...Evaluating Truth and Validity Exercise All religious authorities are concerned about the dangers of nuclear war. All politicians are concerned about the dangers of nuclear war. Therefore, all politicians are religious authorities. The above statement is false and creates conclusions based on fallacies. It generalizes all political and religious leaders into one group and assumes that they all think the same. It also does not take into account the many varying religious ways of thought and forms of political leadership within the world. This is a case of over simplifying something that is not simple. It would be better worded as follows: Nuclear war is a very real concern amongst many of our religious and political leaders. Though the ideas behind what qualifies as and why nuclear war is a concern may be different, the end state of nuclear war is what concerns most though there are some extremist religions and political factions would like nothing more than to incite a nuclear war and are trying desperately to acquire nuclear weapons. I was able to identify most of the errors by playing the devil’s advocate as it were. This ability gives one an objective perspective and allows them to see the errors in their ways of thought. Beginning the statement with the word “All” is one that should be avoided. Many things you or I consider common sense might not be the same to someone else. This takes away the ability to accurately generalize. With a topic as ambiguous as this...
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...TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory JoinSearchBrowseSaved Papers Home Page » Philosophy and Psychology Evaluating Truth and Validity Exercise In: Philosophy and Psychology Evaluating Truth and Validity Exercise Evaluating Truth and Validity Exercise The arguments I will choose to evaluate for truth and validity will be taken from the Applications list 12.2 (a.-y.) at the end of Ch. 12 in The Art of Thinking. I will start with exercise j and the premise that “power must be evil because it can corrupt people”. First of all, I would check the argument for any hidden premises making sure that it was stated fully and in a clear way. This argument seems to pass the first hurdle, however when it comes checking for errors affecting truth, the argument seems to not hold water. To start with, the part of the argument that says power corrupts all people (the all is inferred) is not true since there are many examples throughout history of people with power that were not corrupted. A more valid argument would be to state that “power may be evil because it can corrupt some people”. When it comes to step three in the evaluation process, checking the argument for validity errors and considering the reasoning that links conclusions to premises to determine whether your conclusion is legitimate or illegitimate, the argument fails on more than one point. Even with the revised statement, there are some questions...
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...Week 1 Textbook Exercises Jessica Pollock MTH/221 October 28, 2013 Leslie Fife Week 1 Textbook Exercises Chapter 1 Supplementary Exercises #7. There are 12 men at a dance. (a) In how many ways can eight of them be selected to form a cleanup crew? Order does not matter Cannot repeat N = 12 R = 8 (b) How many ways are there to pair off eight women at the dance with eight of these 12 men? Order does matter Cannot repeat N = 12 R = 8 Exercises 2.1 #3 Let p,q be primitive statements for which the implication is false. Determine the truth values for each of the following. a. = false True and false b. = false not true or false c. = true False implies true d. = false Not false implies not true Exercises 2.2 #17 For any statements p,q, prove that a. P | q | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | b. p | q | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Exercises 2.3 #1 The following are three valid arguments. Establish the validity of each by means of a truth table. In each case, determine which rows of the table are crucial for assessing the validity of the argument and which rows can be ignored. a. P | Q | R` | | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1...
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...Evaluating truth and validity for arguments is important. I will choose arguments from the Applications list 12.2(a-y) that is at the end of Chapter 2 in The Art of Thinking to evaluate for truth and validity. The first argument will be exercise j and the statement is, “power must be evil because it can corrupt people (Ruggiero, 2012)”. The first step of the evaluation process involves evaluating to look for any hidden premises, and ensuring that it is stated in a clear way and fully. This argument passes the first the step. The next step involves checking whether the statement has errors that affect truth. To begin with, the first part of the statement that says that power corrupts all people-in this case, all is inferred- is untrue. This is because throughout history, there are several examples of people who had power that was not corrupted. To make the argument more valid, it would be rewritten as, “power can be evil since it can corrupt some people (Ruggiero, 2012).” The next step entails evaluating the argument to check for validity of errors, and also determining the reasoning that connects conclusions to premises. The aim of this is to check whether the conclusion is legitimate or illegitimate. In this case, the argument fails on several points. On top of revising it, the argument has several questions that required answers. One of the main questions is: how corrupt should people be before they are considered “evil”? Several people are corrupt but they would not be considered...
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...Critical reasoning – is both active and open to alternative points of view Passive reading/listening – writing down notes in lecture, you are passive in the sense that you don’t evaluate which statements to accept and which to reject and you don’t consider the speakers pattern of reasoning. Mere disagreement – is both critical and active but is not open to alternative views. You enter with your own established beliefs already in mind. Cooperative enterprise – two people have opposing views; one person sets his beliefs aside and help the other to strengthen his argument. Critical reasoning misconceptions – it’s too rigid or linear, it supposes that there is a right and wrong point of view. Argument – reasons for believing something or acting in a certain way If the author is attempting to state what has happened, or what is the case, or what something is like, he is engaged in descriptive writing, not argumentation If he is trying to prove something by giving reasons, he is engaged in argumentative writing. Diatribe is bitter and violent criticism or invective Examples of diatribe are often found in letters to the editor, in which people tend to give vent to their strong feelings instead of backing up their opinions with arguments. Consider the following (fictitious) letter: The politicians are at it again. An election coming up, and new spending just “happens” to be needed. Name your favourite issue, and you will find money for it—health care, education, social services...
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...Chapter 1 Supplementary Exercises Problem 1 In the manufacture of a certain type of automobile, four kinds of major defects and seven kinds of minor defects can occur. For those situations in which defects do occur, in how many ways can there be twice as many minor defects as there are major ones? Problem 2 A machine has nine different dials, each with five settings labeled 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. a) In how many ways can all the dials on the machine be set? b) If the nine dials are arranged in a line at the top of the machine, how many of the machine settings have no two adjacent dials with the same setting? Problem 7 There are 12 men at a dance. (a) In how many ways can eight of them be selected to form a cleanup crew? (b) How many ways are there to pair off eight women at the dance with eight of these 12 men? Problem 8 In how many ways can the letters in WONDERING be arranged with exactly two consecutive vowels? Problem 9 Dustin has a set of 180 distinct blocks. Each of these blocks is made of either wood or plastic and comes in one of three sizes (small, medium, large), five colors (red, white, blue, yellow, green), and six shapes (triangular, square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal, circular). How many of the blocks in this set differ from a) the small red wooden square block in exactly one way? (For example, the small red plastic square block is one such block.) b) the large blue plastic hexagonal block in exactly two ways? (For example, the...
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...Chapter 1 Supplementary Exercises Problem 1 In the manufacture of a certain type of automobile, four kinds of major defects and seven kinds of minor defects can occur. For those situations in which defects do occur, in how many ways can there be twice as many minor defects as there are major ones? Problem 2 A machine has nine different dials, each with five settings labeled 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. a) In how many ways can all the dials on the machine be set? b) If the nine dials are arranged in a line at the top of the machine, how many of the machine settings have no two adjacent dials with the same setting? Problem 7 There are 12 men at a dance. (a) In how many ways can eight of them be selected to form a cleanup crew? (b) How many ways are there to pair off eight women at the dance with eight of these 12 men? Problem 8 In how many ways can the letters in WONDERING be arranged with exactly two consecutive vowels? Problem 9 Dustin has a set of 180 distinct blocks. Each of these blocks is made of either wood or plastic and comes in one of three sizes (small, medium, large), five colors (red, white, blue, yellow, green), and six shapes (triangular, square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal, circular). How many of the blocks in this set differ from a) the small red wooden square block in exactly one way? (For example, the small red plastic square block is one such block.) b) the large blue plastic hexagonal block in exactly two ways? (For example, the...
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...MORALITY AND THE LAW; The Validity Question By Nfon Mark PLAN Introduction -A general overview of Morality and the Law -Definition of Morality and the law -Principles of Morality -The validity question Body -principles of Morality in details -The principle of Truth -The principle of Courage -The principle of Compassion -The principle of Love - The principle of Forgiveness - A general overview of other principles of morality II Reasons for and against the law taking validity from Morality. -Reasons why the law most take its validity from Morality -Reasons against the Law taking validity from Morality. -conclusion with a personal view Morality and the law; the validity question The notions of Morality and the Law are as old as the biblical story of creation, where God created man and gave him rights, duties and laws to follow (Genesis 1). According to the oxford dictionary, morals is ‘concerned with or derived from a code of behavior that is considered right or acceptable in a particular society. (Www.Oxforddictionaries.com). morality is the degree to which something is right and good. The moral goodness and badness...
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...life. Being free from any responsibility (which is always a cross) and from every concern for a position of power (which is always a temptation) may perhaps guarantee to a person the hope of not being misinterpreted if he attempts to express in current terms considerations which might seem—but really only seem—so out of date.If the modern age is characterized by the substitution of the principle of reason for the principle of authority, we know that in more recent years a kind of charismatic impulse has been on the increase; in every area of life, profane and religious, it takes the place of reason itself as the motive of action and is imposed in a much more decisive manner. Democracy is the daughter of reason and to it owes its definitive validity, even if it was conceived among the presumptions of the Enlightenment.The recent totalitarian regimes were linked to a will for power which in its wear and tear fashioned various ideologies as substitutes for the objective principles of the natural law, contested as it was by philosophical relativism and juridical positivism. The contestation is the expression of primordial impulses, at times defined in profane and lay circles, as charisms. In the name of these there are some today who tend to break all barriers. Others, more reasonable, attempt to reassess the relation between liberty and authority, between the communitarian and the directional element (no longer are the terms subjects and superiors used, nor indeed authority or hierarchy)...
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...The Power of Logic The Power of Logic FOU RTH E DITION Frances Howard-Snyder Daniel Howard-Snyder Ryan Wasserman WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2009, 2005, 2002, 1999, by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 9 8 ISBN: 978-0-07-340737-1 MHID: 0-07-340737-2 Editor in Chief: Michael Ryan Editorial Director: Beth Mejia Sponsoring Editor: Mark Georgiev Marketing Manager: Pamela Cooper Editorial Coordinator: Briana Porco Production Editors: Melissa Williams/Melanie Field, Strawberry Field Publishing Cover Designer: Ashley Bedell Cover Photo: © Dan Trist/Corbis Media Project Manager: Thomas Brierly Production Supervisor: Louis Swaim Composition: This text was set in 10.5/12.5 Goudy by Aptara, Inc. Printing: Printed on 45# New Era Matte by R.R. Donnelley & Sons, Inc. Credits: The credits section for this book is on page 647, following the Answer Key in the back of the book, and is considered an extension of the copyright page. ...
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...The Healthy Truth about Diet and Exercise Revision & Editing Estee Tharpe American InterContinental University Abstract Exceptional exertion and meal practices are essential facets not exclusive in presence yet in persisting lengthy, fitter lives. You may look astonishing, the pair, healthy and flourishing, at the same time being just as debilitated as an overweight individual. The precise contrary is a fact, also. An individual might have a few extra pounds but have a flourishing diet and heart. The sole way to figure if an individual is dieting healthy and receiving the suitable class of physical activity is by consideration of their diet and activity equivalent. The Healthy Truth about Diet and Exercise It is viable to begin with an exceptional diet plan. Age, physical issues, and balance of ponderable exertion are condign a hand full of factors that has to be appropriated within regard when prescribing a diet scheme for an individual. Youthful, fit, and bustling individual can consume more candidly than that of an older individual with elevated cholesterol who does not at all get adequate physical activeness. A person should attempt to consume 5-10 helpings of grains, 3-6 helpings of fruit, 3-6 helpings of vegetable, 2-4 helpings of dairy, 2-4 helpings of meat, and deplete sugars and fats effortlessly each day. An individual should trigger for this expanse until he or she can have a meal plan prescribed according to their activity level. Meal planning should...
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...PORTFOLIO 1. What is research and what is a research carried out for? Find a research report in an applied linguistics journal (such as TESOL Quarterly, Language Learning) and point out the objectives and how these objectives are achieved. a. What is research? Research has been defined in a number of different ways. A broad definition of research is given by Martyn Shuttleworth - "In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge." Another definition of research is given by Creswell who states that - "Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as "a studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws" Scientific research is a systematic way of gathering data, a harnessing of curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the natureand the properties of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research is funded...
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...Strategy for Weight Loss Emily Fioramonti GEN/200 Foundations for General Education and Professional Success May 9, 2010 Monica Griffin Everyone encounters tough problems and decisions in life, from day-to-day or life-altering choices. The ease with which we solve these problems is an indication of the development stage of our critical and creative thinking abilities. Virtually every problem can be solved by implementing the same process, which we will disect into easy to follow steps. First, we must define our purpose, by asking “Why do I want to research?”. Next, we will gather information, by discovering “Where can I find the desired information?”. Finally, we will evaluate this information, through examining evidence, perspective, validity, and assumptions (Bishop, et al., 2007, p. 78). Devloping a research strategy for successful weight loss can be a great lifelong resource, following those simple steps. Through mastering the art of research, we will become better real-life problem solvers, as well as more exceptional students. Before beginning the process of research and evaluation, one must define their purpose, or figure out why he or she wishes to analyze a particular topic. In my case, losing twenty pounds is a problem I feel strongly about solving because it is important to be healthy and feel good. Boosting confidence is only a peripheral side effect of weight loss. Upon making the decision to lose twenty pounds, I can analyze my diet and lifestyle to figure out...
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...WRITTEN REPORT ON PHILIOPHY OF TEACHING SCIENCE By: Mr. Irjo M. Goopio Introduction: What makes a scientist different from a philosopher? A Scientist observes what happens. He manipulates variables whenever possible in order to observe what happens under controlled circumstances. He is able to discover and explain the laws of nature which lead them to formulate theories. A Philosopher does none of the above-mentioned activities. Instead he asks himself questions like: “what is the law of nature?” “What is a scientific theory?” He explains the role of deduction in science. Philosophy is unlike science, pure verbal, analytical, and reflective. Then how can a scientist be a philosopher? Discussion: * What is philosophy? * Remote from the usual human interest and quite beyond normal comprehension. * Extremely complex intellectual activity. * A form of Inquiry – a process of analysis, criticism, interpretation and speculation. (Singer – 1990) * The search for the ultimate, conducted by reason, in order to satisfy man’s curiosity about himself and the universe. * Why study philosophy? * Makes a man think – think about the basic foundations of: * His beliefs * Outlook in life * His knowledge * It is from our human needs and immediate concerns * What is philosophy of science? * Set forth principles more basic and comprehensive than the conclusions of individual sciences. *...
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...intuition. “Design thinking” offers a third path. • Design thinkers observe the world, imagine alternatives and bring them into being. • Innovations start as intriguing “mysteries.” To unfold them, first develop workable “heuristics” and then derive predictable “algorithms.” • Think of the learning and discovery process as moving through a “knowledge funnel.” • People need analysis and creative thinking at different points in that funnel. • New firms emphasize “exploration.” As they mature, they shift to exploiting known ideas, but if they stop at that point, other innovators will surpass them. • Your organization must balance predictable or “reliable” production with “validity,” experimentation that leads to new ideas and commercial success. • To protect a company, leaders must protect the exploration that leads to its validity. However, over time, organizations tend to emphasize reliability instead. • To develop your design mind, broaden your “personal knowledge system.” • Cultivate the “stance, tools and experiences” that build enhanced “sensitivities and skills.” Rating (10 is best) Overall 9 Applicability 8 Innovation 9 Style 9 To purchase abstracts, personal subscriptions or corporate solutions, visit our Web site at www.getAbstract.com, send an e-mail to info@getabstract.com, or call us in our U.S. office (1-877-778-6627) or in our Swiss office (+41-41-367-5151)....
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