainly Oedipus would take advice from no one who would tell him to drop the matter of his...
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...Skip to NavigationSkip to Content TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory JoinSearchBrowseSaved Papers Search Home Page »Philosophy and Psychology Personal Model of Helping In: Philosophy and Psychology Personal Model of Helping PERSONAL MODEL OF HELPING Karen Carr January 10, 2010 BSHS312 – Effective Models of Helping Dr. Princess Clarke \ How and why you formed this viewpoint In growing up I always wanted to help other people. I was the child who other children confided in or came to when they wanted to talk or needed help with a problem. When growing up it was not common for black people to go to counseling. Families kept secrets among themselves and sometimes those secrets came back to haunt people many years later. When faced with problems people relied on their spiritual beliefs, the support of the family, and sometimes close friends. If a girl had gotten pregnant and not married that would have been kept top secret. Usually a family member would raise the baby and no one would ever speak openly about it. My family had to deal with the death of two of my brothers at young ages. It hurt my mother deeply having to deal with the loss of two children because of violence. These tragedies were never discussed even as we became adults. As I became older I realized that my mother and our entire family should have gotten counseling. It was not until after my mother passed that my uncle shared...
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...XAVIER INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, BHUBANESWAR Term Paper Ecosystem and Sustainability management Gaurav Anand | U311067 Gautam Bhut | U311068 Krishanu Chakraborty | U311073 Rahul Fatnani | U311084 Saket Vardhan | U311088 Suraj Kumar S | u311094 The term paper is an attempt to review the noble prize winning work of Elinor Ostrom,” Governing the Commons-The Evolutions of Institutions for Collective Action” and extending it to analyze the Forest Rights Act through the IAD Framework. Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 3 How are the Commons & CPRs defined? .................................................................................................. 3 The three dominant models ..................................................................................................................... 4 The theory of the firm............................................................................................................................... 4 The theory of the state ............................................................................................................................. 4 The problem of supply .............................................................................................................................. 4 The problem of credible commitment ...............................................................
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...University of Delhi South Campus Department Of English Term Paper By: Nakhat Perveen M.A. Previous 1st Sem ARSD College, UDSC Mentor: Christel Rashmi Devadawson SHAKESPEARE IN BOLLYWOOD Nakhat Perveen William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist whose work is liked by all film-maker to bring down on screen. According to Robert Hamilton Ball, Shakespeare’s dramas were considered ideal material for cinema in the early 20th century because the presence of Shakespeare on film raised the contemporary estimation of film. Almost all of his works have been adapted on screen in Hollywood and all other film industries. Hollywood has produced around 300 movies based on Shakespeare’s plays and characters. Films based on tragedies like Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet etc., have got very good response by the audience on the silver screen. In Bollywood also many directors adopted the work of Shakespeare. But Vishal Bhardwaj through his films showed that he is the true fan of Shakespeare and knows well how to do justice with the work of such a big writer on silver screen. His film Maqbool (2003) based on Macbeth, and Omkara (2006) based on Othello left very remarkable impression on audience’s hearts. Maqbool had its North American premiere at the 2003 Toronto International Film Festival. Though the film failed to entice much of an audience during...
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...Elyse Carbajal ENGL 102 Professor Falwell 11/02/2015 Research Paper Othello Othello is a famous tragedy written by William Shakespeare as a Tragic Hero. The Moor is arguably one of the finest, if not the finest, tragedies in the literary history of the Western Civilization. In this paper I will discuss Othello as a tragic hero and compare his to Aristotle’s concept of what a tragic hero is actually is. The characteristic of a tragic hero is defined by the Greek critic, is determined by three characteristics. According to Aristotle a tragic hero must be 1) Be a nobleman, prince, or person of high estate; 2) Have a tragic flaw, and a weakness of in judgment; and 3) Fall from high to low estate Using the criteria’s above which was established by Aristotle, we can effortlessly classify Othello, the Moor, as a tragic hero. At the time, it was common for the practice for the Italian city-sates that have a foreigner, with proven military capabilities, serving as the head of their army. Othello, an African Moor of noble birth, is just such a character and held the highest-ranking position in the military as a Governor –General of Cyprus. The city of Cyprus was a city-state in the Venice. Othello’s title alone, Governor-General, emanates an air of nobility, confidence, and strength. It defines someone who is held in remarkably high esteem by the people of Venice. During Act 1, Scene 3, the Duke and a few Senators are discussing issues around a table when Othello enters...
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...Brock Bilger ENGL 102 Research Paper October 14, 2011 Outline: I. The introduction and brief statement about the drama II. Discuses the theme of the paper and how it relates to the drama III. The Tragic hero definition and how that applies to the play IV. The big revaltion in the play that Oedipus sees V. Talk about Apollos power and the meaning of that and conclude to paper with that. The first criterion of a Greek tragedy is that the protagonist be a good person; doubly blessed with a good heart and noble intention. Sophocles reveals immediately at the start of the play that Oedipus is such a man. As is common in the Greek tragedy Oedipus is also an aristocrat. Born of the King and Queen of Thebes he is of true nobility. Oedipus on the other-hand believes his parents are the King and Queen of Corinth. Oedipus was abandoned as a baby and adopted by them. Because that information is known to the audience and not to Oedipus prior to the start of the play, it is a perfect example of tragic irony because when he declares that he will find the murderer he is the man that he pursues. Here he is told by Tiresias,” I say you are the murderer you hunt” (1235). The theme of Oedipus the King is not clear-cut. The theme in this tragic play seems to be you can‘t escape your fate. Contentment leads to ignorance as Oedipus lends fate a hand in his bitter end. This trait is touched-on in these lines spoken by Creon. “Look at you, sullen in yielding, brutal in...
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...transition, and does one size fit all? p. 11-12 IV. V. Conclusion Bibliography p. 13 p. 14-15 2 Introduction China’s remarkable and unmatched growth of the past decades, regardless of it ambiguous property rights and a relatively weak legal framework, have puzzled governments and economists to date. The contrast between China’s transitional economy and those in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union could not be more striking. Whereas the transition of the latter two has been a struggle and have sparked recession, China’s transition has brought about an economic boom and its gradual reform path has challenged the belief that gradual reform and public ownership cannot work as a transitional strategy. This paper aims to analyse the Chinese Model of economic transition with a focus on the structure of property rights in the system, primarily in the rural sector. First, a brief historic background of China and its course towards transition is provided, after which property rights and the various approaches to them are examined. I will then explore what system China currently employs, whether or not this has been effective, if it is sustainable and if it is to set a precedent for other transitional economies. I. Past to present: People’s Republic of China, towards transition The aim of this chapter is...
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...THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW POSSIBLE TOPICS FOR SEMINAR PAPERS 1. General Approaches Overview paper on classical, behavioural, neuro-economical approaches. 2. The Assumption of Economic Rationality Standard economic analysis assumes that people are rational maximizers of their own utility. This assumption consists of a cognitive element (“thin rationality”, the assumption that people’s preferences meet the requirements of completeness, dominance, invariance, etc.), and a motivational one (“thick rationality”, the assumption that ultimately people only care about their own utility). Students should analyze the fruitfulness and limitations of this assumption, as well as ways to overcome these limitations. 3. Theories of Human Motivation Overview about classical and new theories of human motivation, supplementing and/or challenging the idea of economic rationality as prime human motivation. 4. Economic Analysis and Commensurability Much of the attractiveness of economic analysis stems from the possibility of quantifying people’s preferences in monetary terms, which in turn facilitates the use of mathematical models to explain and predict human behavior, as well as to derive normative and policy implications. This raises the debate about the comparability and commensurability of values. 5. Economic Analysis of Law and the Endowment Effect There are competing explanations for the Endowment Effect and some economists actually doubt...
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...1 Chapter 16 Externalities Consumers and producers are internal to a transaction. Consumers receive a benefit from the goods they purchase, while producers pay the costs of production. An externality (sometimes called a spillover) is a cost or benefit that goes to someone external to a transaction. Pollution is a negative (cost) externality. Education and research create a positive externality. Externalities can result from consumption or production. 2 An Example: Suppose that the costs of raising livestock are mostly borne by the rancher, but there is a spillover cost. Streams nearby get polluted, and this affects people (and other species) who use the stream as well as spinach farmers who also use the water for irrigation. Ranchers will consider their own costs of production, but the costs to others could be greater than the surplus from cattle production. 1 3 Negative Externalities • If there is an external cost from production, the Marginal Social Cost is higher than the producer’s Marginal Cost (competitive Supply). • The competitive equilibrium will produce more than the optimal quantity for Society. • If there is an external cost to consumption, the Marginal Social Value is less than Demand. 4 Positive Externalities • If there is an external benefit from consumption, the Marginal Social Benefit is higher than consumer Demand. • The competitive equilibrium will produce less than the optimal quantity for Society. • If there is an external benefit...
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...A TEACHER’S GUIDE TO THE SIGNET CLASSIC EDITION OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S MACBETH LINDA NEAL UNDERWOOD S E R I E S E D I T O R S : W. GEIGER ELLIS, ED.D., ARTHEA J. S. REED, PH.D., UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, EMERITUS and UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, RETIRED A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth 2 INTRODUCTION William Shakespeare developed many stories into excellent dramatizations for the Elizabethan stage. Shakespeare knew how to entertain and involve an audience with fast-paced plots, creative imagery, and multi-faceted characters. Macbeth is an action-packed, psychological thriller that has not lost its impact in nearly four hundred years. The politically ambitious character of Macbeth is as timely today as he was to Shakespeare's audience. Mary McCarthy says in her essay about Macbeth, "It is a troubling thought that Macbeth, of all Shakespeare's characters, should seem the most 'modern,' the only one you could transpose into contemporary battle dress or a sport shirt and slacks." (Signet Classic Macbeth) Audiences today quickly become interested in the plot of a blindly ambitious general with a strong-willed wife who must try to cope with the guilt engendered by their murder of an innocent king in order to further their power. The elements of superstition, ghosts, and witchcraft, though more readily a part of everyday life for the Renaissance audience, remain intriguing to modern teenagers. The action-packed...
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...Outline I. Introduction/Thesis II. The Tragic Hero’s Nobility III. Tragic Flaws A. Arrogance and Pride B. Arrogance and Paranoia C. Pride D. Pig-headedness IV. Downfall V. Conclusion Dramatic Research Paper “Oedipus Rex” by Sophocles “Oedipus Rex” was a Greek Tragedy written by Sophocles in the fifth century BC. It was the first of a trilogy of plays surrounding the life of Oedipus. Sophocles wrote over 120 plays approximately 100 years before Aristotle even defined a tragedy and the tragic hero. Aristotle’s definition of a tragedy is “… an imitation of an action of high importance, complete and of some amplitude; in language enhanced by distinct and varying beauties; acted not narrated; by means of pity and fear effecting its purgation of these emotions” (Kennedy and Gioa 2010). According to Aristotle there were six elements to a tragedy: the plot, the character, the thought, the spectacle, the diction, and the music. He believed that “[t]he plot, then, is the first principle, and, as it were, the soul of a tragedy; character holds the second place” (Aristotle 1999). The character (tragic hero) being the second most important element of the tragedy, he must be of nobility, he is not infallible and his downfall is due to an error in judgment, and is capable of making his own choices and, most important, accepting the consequences for those choices. “Oedipus Rex” is not only a classic example of Aristotle’s definition of a tragic...
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