...Macroeconomics – Case 1.3 1 Analysis of National Income Trend since 1951 Rate of Change of National Income 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% -2% -4% -6% Rate of Change of National Income 1951-1965: Post independence the country was wrought with economic stagnation and extreme poverty, as a result this phase witnessed rapid industrialization. While the agricultural sector contributed more than 50% to the GDP, the consumer goods industry were completely neglected. As a result the growth rate kept fluctuating during this period. 1966-80: During this period, India’s economic growth can be characterized by one word – “volatile”. The 1971 war with Pakistan, successive changes In Government in the late 1970’s and the huge drought in 1979 which affected nearly 200 million people in the agricultural sector, had a major impact on the national income. 1981-1991: In the 1980s, the businesses were able to drive efficiency and react to supply and demand incentives, the economy took off. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology. So, the national income always increased as depicted by the graph shown. Progress toward that goal was slow but steady. In the late 1980s, however, India relied on foreign borrowing to finance development plans to a greater extent than before. Trend since 1991: Economic liberalization of India began in 1991. The economic abolished license raj, reduced tariffs, removed entry-exit barriers and ended various...
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...Golf Participation in America, 2010-2020 B Y J O S E P H F. B E D I T Z , P H . D . A N D J A M E S R . K A S S NATIONAL GOLF FOUNDATION Introduction RECENT DECLINES IN THE NUMBER of golfers and golf Figure 1: Golfer Participation - year by year 35 30 25 Golfers (mm) 20 15 10 5 0 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 courses, coupled with a reduction in golf consumer spending, have many in the industry asking: “Where is the game headed?” And when we think of the game, we correctly think about amateurs, the people who play the game. NGF’s founder, Herb Graffis, said that it is these amateurs “from whom all blessings flow.” What Herb meant was that without the amateur golfer, there would be no business of golf, no tournament golf, no golf media … no golf! We have been told that American consumer spending accounts for 70% of the nation’s gross national product, or GNP. Well, it’s safe to say that American golfer spending accounts for 100% of the golf industry’s GNP. So to understand where the game and business of golf is headed, we need to understand where the number of amateur golfers is headed. From the mid 1980s to the turn of the century, the number of golfers grew by about 50% – from 20 million to 30 million golfers. That is very substantial growth – a compound annual growth rate of around 3%. But since the year 2000, the number of golfers plateaued and has been slowly declining, raising concerns about the future. Figure 2 on...
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...a low income family and also had another program called (ESEA) this program was used for children that’s in poverty that performed poorly other than the wealthier peers. No child left behind act The difference between the (ESEA) and the no child left behind act is the (ESEA) are more worried about resources then what the kids should be learning. The elementary secondary education would decrease the chances of low income student from ever attaining any academic proficiency. The no child left act make sure that the low income students are treated equal an fair and can also have a good education . During 1954, the brown board of education question whether Students receiving equal education. Because of the San Antonio school district v. Rodriguez decision that was based on if all Students were receiving the same education now the law has changed low income students have grants available to them to assist all the Students needs in school to help them learn and get a better education. There were many observers who pointed out to the national time trends in their students achievement to gauge the huge impact of NLCB; Furthermore the figures 1-4 were presented national trends on the Main NAEP from 1990-2007 for 4th grade math and reading ,also 8th grade math and reading respectively. Additionally, they had to provide evidence of impacts in the last three grade subject combinations. They had figure 5-8 show similar trends for math and reading achievement on a long term trend for 9...
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...National Income in India, Concept and Measurement General Economics National Income • National income is the money value of all the final goods and services produced by a country during a period of one year. National income consists of a collection of different types of goods and services of different types. General Economics: National Income in India, Concept & Measurement 2 National Income • Since these goods are measured in different physical units it is not possible to add them together. Thus we cannot state national income is so many millions of meters of cloth. Therefore, there is no way except to reduce them to a common measure. This common measure is money. General Economics: National Income in India, Concept & Measurement 3 Basic Concepts in National income • Gross domestic product • Gross domestic product at constant price and at current price • Gross domestic product at factor cost and Gross domestic product at market price General Economics: National Income in India, Concept & Measurement 4 Basic Concepts in National income • • • • Net domestic product Gross national product Net national Product Net national product at factor cost or national income General Economics: National Income in India, Concept & Measurement 5 Gross Domestic Product • Gross domestic product is the money value of all final goods and services produced in the domestic territory of a country during an accounting...
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...Key term | Definition | Accelerator | A change in the level of investment in new capital goods is induced by a change in the rate of growth of national income or AD. | Actual output | Level or real output produced in the economy in a particular year, not to be confused with the trend level of output. The trend level of output is what the economy is capable of producing when working at full capacity. Actual output differs from the trend level of output when there are output gaps. | Aggregate demand (AD) | The total planned spending on real output produced within the economy. | Aggregate supply (AS) | The level of real national output that producers are prepared to supply at different average price levels. | Availability of credit | Funds available for households and firms to borrow. | Balance of payments (BOP) | A record of all the currency flows into and out of a country in a particular time period. | Balance of trade | The difference between the money value of a country’s imports and its exports. Balance of trade is the largest component of a country’s balance of payments on current account. | Balance of trade in goods | The part of the current account measuring payments for exports and imports of goods. The difference between the total value of exports and the total value of imports of goods is sometimes called the ‘balance of visible trade.’ | Balance of trade in services | Is part of the current account and is the difference between the payments for the exports...
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...Internship Report On A Comparative Financial Performance Analysis of Three Branches of National Bank Limited Tapash Chandra Paul BBA Program 2014 (17th Batch) Roll: 35 Internship Report On A Comparative Financial Performance Analysis of Three Branches of National Bank Limited Tapash Chandra Paul BBA Program 2014 (17th Batch) Roll: 35 Supervisor Dr. Syed Golam Maola Professor Department of Management Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka 28th February, 201 Executive Summary This study aims at measuring and comparing the financial performance of three branches of National Bank Limited in Bangladesh. In a competitive financial market bank performance is very important because it provides signal to depositors and investors whether to invest or withdraw funds from the bank. Similarly, it flashes direction to bank managers whether to improve its deposit service or loan service or both to improve its finance. Regulator is also interested to know for its regulation purposes. Specifically two objectives were pointed out in these study as to analyze comparative branch financial performance among three branches in the light of growth and profitability performance and evaluate comparative branch financial performance among three branches in the light of employee performance. For comparative branch performance analysis three branches are being selected. For the organization part, much information has been collected both from the...
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...areas from the economic, social, political and legal environments, analyse the key forces and trends that have taken place within these two environmental areas over the past decade. Introduction Marketing concept as outlined by Kotler and Levy (1969), is perceived by most as an undertaking to find and stimulate buyers to achieve a firm’s goals. The process entails product development, pricing, distribution, communication as well as continuous attention to the changing needs of the customers, and the development of new products to meet these needs. The implication of this change is that an organization is inevitably influenced by, and has to react to what happens outside the business. There are several external environments that may impact an organization, including economic, social, political and legal factors. Organizations utilize environmental scanning processes to focus on identification of emerging issues, situations and potential pitfalls that may affect an organization’s future (Albright, 2004). Analysis of the economic environment The economic environment is very dynamic and complex in nature and is influenced by the purchasing power and spending patterns of consumers. The economic environment is also shaped by rates of unemployment, inflation, gross national product, trade cycles, economic resources and exchange rates. Information relating to economic trends or forces can enable organizations to prepare for changes in these and adjust marketing activity...
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...1.0 Introduction This chapter starts with a discussion on Origin of the report(1.1). Then it comes, the relevance and background of the research (1.2) to provide a clear understanding about the research. After the background an elaboration is given on the objective of the research (1.3). The scope of the research that sets the boundary of the research are discussed too (1.4). Then after that a brief discussion is given on the limitation to the research (1.6). Finally there is a summary for this part (1.6). 1.1. Origin of the Report: The prime objectives of this report are to fulfill the partial obligation for the course of “Corporate Finance”. Since, it‟s compulsory for all the groups of students of 2nd batch of Department of Finance & Banking, Jahangirnagar University to understand the current practice of Corporate Finance theories to explore real life business situation. Here we have worked on the analysis of seven different business organizations which are listed in stock market. This analysis helps us to have better understand about the companies and about their financial condition which as well as gives us better knowledge about the course Corporate Finance. 1.2. Background and relevance of the research: Here we have worked one the seven different top business organization and make a comparative financial analysis of those business firms as a course work of “Corporate Finance”. Through the research we have found a better knowledge of the course and have a better...
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...Explaining trends in UK immigration Received: 11 February 2004 / Accepted: 6 December 2004 / Published online: 22 November 2005 © Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract Since the 1970s Britain has gone from being a country of net emigration to one of net immigration, with a trend increase in immigration of more than 100,000 per year. This paper represents the first attempt to model the variations in net migration for British and for foreign citizens, across countries and over time. A simple economic model, which includes the selection effects of differing income distributions at home and abroad, largely accounts for the variations in the data. The results suggest that although improved economic performance in the UK relative to overseas has tended to increase immigration, rising UK inequality has had an even larger effect. Immigration policies at home and abroad have also increased net immigration, particularly in the 1990s. Keywords Immigration . Emigration . Immigration policy JEL Classification F22 . J61 . J78 1 Introduction In the last 20 years the UK has become a country of net immigration. During the 1960s and 1970s, emigration exceeded immigration so that net immigration was persistently negative. Since then net immigration has progressively increased. The best available measure of long-term trends indicates an increase in the annual net immigration from −24 thousand in the early 1970s to 89 thousand in the late 1990s —a total increase of 113 thousand. Recent trends are even...
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...i a l Tr e n d s September 2012 Income Inequality in Canada: How does Manitoba compare? Can we do better? The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives has been documenting the rise in inequality in Canada since 2006. More recently, the Conference Board of Canada and the OECD have confirmed this trend. These organizations also report that inequality in Canada is now increasing faster than is the case in many other countries. In their highly acclaimed 2009 book The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better, Wilkinson and Pickett showed the impact of inequality on a variety of measures such as levels of crime, teenage pregnancies, life expectancy and educational achievement (to name a few). The study concluded that countries that are most equal do best. If Canada wants to measure up to more equal countries, the growing gap between rich and poor will need to be addressed. The federal government has the most important role to play in redressing the imbalance. CCPA and others have suggested how poverty and inequality can be tackled through improved policies and programs, and better redistribution of wealth through taxes and transfers at the federal level. But provincial governments also have a responsibility. A recent study in Ontario shows that province to be the most unequal. Our analysis looks at the trend in inequality across Canada with a focus on measuring progress in Manitoba for individuals earning market incomes. As do the authors of the Ontario study...
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... Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985:250 20. Mancini F. Il problema della alimentazione maidica. Ricerca Sci 1954:24;53 21. Guggenheim KY. Paracelsus and the science of nutrition. J Nutr 1993;123:1189 22. McCollum EV. A history of nutrition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957 23. Willet WC, Sacks F, Tricopoulou A, et al. Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61(suppl):1402S Nutrition Transition and Global Dietary Trends Adam Drewnowski, PhD From the Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine and the Nutritional Sciences Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Poverty and wealth have profound effects on the global diet. Whereas chronic undernutrition results from poverty, economic growth gives rise to what has been called the nutrition transition.1,2 As incomes rise and populations become more urban, diets high in complex carbohydrates and fiber give way to more energydense diets that are higher in sugar and fats.1,2 These global dietary trends are accompanied by a demographic transition that is a shift...
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...order over the last decade. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for two-thirds of global deaths in 2011 and infectious diseases for one-third. In 2000 the relative proportions were 60% NCDs and 40% infectious diseases. This rapid shift reflects the massive scale up in recent efforts to prevent and treat a number of major infectious diseases. Although improvements in maternal and child mortality have been made these still remain unacceptably high. In 2011, 6.9 million children under the age of five died, 99% of these in low and middle income countries. Malaria, despite the enormous scale up in control activities still accounted for 14% of the under-five mortality in the Tropics. There are differences in the age at which mortality occurs stratified by income. In high income countries 70% of deaths occur in the over 70s and only one in 100 occurs in an individual under 15 years of age. In low income countries 40% of deaths occur in individuals under 15 years and 20% in those over 70. The...
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...REASONS FOR INFLEXION POINT IN NATIONAL INCOME TREND SINCE 1990-1991 Analysis from 1990-91 Now, coming to identifying the inflexion points in analyzing the National Income from 1990-91, we are able to find multiple inflexion points. Although such is the case, we would like to choose the point where there is a dramatic inflexion. Based on this opinion we would like to choose the year 1991-92 as the inflexion point over the time period in discussion. Let us now have a look at the reasons for this dramatic change in National Income by identifying the reasons. Indian economy had experienced major policy changes in early 1990s. The new economic reform, popularly known as, Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG model) aimed at making the Indian economy as fastest growing economy and globally competitive. The series of reforms undertaken with respect to industrial sector, trade as well as financial sector aimed at making the economy more efficient. Slower economic growth and higher inflation in the fiscal years 1990 and 91 increased the population below poverty line to 38% reversing the previous trends until then. The balance of payments BoP crisis of 1990 and subsequent policy changes led to a temporary decline in the GDP growth rate which fell from 4.9% in FY 1990 to 1.1% in 1991. The crisis in 1991 was caused by currency over-valuation, the CAD and Investor confidence played a significant role in the sharp exchange rate depreciation. The gulf war was also one of...
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...Index of Contents 1. Definition Real Estate 2 2. Chinese real estate market 2 2.1 overwiev about the chinese real estate market 2 2.2 chinese real estate market in the broader economic context 3 3. China’s long-term Real Estate Fundamentals 4 3.1 strong gdp growth 4 3.2 rural migration to cities 4 3.3 rising middle class and strong upgrade demand 5 3.4 300 million new households in past two decades 6 3.5 limited land supply 6 4. overheating real estate market in the short-term 6 5. government steps in with tough real estate policies 9 5.1 significant increase in land supply and focus on economic housing 9 5.2 downpayment ratios and mortgage rates 9 5.3 Loan restrictions to developers 10 6. summary 10 References 11 1. Definition Real Estate A piece of land, including the air above it and the ground below it, and any buildings or structures on it. Real estate can include business and/or residential properties, and are generally sold either by a relator or directly by the individual who owns the property. In most situations...
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...firm’s position Butler Lumber Company is looking for more cash due to a fast-paced lumber market and a shortage of funding. Their regular bank, Suburban National Bank, is not willing to expand their exiting loan to an amount greater than $250,000 without securing the loan with real property. Another loan is being offered by a second bank, Northrup National Bank, for $465,000, with the understanding that the previous loan would be rolled into the second. The interest on the new loan would be prime + 2%. The co-founder, Mark Butler, owes a major note to the other original partner, who Mark bought out. He has a mortgage on his 12-year-old house and no other significant investments. Mark’s personal references indicate that he is hard-working and watches his business very closely. Mark’s current outstanding debts are as follows: Bank note for $247,000 Outstanding debt from trade partners $157,000 Accounts payable $343,000 Accrued expenses $51,000 Current portion of long-term debt $7,000 Long-term debt $43,000 Total liabilities $848,000 Net income is projected at $56,000 based on projected sales of $3.6m. Butler’s business relies more heavily on the repair industry than on new construction, so it is somewhat protected against market fluctuations on new construction. Major recommendations Northrup National Bank should extend the loan to Butler. The company will roll much of its existing debt into the new loan, without extending itself significantly further...
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