...TERRORISM AND GLOBALIZATION “Terrorism has rarely been absent from history, and over centuries has appeared in many guises”1. Referring to Walter Laqueur, no state or international system has been exempted from this form of non-state violence. However, the major shifts carried by globalization, that is to say the transformation from a state-centric world to a global system, seem to have perturbed the way violent non-state actors act, claim, interfere, and wage war in the new international system. If we follow the vision of Carpenter, we can talk about a “new world disorder”2 because of the multiplicity of new actors supported by international markets and transnational links. But, should we use the adjective “new” to describe nowadays’ terrorist organizations and attacks? Since 9/11 attacks, world seem to have toggled in major insecurity and fear of those modern organization that can act wherever and whenever they want at any place in the world. Undeniably, terrorists’ forms of violence have evolved by taking advantage of criminal organizations’ and illegal trades’ favourable trends. But this method, more than a political doctrine, represents a non-state use of violence or threat of violence to spread fear and bring political reform or revolution. Therefore, it should be reconsidered with the former violent actors and the disintegration of states. Moreover, the subject comprehension have to be reinforced in order - for great power or American superpower - to prevent those...
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...on Terrorism with the War on Drugs Unfortunately, like the war against Terrorism, there is also a war against drugs. It appears to be a connection between drug activity and the undermining of governments around the world (Creed, 2007). Mark Kleiman states, “…links between illegal drugs and terrorism are important considerations in formulating a drug control policy and a campaign against terror.” After the events of September 11, Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Northern Command was created to pay close attention to utilizing all resources that are available to counter terrorism as well as use those very resources in a way that will combat the fight against drugs. Both fights (Terrorism/Drugs) should be considered as one. With integrating the two, the transformation of the drugs can become more global rather than domestic, just as terrorism is a global threat (Creed, 2007). The elements of national power play a major role in developing strategies must be synchronized and stick together in a way that when faced with national and international power the end product can be a success. “Narco-terrorism is defined as a complex nexus between the illegal drug trade and terrorism. DEA describes narco-terrorism as a group of organized individuals working together in order to further, or fund, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets with the intention to influence their respective ideologies. DOD joint doctrine defines narco-terrorism as...
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...A Historical View on Terrorism and Terrorist Ideologies A Historical View on Terrorism and Terrorist Ideologies Terrorism is a unique and frightening form of violence. Terrorism does not care if it is a time of peace, conflict, or war. One can never escape the threat of terrorism and it will most assuredly happen when one least expects it. A terrorist act is committed to bring down a great deal more than just a few buildings. Terrorists have what they believe with all their hearts to be a purpose behind their actions. Quite often there is such a deep rooted hatred imbedded into their souls that they feel they must act against the evils that haunt their lives (U.S. Army, 2000). The Department of Defense defines of terrorism as "the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological" (U.S. Army, 2000). To put it into more simplistic and understandable terms, terrorism is committed for generally three main reasons: 1. Terrorist are against multi-party governments such as in the United States. 2. Terrorists are against specific religious groups. 3. Terrorists are against a person of a specific race. Terrorists come in every shape and size and terrorism is a tactic that may be used by any philosophy or by people with no philosophy at all, only objection. To assume there is a terrorist handbook that...
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...News Media and Terrorism: Changing Relationship, Changing Definitions Zohar Kampf Department of Communication Hebrew University In this article I discuss two aspects that are important for understanding the relationship between Western news media and terrorism: the changing representation of terrorists and terrorist attacks in the media, and with it, the changing definition of terrorism. By calling attention to evolving news media practices in times of terrorism, I argue that advanced communication technologies and the emergence of global media ecology since the 1990s has made terrorism more visible in both national and international media landscapes. One consequence is that the more the news media expose terrorism to global audiences via the "front-door", the more controversial the use of the terms terrorism and terrorist become in social, political, and scholarly discourse. The paper addresses the new journalistic practices and their consequences as documented in previous studies on media reporting of terrorism in several national contexts, mostly the UK, the US and Israel. Terrorism, media, and the nation (or, reading about terrorists in the next day's newspaper) Classic definitions of terrorism evolved in a world in which a modernist view reigned supreme. Despite constant debates about how to define the term (Schmid 1983; Schlesinger 1981; Gibbs 1989; Nacos 2007), one conventional definition, at least under U.S. law, characterizing a nationalistic perception...
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...How Terrorism Has Affected The United States Stephanie Boone Ryan Tarr University of Phoenix History 145 June 9, 2013 Terrorism is the act of intimidating persons using ways of violence as a way to look for attention but there has been a problem in defining, as there was a problem in differentiating terrorism with activities involved with violence and actions by the military. The phenomenon has become a major concern for the American public and was elevated by the Reagan administration to the foremost foreign policy problem of the nation and the public considers terrorism to be a greater threat than driving on the freeway or even nuclear war. America also continues to be relatively free of the threat of domestic terrorism through the help of draconian anti-terrorist measures that many states endure, also the wholesale cancellation of airplane travel plans and even terrorist acts. The fact that people are so gripped by terrorism may actually serve to reinforce it, as one of terrorism purposes is to rivet the public’s attention and we may unfortunately say that terrorism is actually working. Terror is a process involving three steps: one is seeking...
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...In the first class, the discussion in which we defined war to be the violent declaration of conflict between two actors (state/non-state) made me think perhaps for the first time about the odd concept of what I consider to be acts of war or terrorism. Professor Cavarero’s lecture brought to my attention yet again the issue of what political philosophy and colloquial usage has come to define war/terrorism. It is undoubtedly true that over the past 100 years or so, the global violence scene has changed tremendously. Professor Cavarero has identified this decisive change as one moving away from the traditional definition of war (one that provokes images of allies/enemies, state vs. state sanctioned actions, etc.) and moving toward the less conventional description (provoking images of unitary violence toward innocent peoples in mass and at random). This first transformation or shift is one that is more commonly discussed and perhaps more easily understood. However, also involved in Professor Cavarero’s lecture was the shift that is required (and has not yet been achieved) in the observer’s perspective from being one entirely oriented around what she terms the “warriors point of view” to one that is more concerned with the point of view of those people struck in mass and at random who are helpless and vulnerable. She argues that the circumstances of these people and not those of the traditional wartime protagonist should orientate our perspective and terms this new orientation “horrorism...
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...especially in recent years, those geopolitical cycles have intersected with changes in the way the tactic of terrorism is employed and in the actors employing it. The Arab terrorism that began in the 1960s resulted from the Cold War and the Soviet decision to fund, train and otherwise encourage groups in the Middle East. The Soviet Union and its Middle Eastern proxies also sponsored Marxist terrorist groups in Europe and Latin America. They even backed the Japanese Red Army terrorist group. Places like South Yemen and Libya became havens where Marxist militants of many different nationalities gathered to learn terrorist tradecraft, often instructed by personnel from the Soviet KGB or the East German Stasi and from other militants. The Cold War also spawned al Qaeda and the broader global jihadist movement as militants flocking to fight the Soviet troops who had invaded Afghanistan were trained in camps in northern Pakistan by instructors from the CIA's Office of Technical Services and Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence directorate. Emboldened by the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, and claiming credit for the subsequent Soviet collapse, these militants decided to expand their efforts to other parts of the world. The connection between state-sponsored terrorism and the Cold War ran so deep that when the Cold War ended with the Soviet Union's collapse, many declared that terrorism had ended as well. I witnessed this phenomenon while serving in the Counterterrorism Investigations...
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...Interamerican University of Puerto Rico Metropolitan Campus San Juan, Puerto Rico The Basque Country: Strategy for Economic Development Case Study Manuel Joglar M00057903 BADM 5600: Entrepreneurial Strategy Prof. Dr. Milan Historical Background: Autonomous region of Spain with strong distinctive cultural roots, an autonomous government with a vision of important economic and social development, have made this region become a leader among other regions of Spain and some countries in Europe. The Basque region has been characterized by its history of maintaining a progressive vision of economic development, where the government has always played an important role, establishing plans and designing strategies for the development of industries in their economy. In the middle ages the development of the iron, shipbuilding industries and arms subsequently laid the foundation for the growth of the economy. The geographical location of the region gives an additional advantage because it has ports and navigable estuaries which facilitate trade, plus it is on the trade route between Spain and northern Europe. Because this development was one of the most important of the time in Spain, the Basques developed laws , and began to establish schools for research and development that attracted many European scientists. During the Industrial Revolution, large investments in transportation, communications and schools were made. Entrepreneurs began to modernize traditional industries and new industries...
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...Much like other agencies of the United States Government, the Intelligence Community was very big, stretching across several departments and agencies with similar or conflicting responsibilities. And some of the agencies operated entirely independent of others with no intelligence collaboration and sharing. After being dealt a huge blow on September 11, 2001, those in the government felt that is was necessary to reorganize the various agencies tasted with intelligence gathering. According to the 9-11 Commission Report: the sorrow, loss, anger, and resolve so evident immediately following the September 11, 2001, attacks have been combined in an effort to help assure that our country will never again be caught unprepared. As the 9/11 Commission notes, we are safer today but we are not safe, and much work remains. Although in today's world we can never be 100 percent secure, and we can never do everything everywhere, we concur with the Commission's conclusion that the American people should expect their government to do its very best. GAO's mission is to help the Congress improve the performance and ensure the accountability of the federal government for the benefit of the American people. GAO has been actively involved in improving government's performance in the critically important homeland security area both before and after the September 11 attacks. In its request, the House Committee on Government Reform has asked the GAO to address two issues: the lack of effective information...
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...Terrorism is a Political Term 'States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil...' President G. W. Bush, 29th January 2002 State of the Union Address Abstract: As can be seen from the above quote, ‘terrorism’ is a political, derogatory term with no real, inherently meaningful definition and, with the war being waged against it in its tenth year, one that has divided the world. One reason for the division stems not from the nature of its ambiguity or any fundamental change in its manifestation, but in the West’s difficulty in conceptualizing the motivations behind its many faces. ‘Terrorism’ does not define the motives behind an act of terror. It characterizes them, and this is what has led to its increasing use as a political term, particularly since 9/11. The reasons go beyond mere semantics however and, in the context of the Global War on Terror, have fueled not just the conflict but the surge in recruitment and sympathy that has taken place for terrorist causes across the world. It needs to be recognized that the use of terrorism as a political term has actually had more of a negative impact on the world than any terrorist attack to date. Introduction: Since the coinage of the term ‘terrorism’, its characteristics have always been synonymous with organized violence and a political end-goal. Until recently, however, its employment had been more of a vernacular convenience than a political expression. Over the last...
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...Airports And Terrorism: A Critical Study Submitted By: SHUBHANSHU URMALIYA Course : MALATM NALSAR UNIVERSITY Medchal Road, Justice City, Shamirpet, Secunderabad, AP EMAIL ADD: shubhanshu02@gmail.com Contents 1. Terrorism 2. Major Terrorist attacks on Airports 3. Major Terrorist Attacks in Airports – A Brief Description 4. Airport Security 5. Enhanced Security Measures in Airport 6. Airport Security Challenges & Issues 1. Terrorism While there are many definitions of terrorism the central definition adopted by UN is given below: "Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them” Generally Speaking, or in common terms, terrorism refer to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror); and are perpetrated for a religious, political, or ideological goal; and deliberately target or disregard the safety of civilians. Till date , terrorism has hit almost all sectors of urbanized world catering to service to general public across all nations. Aviation is one such sector which has been worst hit by terrorism at different times and at different parts of the globe, in the name of various agendas. Terrorist attacks in flight and in land have now...
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...I believe Frederick Douglass would find Melville’s chapter 42 of Moby Dick, titled “The Whiteness of the Whale,” most compelling. Moby Dick’s whiteness may symbolize nobility, virtue, fear, and racial superiority. We learn that most men fear Moby Dick, and Ishmael focuses on the fear his color creates amongst them. This all correlates with the fear of the unknown and fear of the white man. I say this because of Ahab’s relationship with the whale. Moby Dick took away his leg, which is a representation of his inability to fully assimilate into society, just as slaves had a hard time becoming equal citizens. Ahab’s missing leg can parallel to the missing rights of slaves that white man has taken away. Also I found the way Melville speaks about...
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...of the human service profession, we see growth in strategies, involvement, accessibility, and education. This field has experienced many great changes that have enabled them to be more efficient to the clients and themselves. Human service professionals remain educated and trained to be reliable resources to those who are in need. As trends continue to change, so does the role human service professionals and how they deliver services. There has been quite a change is the role of the client in the helping process. For several years, the client was an inactive receiver of services. Involvement of the client in human service delivery has risen significantly. The client is now actively participating in the helping process. This transformation has required attempts from human service professionals to involve the client in the helping process. Forming a collaborative relationship requires skills that foster a trusting environment. After a connection is present, the client develops into an active participant in evaluating the issue/issues and circumstances, gathering information, establishing a strategic plan, and assessing the course of action. “Consequently, the client shares responsibility for the success or failure of the endeavor” (Woodside, 2011). As the client adopts a new part in the helping process, today’s human service professionals require diverse helping skills. “Advocacy—recognized, accepted, and taught as a human service skill—will continue to be emphasized in...
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...Common Practices in Religion Definition of Religion Religion is often defined as a group of people who get together and practice a set of beliefs. Religion is a common belief in one God. The origin of the word religion means to bind or connect, or review, and re-examine. The focus point of religion is that the majority of humans believe in a higher power. Such power is the fuel that moves humans to join or not join a religion. Overall, religion is a system of beliefs and values that provides its followers with transcendent beliefs. Religion is meant to be unbiased; however, this often depends on the follower’s extreme or complacent belief system (Molloy, 2010). Most religions begin at a local level and eventually grow to a world standing. The local level religious growth often embraces its people, places, local cultures, and common beliefs. Religious growth often comes as a result of world event manifestations. Such events cause doubt, fear, and encourage humans to join a group that will offer advice on how to simplify their lives as they deal with their daily problems. What people often do not realize is that humans, not God, created religions. If religious beliefs get out of control, these can lead to prejudices, biases, hatred, and even murder such as what has been taking place near Israel for the past four decades (Molloy, 2010). Practices Across World Religions There are common practices and experiences across various world religions. The subjective approach believes...
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...Running Head: POSSE COMITATUS ACT The Posse Comitatus Act: A Dangerous Relic Jack Monell, PhD. Capella University July, 2009 Abstract The events preceding, during and after Hurricane Katrina have proven to be a turning point for the President’s responsibility and authority to use federal, especially active duty military forces, resources and personnel to respond to a large scale unprecedented disaster. Previous Presidents have proven that the Office of the President can and will use federal military forces to assist State Governors and U.S. Territories in the event of a natural or man-made disaster and even to quell large scale violence and riots. It has been the ever present and often misunderstood Posse Comitatus Act that has proven to be an Achilles Heel in the formulation of a proper response to the use of federal military forces, personnel and equipment. The foresightedness of our leaders, both military and civilian, has delivered several exceptions and statutory authorizations to mitigate some of the restrictions previously imposed. But the plight of our National Guard readiness has been called into question more often than once, especially in light of the upsurge in federal deployments overseas in active combat roles. Our National Guard are not prepared, although they may be ready and willing. The Defense Support to Civil Authorities doctrine of the Department of Defense must be expanded and that includes re-looking at the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878...
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