...Value tree paper Decision analysis assists in the process of structural thinking about decisions and the development of supportive subjective judgments that form a basis for good decisions. There are four main phases involved in the process of decision analysis that is the problem structuring, preference elicitation, recommendation decision and sensitivity analysis. Under the problem structuring phase several issues need to be identified and defined. The first task to be carried out involves context decision definition. For example, this is the stage of identifying a college. After defining the problem, the objectives or objective is defined. For example, to come up with the decision of attending my college, the main objective was to find a college which offers the course that will assist me in gaining access to my career. In addition, the college had to offer that course at an affordable price and be near my place of residence (Howard, & Matheson 2005). The next step involves the generation and identification of decision alternatives. Under this step, I evaluated different colleges which I could attend that offered the same course as the one I needed. After this, a hierarchical model of the objectives is formed. This assists in easily understanding the relationship existing between the objectives more easily. Moreover, a basis for further analysis is also created. Finally, measures are provided so as to identify the extent to which the decision alternatives satisfy...
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...FINA 461 Section 1 | “Tree Values” Case Report | Huong Nguyen | 10/7/2010 | Section 1 – Executive Summary This report analyzes the case “Tree Values” to find an optimal way for Mr. Smith to manage his forestland and harvest the crop trees. The fundamental idea in this report is based on the concept of present value. A number of options are analyzed and the one with highest present value of pay off is considered. Questions 9, 10, and 11 give Mr. Smith 3 options: * Option 1: Harvest all crop trees now and receive $8,160 * Option 2: Let the forest grow without thinning, then harvest all crop trees 60 years from now and receive $537,962.01 at harvesting, equivalent to $28,800.08 now * Option 3: Thin and manage the forest, then harvest all crop trees 50 years from now and receive $670,033.56 at harvesting, equivalent to $58,429.42 now Based on the present value of the money received at harvesting, it is highly recommended that Mr. Smith should choose option 3. Furthermore, provided Mr. Smith decides to thin and manage his forest, in case he needs money soon to use for other purposes, he can harvest all of his crop trees at the 40th year to receive $410,608.68 at harvesting, equivalent to $58,325.19 at present, instead of waiting for 10 more years. This is because the present value of money received at the 40th year is just a little ($104.23) less than that of money received at the 50th year. Section 2 – Analysis Question 1 In order to choose the best offer...
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...from very early on Maloof has been exploring forests all over the eastern United States. She puts a lot of focus on the intertwined connections between specific tree species and the specific animals and insects that need to tree to live and in turn the tree needs them as well. Maloof possesses great enthusiasm for the woods and everything that they contain and is working on developing networking old growth forests across the United States. Teaching the Trees starts out with Joan Maloof saying how we would lose the “Magical Web” of relationships between organisms and trees (Maloof xiii). She begins talking about the services that trees provide for us. She also talks about how the benefits of trees equal healthier air for us to breathe. Japanese researchers have even found that there are 120 chemical compounds in mountain forest air that are good for us (Maloof 3). Inhaling this air can even be cancer preventing. Perhaps by trying to save the forests we are actually trying to save ourselves (Maloof 5). There are so many invisible connections between the health of ourselves and the earth. This is what Maloof means by the living web of connections. Maloof talks about a bunch of different species throughout her book, starting off with the tulip poplar tree since it is her personal favorite type of tree. The tulip poplar tree provides many services such as food for bees,...
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...Values and Foundations of Relations: By: Imran Shahzad Adil Every thing in the universe has connected each other. We can observe this connection in various forms, like crops with soil, soil with water, water with clouds, and clouds with Ossian. Due to these connections Allah invite us for knowledge, research and thinking. We should observe and learn from nature, because we have an active connection with nature and all living beings. So it is human nature to feel a need for a strong relation, to feel kinship, unconditional acceptance, love, connection and belongingness from someone and somewhere. It means we have a strong relation with nature and humanity. Our Life is relational, it is impossible to exist outside of or apart from relationships and close ones involve people we see, talk to and hear daily. The relationship we have with them can be very good, very bad or somewhere in between. These close connections change us and enable us to influence change in others. Every person will move through many different relationships during the course of their life. Relations are not a collection of peoples it is collection of care, respect and help. Mr. Leo F. Buscaglia writes a very beautiful quote. "Never idealize others. They will never live up to your expectations. Don't over-analyze your relationships. Stop playing games. A growing relationship can only be nurtured by genuineness." A strong relation is like a connection between mother and child. This happens even in the womb...
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... Extending activities are also provided as well as assessment and evaluation tools and templates. Foundational Objectives: Knowledge ! Students will increase their knowledge about the rainforest. Skills and habits * Learn about and practice the skills and strategies of effective listeners, speakers, readers, writers and representers. * Speak and write to express thoughts, information, feelings and experiences in a variety of forms for a variety of purposes and audiences. * Read and view a range of grade-level appropriate oral, print, and other media texts in a variety of situations for a variety of purposes. * Assess personal and group strengths and set goals for future growth. Attitudes and values * Appreciate that animals can become endangered. * Appreciate the intricacy of the environment * Recognize interactions that occur within the environment. Common Essential Learnings In this unit, students will have opportunities to develop all of the Common Essential Learnings. Some examples are listed...
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...14th GREEN TIP TO SAVE MOTHER EARTH Broken scientific apparatus like thermometer, barometers, manometers, sphygmomanometers, and float valves and other things that have mercury on should be disposed properly. Avoid throwing them in rivers for mercury is toxic and poisonous. Mercury * Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum. * Mercury poisoning can result from exposure to water-soluble forms of mercury (such as mercuric chloride or methylmercury), inhalation of mercury vapor, or eating seafood contaminated with mercury. * Mercury is used in thermometers, barometers, manometers, sphygmomanometers, float valves, mercury switches, mercury relays fluorescent lamps and other devices, through concerns about the element's toxicity have led to mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers being largely phased out in clinical environments in favour of alternatives such as alcohol- or galinstan-filled glass thermometers and thermistor- or infrared-based electronic instruments. Mercury can be found in four different forms: * Mercury metal, which is a silver-gray liquid, is harmful to humans when it is exposed into the air and consequently breathed into the lungs. * Methylmercury "may be taken into the body by eating certain saltwater and freshwater fish, especially larger fish at the top of the food chain, such as shark, swordfish, largemouth bass, and chain pickerel." ...
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...ABSTRACT Trees are an important part of every community. Trees increase our quality of life by bringing natural elements and wildlife habitats into urban settings. Many neighborhoods are also the home of old trees that serve as historic landmarks. The tree observations goal is to help people maintain the health of their community and their state’s trees and forest. INTRODUCTION Trees have supported and sustained life throughout our existence. Different species display an endless variety of shapes and forms. In this experiment I had tested the ability to present information about factors affecting the health and measurements of trees. METHODS I used a Biltmore stick to measure the diameter (DBH) of the tree. I also had to find an area with at least twenty trees for measurements, recorded the information I obtain on a tree observation sheet. MATERIALS Biltmore stick, tree observation sheets, an area with twenty trees, pencil RESULTS The species of trees was from a neighborhood called Green Acres. Measurements taken at the site; shown that Maple/Boxelder trees in the site was identified as a more common species in the area and illustrated in good health with minor problems. For the other selected trees, no significant difference in circumference was found between all other trees because of the weather. DISCUSSION Overall the best time to measure trees is between June and September other observations can be made anytime during...
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...Tree Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), a broad-leaved tree European larch (Larix decidua), a coniferous tree Lepidodendron, an extinct lycophyte tree In botany, a tree is a plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting leaves or branches. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants, only plants that are usable as lumber, only plants above a specified height or only perennial species. At its broadest, trees include the taller palms, the tree ferns, bananas and bamboo. A tree typically has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground by the trunk. This trunk typically contains woody tissue for strength, and vascular tissue to carry materials from one part of the tree to another. For most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which serves as a protective barrier. Below the ground, the roots branch and spread out widely; they serve to anchor the tree and extract moisture and nutrients from the soil. Above ground, the branches divide into smaller branches and shoots. The shoots typically bear leaves, which capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy by photosynthesis, providing the food needed by the tree for its growth and development. Flowers and fruit may also be present, but some trees such as conifers instead have pollen cones and seed cones, and others such as tree ferns produce spores instead. Trees tend to be long-lived,[1] some reaching several thousand years old. The tallest known specimen on Earth...
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...If you go outside and look around, could you point out anything that brings you/gives you life? There’s been a picture floating around the Internet that said, “Imagine if trees gave off Wi-Fi signals, we would be planting so many trees and we’d probably save the planet too. Too bad they only produce the oxygen we breathe.” It’s sad how true that statement is, we value access to the Internet more than we value the air we breathe every day. Trees are the one thing that help us survive and people view them as trivial objects more and more each day, underestimating the fact that our destruction of them could lead to a destruction of us. The leaves of trees can come in all different shapes and sizes. They form in bunches and give a sense of hair to the tree, adding a way to differentiate one tree from another. With the leaves, trees give us beauty. There’s not a prettier sight than mid-October, when all the tree’s leaves have changed colors and everywhere you turn there are different types of reds, oranges, yellows and more. The foliage is just one of the many reasons why trees are important, they give us natural beauty. They could be described as a painting in nature just without using brushes, paint or canvases. Tree’s trunks come in all different sizes, some thicker than others, giving protection in a way, to us humans and to animals. Since most trunks are big, hunters usually hide in between them when they’re looking for potential game. They wear camouflage to blend in with...
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...apples were spread when Romans conquered England and when Spaniards brought them to Mexico and South America. It wasn’t until the mid 1600’s that the Pilgrims cultivated them in Massachusetts. It is believed that John Endecott, an early governor, was the first to bring an apple tree to North America, and the first orchard was planted on Beacon Hill by a clergyman named William Blaxton. It is Blaxton who is credited for growing the first named apple, the Yellow Sweeting. Once apples were established in New England, they played an active role in everyday life. As a fruit which was easily stored through the winter, as well as being very beneficial to settlers’ health, apples were a main staple in early settlers’ diets. Despite the fact that apples were not initially from North America, and have been growing disease-free for centuries in their native habitats, the early settlers found that the long, hot summers and cold winters of New England grew apples unlike anywhere else in the world. New England apples are known not only for their unique blend of tart and sweet flavors, but also for their size and freshness. Apples can be grown farther North than any other tree fruit. The reason for this is that the tree blooms in late spring when it is unlikely that the blossoms will be harmed by frost. While France harvests more apples than America,...
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...introduction of new tree species intended for various purposes within the university. To optimally incorporate conservational aspects into the developmental planning process, there is need to understand the current distribution of trees and assess their potential roles. In this regard, this study sought to evaluate the spatial distribution of trees within the university. The study then assessed their roles and effects and evaluated the linkage between spatial location of the trees and their respective roles within Kenyatta University. In its findings, most respondents agreed that over 50% of the University is under tree cover. Additionally, the perception is that, denser woodlots and tree stands were found concentrated in the Arboretum (37.5%), Along Pathways (20.8%) and Staff Residential Areas (20.8%). Kenyatta University populace is of the opinion that, Grevelia (30.0%) and Eucalyptus (24.0%) tree species predominate; compared to other species such as acacia (16%). Patently, major tree uses are beauty (50%), fruit (4%) and shade (6%). Finally, it was evident that, there exists a significant relationship between location of a tree species and its function and preference for beauty (at P Value=0.034), for shade (at P Value= 0.001) and for flower fencing (at P Value=0.04). It is anticipated that these findings will significantly contribute to sustainable utilization of tree resources within Kenyatta University and further contribute to proper planning of tree locations and understanding...
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...Abstract. The theory of optimal foraging and its relation to central foraging was examined by using the beaver as a model. Beaver food choice was examined by noting the species of woody vegetation, status (chewed vs. not-chewed), distance from the water, and circumference of trees near a beaver pond in North Carolina. Beavers avoided certain species of trees and preferred trees that were close to the water. No preference for tree circumference was noted. These data suggest that beaver food choice concurs with the optimal foraging theory. Introduction In this lab, we explore the theory of optimal foraging and the theory of central place foraging using beavers as the model animal. Foraging refers to the mammalian behavior associated with searching for food. The optimal foraging theory assumes that animals feed in a way that maximizes their net rate of energy intake per unit time (Pyke et al. 1977). An animal may either maximize its daily energy intake (energy maximizer) or minimize the time spent feeding (time minimizer) in order to meet minimum requirements. Herbivores commonly behave as energy maximizers (Belovsky 1986) and accomplish this maximizing behavior by choosing food that is of high quality and has low-search and low-handling time (Pyke et al. 1977). The central place theory is used to describe animals that collect food and store it in a fixed location in their home range, the central place (Jenkins 1980). The factors associated with the optimal foraging...
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...for each Movie ID value is 0, hence the entropy for the Movie ID attribute is 0. (c) Compute the Entropy for the Format attribute. Answer: It has two types: DVD and Online. Entropy can be calculated in the following manner: Entropy(t)= -∑ p( j | t)log p( j | t) Entropy for DVD= -68log268+28log228=0.811 In similar way, Entropy for Online= 0.915 Weighted average = 820x0.811+1220x0.915=0.8734 (d) Compute the Entropy for the Movie Category attribute using multiway split. Answer: Entropy(t)= -∑ p( j | t)log p( j | t) Entropy for Entertainment= -14log214+34log234=0.8112 Similarly, Entropy for comedy= 0.5435 Entropy for Documentaries= 0.8112 Weighted Average=420x0.8112+820x0.5435+820x0.8112=0.70412 (e) Which of the three attributes has the lowest Entropy? Answer: Movie ID has the lowest Entropy. (f) Which of the three attributes will you use for splitting at the root node? Brief explain your choice. Answer: We will use Movie Category to split the root nodes even though the entropy for Movie ID is lowest it is just an identification attribute and a decision tree using this attribute would not generalize at all. Movie ID value is unique for each record. The number of records for each partition are too small to make any predictions. Thus movie id is not a good choice. 2. Consider the decision tree shown in Figure 1, and the corresponding training and test sets in Tables 2 and 3 respectively. (a) Estimate the generalization error rate of the tree using both the optimistic...
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...(2,5), 3,1, 3,2, 3,4, 3,5, 4,1, 4,2, 4,3, 4,5, (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4)} I can say: 1. The simple graph is complete because all pairs of end points are joined by an edge. 2. I can say that it is not a tree because it contains a cycle. 3. That it is connected but undirected. 4. Adding all the degrees 4+4+4+4+4 for odd vertices and even degrees provides an even amount of edges =20. 14. Are there graphs with v vertices and v-1 edges and no cycles that are not trees? No Give a proof to justify your answer. Let G be a graph with v vertices and e edges Let G1, G2, G3…,Gk be G's connected components Let vi be the number of vertices of Gi Let ei be the number of edges of Gi Prove G has e = v-1 and no cycles but is not a tree A tree T has v vertices and v-1 edges T=(V,E) v=V and vi=Vi v-1=E ei=E∩Vi2 Induce that ei=vi-1. A tree has v vertices and v-1 edges. vi=v-1 so E=ei+k= (vi-1)+k=(vi)=v-1 There must exist an i such that ei=vi but with no cycles vi=v and ei=e≥vi Gi=ei > v-1 So a graph with connected components without cycles and without being a tree has more than v-1 edges. 2. Show that a finite graph is connected if and only if it has a spanning tree. If G is a simple graph, then T is a spanning tree of...
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...CEC - PR campaign 1. Problem identification: Following surveys conducted the company decided to put in place the present PR campaign in order to change negative attitude towards CEC, to raise awareness among young adults and to improve the image through involvement in social issues. Today it is ever more important for companies and brands to build a good image. A strong image helps the company build its business and it can help the company in times of crisis as well. According to the surveys conducted 50% of respondents were indifferent to CEC brand, 42.3% had negative attitude, while only 7.7% had a positive attitude towards CEC. The current position on the market for CEC is 6th place with a market share of 7.7%* *http://www.zf.ro/banci-si-asigurari/topul-integral-al-bancilor-cine-a-crescut-pe-o-piata-in-stagnare-14504025 2. Objectives: * increase positive attitude towards CEC from 7.7% to 50% * increase market share from 7.7% to 15% The objectives are to be attained until December 2016. 3. Targets: * internal - employees * external - consumers(young adults), investors, press, public opinion 4. Media channels Channel #1: Social Media * FaceBook and Twitter with instant feedback * SlideShare * Blog sponsored articles * YouTube * PPC Channel #2: Classic Media * Press releases * Sponsored newspaper articles (online/offline) * Radio and TV spots Channel #3: Own environment * Company’s website * Company’s...
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