...degradation of translation output quality over a period of time. Abstract— The aim of this project is to find out the problem areas in the translation done by Bing, suggest a method to improve the language translation and build a translator that supports accurate English to Hindi translation. The English input can be of textual, voice or image form and the Hindi output will be in the textual format.. With our research we aim to suggest a way to improve the already available popular translation engines. For this purpose we have used the method of hybrid machine translation. Hybrid machine translation is a method of machine translation that is characterized by the use of multiple machine translation approaches within a single machine translation system. The motivation for developing hybrid machine translation systems stems from the failure of any single technique to achieve a satisfactory level of accuracy. B. Statistical Machine Translation Statistical Machine Translation systems make use of computer algorithms that find out many possible ways of connecting smaller pieces of text together, in order to produce a best translation. Statistical Machine translation basically translates words and phrases along with their statistical likelihood. These are learned automatically from previously translated text, creating a bilingual “database” of translations. A program referred as decoder matches the source code and phrases with the translation databases and ...
Words: 1593 - Pages: 7
...Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context. My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community. The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice...
Words: 700 - Pages: 3
...Novel Educational Information System for Holy Quran Using QR Codes 1King 2Jordan Heider A. Wahsheh1, Yarub A. Wahsheh2, Reem A. Wahsheh3 Khalid University/ College of Computer Science, Computer Science Department Abha, Saudi Arabia heiderwahsheh@yahoo.com University of Science and Technology / CIT Faculty, Network Engineering & Security Department Irbid, Jordan y_wahsha@yahoo.com 3Yarmouk University / Faculty of Education, Department of Curriculum and Instruction Irbid, Jordan reem_ahmad_wahsha@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Quick Response Code (QR code) is a matrix barcode that can be read using smart phones, increasingly used in education, industry, virtual stores, product tracking, item identification and advertising. In educational fields a collection of resources can be encoded using QR codes, mobile devices can be used as an effective educational tool in the classroom. It can contain additional resources supporting multimedia, URLs and other related information. One special type of education is the Holy Quran learning. In this paper we propose novel educational information system that attaches QR code labels to each page in the Holy Quran, with specific proposed structure to help in Holy Quran education, linking the hard copy pages to audio streaming links, translation, interpretation and other related information. QR codes can contain control data and even parameters for database searching in the Holy Quran. 1 INTRODUCTION Holy Quran is the...
Words: 2218 - Pages: 9
...A Cultural History Of Modern Science In China. Benjamin A. Elman. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp xiii. 336. Benjamin Elman’s book is a complex history of interactions between the European West and Imperial China involving the transmission of scientific, medical, and technological knowledge over a period of roughly three-hundred years, lasting through the Qing dynasty. Previous to the sixteenth century, China was ripe with science and technological innovation; however, the history of modern science has been viewed with a Eurocentric account, consequently dismissing and undervaluing China’s role in modern science’s development. Elman explains this phenomenon throughout his book as the “failure narrative”; why did China not develop modern science and technology at the rate of its Western counterparts? Elman believes that cultural and historical factors resulted more often than not in an inconsistent and turbulent transmission of scientific, medical, and technological information from the West to China, resulting in a miscommunication of fundamental theories from both sides. Elman’s book focuses on two groups, Jesuit advisers and Protestant missionaries, whom he recognizes as the primary transmitters of modern scientific knowledge from Europe to China prior to the start of the twentieth century. In the early seventeenth century, Jesuits made their way to China and collaborated with literati and the imperial court with their knowledge of astronomy and cartography...
Words: 1058 - Pages: 5
...Welcome to Biol 342 Molecular Biotechnology 1 Dr. Michael D.J. Lynch Biology 342 Molecular Biotechnology 1 Instructor: Dr. Michael D.J. Lynch Room: B2 - 249D e-mail: mdjlynch@uwaterloo.ca office hours: Thursdays 1:00 – 2:30 pm If you need to speak with me outside scheduled lecture time, please contact me via email to make an appointment – that way I can be sure to set aside time for you. Prerequisites: Biol 130, 239, 240, 309. Biol 241 recommended Required textbook: Glick & Pasternak Molecular Biotechnology 4th edition, 2010. ASM Press. Available from UWaterloo Bookstore. 2 copies on reserve at Davis library. Students find this textbook very useful, and I refer to it often for lectures. A worthwhile purchase. This text is also used in Biol 432. LEARN ● ● ● ● ● ● lecture notes (slides in .pdf) Podcasts (screencasts) of lectures course info, important dates tutorial information practice exams announcements Use your Quest/UWdir ID and password Accessing the podcasts…….. Check that you are using a LEARN-approved browser! Goals for this course: ● Understand the fundamentals of molecular biotechnology, primarily in the context of the methods that are employed in the field ● Develop skills in the designing of molecular approaches to biotechnology ● Develop critical thinking skills ● Effectively communicate concepts learned Assigned readings and student notes: Readings from the text will be assigned in lecture notes on...
Words: 4935 - Pages: 20
...A. Major Works in the Field of Translation June 03, 2015 Contents A. Major Works in the Field of Translation 2 I. Introduction 2 II. Translation Works in Europe and Asia 3 III. Conclusion 6 Works Cited 7 A. Major works in the field of translation I. Introduction Translation studies covers the science of written translation as well as that of oral translation, commonly referred to as interpreting. In this paper, I shall focus on well-know historical written translations. Specifically, how they came into being, what instigated the process by which they made their, relatively speaking, universal debut and to conclude, a word or two about how these translations were received. In the rational, temperate climate that permeates the society of today it is often difficult to imagine the trials and tribulations that early translators had to face. Some translators were simply too educated and ultimately, their life work led them to their downfall at the hands of those who would not accept change. These forces conspired to undermine the efforts of those who were driven simply by curiosity. As Jeremy Munday points out: Any translation diverging from the accepted interpretation was likely to be deemed heretical and to be censored or banned. An even worse fate lay in store for some translators. The most famous examples are those of the English theologian-translator William Tyndale, and the French humanist Etienne Dolet, both burnt at the stake. (23) ...
Words: 1801 - Pages: 8
...Holmes et al. Implementation Science 2012, 7:39 http://www.implementationscience.com/content/7/1/39 Implementation Science DEBATE Open Access Translating evidence into practice: the role of health research funders Bev Holmes*, Gayle Scarrow and Megan Schellenberg Abstract Background: A growing body of work on knowledge translation (KT) reveals significant gaps between what is known to improve health, and what is done to improve health. The literature and practice also suggest that KT has the potential to narrow those gaps, leading to more evidence-informed healthcare. In response, Canadian health research funders and agencies have made KT a priority. This article describes how one funding agency determined its KT role and in the process developed a model that other agencies could use when considering KT programs. Discussion: While ‘excellence’ is an important criterion by which to evaluate and fund health research, it alone does not ensure relevance to societal health priorities. There is increased demand for return on investments in health research in the form of societal and health system benefits. Canadian health research funding agencies are responding to these demands by emphasizing relevance as a funding criterion and supporting researchers and research users to use the evidence generated. Based on recommendations from the literature, an environmental scan, broad circulation of an iterative discussion paper, and an expert working group process, our agency developed...
Words: 7456 - Pages: 30
...span and if a website isn’t immediately engaging, the user will move on. There are also language barriers that prevent websites from being useful. Websites are created in every country, in every language, in every dialect of language. The content needs to be translated for the information to be universal. There are many tools and websites that translate information to be understandable to every internet user on the planet. Google Translate. Initial problems, with my last name being Bell, translation did not realize it was a surname, and translated it. I initially translated my page into German, where it translated it to Glocke. There are phrases that it also didn’t pick up and translate at all. Management Accounting and Bachelor of Science were not translated and left in English. However, when I used the site www.online-translator.com to translate my page to German, it realized that Bell was a surname and did not translate, and it also translated Management Accounting and Bachelor of Science properly into German. I would say that out of the two translators, the online-translator.com site performed better than the Google Translate. While machine and program ran translators are useful for basic language sites. But there are times when a professional translator will be required. Programs aren’t able to pick up on the nuances of every language. There are words that exist in German that have no...
Words: 1101 - Pages: 5
...church fathers were among the few privileged ones exposed to the Scriptures, thus, the Scriptures, not available for the common person to read, created a problem in understanding God’s written Word. But times have changed. Now that the believer has access to the Bible, the problem is not the lack of understanding, but the inability to obey the Word of God. According to Fee and Stuart: “In fact we are convinced that the single most serious problem people have with the Bible is not a lack of understanding but with the fact that they understand many things too well!... the problem is not understanding it, but obeying it.” Today there a more Bible translations than we can keep up with. While revising the third edition of How to Read the Bible for all it’s Worth, Fee and Stuart realized the need for an updated edition because of the prior translation issues. Thus, the authors realized that many things had changed as time evolved in reference to proper Bible interpretation and how to read the Bible in a way that one could receive maximum benefit, and, of course, understanding God’s will for all mankind,...
Words: 1614 - Pages: 7
...THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF NIGERIA SERMON CRAFT FOR ELDERS By REV DR. OKEKE O NDU WHAT IS SERMON? Sermon is the principle of giving voice to the written word of god so that god will act to bless the believers. “Bless the LORD ye his angels that excel in strength, that do his commandments, hearkening unto the VOICE OF HIS WORD”. Psalm 103:20 “And they went forth and PREACHED EVERYWHERE and while the Lord worked with them and CONFIRMED THE MESSAGE BY THE SIGNS that attended it, AMEN Mark 16:20 “He sent his word and healed them and delivered them from their destructions” Psalm 107:20 The art of preaching is popularly called Sermon. God is ready to confirm sermons that say exactly what he wants his people to hear and be healed. How do we know what God wants the pastor to preach. To get the right message the Preacher like his brethren Apostles, evangelists etc. The PREACHER must listen to God, He must tarry with the Lord, He must get a message from him. This process of getting a message from God is what is called SERMON PREPARATION. To prepare a sermon, the preacher must bear in mind THREE ACTIVITIES that must be done. These three activities are studied in our Theological Seminaries as: 1.Hermeneutics, 2. Exegesis, 3. Homiletics A sermon should have the following in whatever order. The acronym is THECIA RESEARCH OR FACT FINDING SKILL 1. THEME/TEXT (Caption of the message) 2. HERMENEUTICS: Meaning of the theme or text 3. EXEGESIS: Other Related Bible references 4....
Words: 3410 - Pages: 14
...Was the scientific revolution truly revolutionary? The Scientific Revolution to many signifies the emergence of modern science and human understanding. For historian Edward Grant, the revolution was a radical turning point in our history, uniting the gap between antiquity and modernity, through works such as Newton's Principia and Copernicus’s heliocentric model. However, more recently, historians and scholars are beginning to reject these earlier claims that the scientific revolution should be periodized as a turning point in our history. Instead, these historians such as that of Steven Shapin, believe that the scientific developments were a conglomeration of varying views, undeserving of the dictum the “Scientific Revolution.” Overall,...
Words: 639 - Pages: 3
...MASOUD 1 Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Art in early years of the 21st Century .............................................................................................. 4 Actor Network Theory .................................................................................................................... 6 Networking art connections in museums ....................................................................................... 8 Dhari a Krar ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Strategy for translation ................................................................................................................. 11 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 13 2 Abstract This paper will attempt to highlight in what manner western museums curate contemporary indigenous art in this modern setting. The main focus of this paper is how current means of understanding of non-western indigenous art does not completely allow to translate the culture successfully in order for museums to represent other cultures not just to appreciate art but also translate it accurately. Ruth B. Phillips took a personal interest into this matter...
Words: 2931 - Pages: 12
...php/TC 14 Literary Translation and (or as?) Conflict between the Arab World and the West Mustapha Ettobi McGill University Introduction In 1990, Edward Said wrote an article entitled “Embargoed Literature” which was published in The Nation. In it, he argues that Arabic literature is “embargoed” in the West even if one of its most prominent figures, the Egyptian novelist and short story writer Naguib Mahfouz, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1988. Said spoke of some “singular” reasons for this situation: [...] of all the major world literatures, Arabic remains relatively unknown and unread in the West for reasons that are unique, and I think remarkable at a time when tastes here [the United States] for the non-Western are more developed than before and, even more compelling, contemporary Arabic literature is at a particularly interesting juncture (Said 372). Although Said’s article was well received by Arab and non Arab critics and researchers (such as Richard Jacquemond, 1992), its main argument was also challenged by other critics and scholars such as Peter Clark (2000). The latter maintained that Arabic literature in translation has significantly progressed since 1988 and has been more reviewed and studied than before. In this article, I do not intend to either defend or question Said’s view but would like to examine an important issue which is central to his article: the impact of geopolitical conflicts on literary translation. I will be looking specifically...
Words: 4491 - Pages: 18
...Express, an International Journal of Multi Disciplinary Research ISSN: 2348 – 2052 , Vol. 1, Issue 2, Feb 2014 Available at: www.express‐journal.com The Cultural Agenda of Translation & Arabization: Aspects of the Problems by Dr. Ali Albashir Mohammed Al-haj Department of English Faculty of Arts& humanities Jazan University Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Abstract Translation is activity – a cultural activity at that-intended to widen the area of human understanding and communication with reference to general and specific information. The basic requirement relevant to good translation is that the translator must have a thorough knowledge of the cultures of both the source language and the target language. The translator needs not sit biting nails and rush to the dictionary every ten minutes. When it has been accepted that translation is not only important but also necessary to our Arab World, there is no point in pondering over the problems of translations. Cultural proximity is a big advantage for translators, it is rewarding for them to look for this when they choose their work. Arabization is part and parcel of the whole journey of the Arab societies to its roots. The starting-off point for any translator is their preferred future; in order to arrive at the destination then it is clearly important to know what the destination is. But it is perhaps better to think 1 Express, an International Journal of Multi Disciplinary Research ...
Words: 3442 - Pages: 14
...sin; if it is a sin at all. Science has been the biggest supporter of homosexual orientation and the biggest opposition of the Bible in the past few years. Several scientists believe that “homosexual orientation [is] a natural and normal and good human variant” (Jones and Yarhouse 17). Jones also writes that “the Bible and Christian tradition reveal substantial confusion and inconsistency on the moral evaluation of homosexual behavior” (17). Through these two quotes, one can assume that Jones believes the Bible cannot be used as a supporting source in this argument, and that science is the only believable, infallible source of information. Following the lead of Stanton L. Jones and Mark A. Yarhouse, I will use science to attempt to counter his point. In eight different twin studies from Australia, Scandinavia, and the U.S., scientists have discovered that they “were not born that way” (Ellis). The studies conducted were on identical twins in which at least one claimed to be a homosexual. The data revealed that in only 14% of female twins, both claimed to be homosexual and in males, 11% (Ellis). “‘At best, genetics is a minor factor,’ says Dr. Neil Whitehead” (Ellis). These seven words could be just enough to prove the entire study irrelevant. Does this mean there is a possibility of this legendary “gay gene”? Could this experiment be flawed? Is it necessary to consider the possibility that homosexuals might be born that way? There is a lot of science backing both sides of this...
Words: 1540 - Pages: 7
