...Gender roles in the 21st century Introduction Gender roles are a set of social and behavioral norms that are generally considered appropriate for men or women in a social or interpersonal relationship. We are not sure when this practice started but pink and blue begins this lifelong process in the 21st century (Lindsey, 2005). As my research evolves, I plan to examine gender roles in various aspects of 21st century life: workplace, relationships, parenting, voting, consumer behavior, etc. Since this is such a broad topic, my research will likely lead to a paper with a more narrow focus. For now, I've chosen references which are established articles on this broader topic. This research will likely become more focused as I develop the paper. Origin of Gender Roles The gender roles have evolved a great deal from the onset of the human civilization which started as hunter gathers. The males were primarily responsible to provide food, shelter and protection while the women looked after the offspring and took care of the tribe. The Functionalist perspective explains this fairly non-overlapping segregation of gender roles in the pre-industrial society. Evolution of Gender Roles For a considerable period of time there was little or no interaction between the different civilizations and therefore each society developed its own distinct culture and the socialization process. The local socio-economic factors, religious beliefs, legal and political factors had huge impact of the...
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...Sex Roles DOI 10.1007/s11199-014-0418-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Are You Man Enough to be a Nurse? The Impact of Ambivalent Sexism and Role Congruity on Perceptions of Men and Women in Nursing Advertisements Kimberley A. Clow & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Wally J. Bartfay # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 Abstract Framed by role congruity and ambivalent sexism, the current study is designed to investigate perceptions of male and female nurses. Specifically, 167 Canadian undergraduates from Southern Ontario viewed a potential nursing recruitment advertisement (female nurse, male nurse, or masculinity emphasized male nurse), reported their perceptions of the nurse in the advertisement, and rated the appropriateness of nursing as a career for men and women. MANOVAs revealed that participants viewed the male nurses more negatively (less competent and more deviant) in the masculinity emphasized condition than the male nurse condition, which is consistent with role congruity theory. Correlations further revealed that men in the male nurse condition and women in the masculinity emphasized condition who were higher in hostile sexism were more likely to rate the depicted male nurse as deviant than their lower scoring peers. Female participants rated nursing as a more appropriate career for men than did male participants, suggesting that resistance toward male nurses may stem primarily from other men. The ambivalent sexism scores of men and women related differently in each...
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...Gender Stereotyping Thelma and Louise, a contemporary “road film” directed by Ridley Scott, can be viewed as a literary structure use to highlight the struggle of female characters by signifying different ways a relationship of uniformity amongst two distinctive women could influence the one to endeavor some personality traits of the other. Furthermore, Thelma and Louise display much emphasis upon the relationship female characters establishes in admired films while fluctuating the overall meaning of gender individuality. By portraying women as housewives and waitresses, this controversial film, reinforce gender stereotyping to emphasize the struggles women had in the nineties to escape the restrains enforced in their normal lives in order to find freedom. This film reinforces gender stereotyping by characterizing Thelma and Louise as two women who are viewed, by men, as being defenseless and submissive; however, Thelma and Louise later became resilient and unyielding. In an article written by Gilpatric stated that “female characters were more likely to be romantic, domestic, sensitive, and manipulative, and male characters were more likely to be competitive, athletic, aggressive, and risk-taking.”(p. 324). However, this film contradicts this statement having that it shows Thelma and Louise in masculine roles while portraying male characteristics in scenes such as Thelma robbing the convenience store: Thelma: Good morning everybody, this is a robbery. Now if nobody loses...
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...Introduction 2 1.1 Introduction to the Study 2 1.2 Background of the Problem 3 1.3 Research Objectives 5 1.4 Research Questions 5 1.5 Significance of the Study 6 2.0 Research framework 7 2.1 Reviews of Related/Past Literature 7 2.2 Research Framework 13 2.3 Hypothesis 13 2.3.1 Life Role Values 14 2.3.2 Gender Role Orientation 15 2.3.3 Job Type 16 2.3.4 Work Time Commitment 17 3.0 Research Methodology 18 3.1 Research Design 18 3.1.1 Types of Study 18 3.1.2 Sources of Data 19 3.2 Measurement 20 3.3 Data Collection Procedures 21 3.3.1 Data Collection and Administration 21 3.4 Data Analysis Techniques 22 4.0 References 24 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to the Study Nowadays, balancing work, housework, and childcare responsibilities can become strenuous which can result in work- family conflict. There are many studies that focus on the relationship between work-life and personal life, as well as the impact of one on another. People continuously get in touch with friends, relatives, organizations and colleagues in their life routine. They have different roles according to their positions in society and it is possible that they live role conflict once in a while. Furthermore, one of the most important problems in business life is work-family conflict in the modern world. While problems such as bad relations with superiors in the workplace deeply affect family relations, family problems such as divorce also reduce the performance of...
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...THE MEDIUM WHICH LEADS LIVES: TV The Initiative Media (1997) stated that in Turkey, “The average television viewing time is 300 min per day, compared to 180 min average television viewing in Europe (cited in Uray&Burnaz, 2003). As it is inferred from the statistics, television is one of the leading mediums of media; thereby it has a formidable force on society. It can easily leave an impression on society and shape audience’s ideas about any issue such as gender roles and the social mores. As TV’s effect on gender roles are comprehensively examined, it is observed that it does more harm than good for society; since TV restrains women from having careers by showing them as inappropriate and insufficiently qualified for some quantitative occupations, changes family dynamics, and blocks women’s success in politics despite being a non-quantitative field. On the other hand, it has a good effect on gender roles that it removes strict boundaries between genders. The first of harmful effects of TV on society is that TV has a power to shape audience’s ideas about women’s and men’s abilities, and impose on society that women are less skillful than men in the workplace, especially in quantitative fields. If the ideas that females are less successful than males, and their male counterparts better-qualified in quantitative fields are transmitted through TV advertisements and series, the public’s ideas will change in a linear way with the TV says. For example, when almost no female is depicted...
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...MANSUKHANI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT 9922577556,9664867202, 9960745741 Sheetal0265@gmail.com, truptimalgaonkar@gmail.com priyankakhose@yahoo.co.in Abstract "Women account for one-half of the potential talent base throughout the world and therefore, over time, a nation's competitiveness depends significantly on whether and how it educates and utilizes its female talent," said Professor Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of WEF. India has the lowest percentage of women employees (23%), followed by Japan (24%), Turkey (26%) and Austria (29%), according to the Corporate Gender Gap report brought out by the World Economic Forum on March 08, 2010. Work-life balance among women is now-a-days a crucial issue that many organizations are taking into consideration. When employees go back to their homes, they should not carry any organizational stress with them. A woman has two roles to play- personal and professional; each role having different set of demands. Such role demands are overlapping due to geographical issues. Women travelling 2-3 hours to reach workplace are having considerably high stress. This impact on performance pressure and losses for all concerned: the individual, the family and the organization. This leads to family–work conflict (FWC) and work–family conflict (WFC). FWC and WFC are more likely to exert negative influences in the family domain, resulting in lower life satisfaction and greater internal conflict within the family. This research intends to reveal...
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...of Linguistics and Translation Department of Theory and Practice of the English Language Intercultural Communication Project Stereotypes of gender roles in Egypt and Russia Written by: Elena Yakusheva Group: LIE – 503 Chelyabinsk, 2014 Table of contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3 Part one GENDER STEREOTYPES THEORY. …………………………….........6 1.1 Stereotypes: definition and functions…………………………………………..6 1.2 The gender concept……………….. ………………………………………….10 1.3 Gender stereotype: types and functions……………………………………….14 Conclusions on part one………………………………………………...…….......20 Part two. STEREOTYPES OF GENDER ROLES IN EGYPT AND RUSSIA….21 2.1 Research method on the stereotypes of gender roles in Russia and Egypt........21 2.2 The interpretation of the results of the research in Russia……………………21 2.3 The interpretation of the results of the research in Egypt……………………..24 2.4 The comparison of the results and its reasons………………………………...25 Conclusions on part two…………………………………………………………..29 Resources………………………………………………………………………….30 Online resources…………………………………………………………………..32 Appendix………………………………………………………………………….33 Introduction The questions connected with features of a sex of the person and his or her psychological and social distinctions, are among recently the most discussed in society. Today the role of the man and the woman undergoes considerable changes. This problem excites many modern scientists-psychologists and sociologists, such as Henri...
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...Report of Online Discussion WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP ROLES Coordinated by the Division for the Advancement of Women Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Hosted by WomenWatch With support from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 19 November to 15 December 2007 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this report reflect the opinions of participants to the online discussion and not the official views of the United Nations Contents 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................ 3 2. Theme One: Status of women in leadership positions globally ....................................................... 5 2.1. Country experiences ................................................................................................................5 2.2. Ability of women in leadership positions to influence change .....................................................6 2.3. Instruments and methodologies to measure impact ..................................................................8 3. Theme Two: Factors that influence women’s access to decision-making positions —views from public administration, the judiciary and the private sector................................................................. 9 3.1. Representation of women in the public sector.........................................................................10 3.2. Representation...
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...WOMEN AND INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENTS: TAKING STOCK— A 25-YEAR REVIEW Y O C H A N A N A LT M A N A N D S U S A N S H O R T L A N D Women’s progress into management and, more specifically, into the world of expatriates, is the subject of this review. Despite advances in equal opportunities legislation, women failed to embark on expatriate missions in significant numbers during the 1980s. In the 1990s, more women were offered international assignment opportunities but they remained a negligible minority compared to men. The first decade of the twenty-first century has witnessed a gradual increase in the number and visibility of women in international assignments. Through a comprehensive review of the literature over the period from 1980 to now, this article charts the emerging themes and changes in the tone of discourse: from when organizations were debating whether to “give women a chance” through attempts to identify and remove “blockages” to women’s progress to, most recently, structural changes in the expatriate assignment and claims for women’s superior affinity to operating internationally. We highlight gaps in the current literature and propose a platform for future research. We conclude with recommendations for practice. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Introduction T he last two decades of the twentieth century and the early years of the twenty-first saw a significant rise in cross-border international business activity, driven by globalization and the domination...
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...Empowering the RMG girl Over the past three decades the Readymade Garment (RMG) sector has become crucial to Bangladesh’s economy. According to the WTO, Bangladesh became the fourth largest RMG producing country in the world after China, EU-27 and Turkey while it has been the largest exporter of cotton T-shirts and the second largest exporter of cotton pullover and jeans for the European Union. Also, Bangladesh’s exports of cotton trousers in the USA ranked second by volume. The RMG sector contributes a staggering 78 per cent of Bangladesh’s foreign exchange earnings, keeps many associated service businesses going and provides employment to millions of workers, approximately 80 per cent of whom are women, who otherwise would be hard pressed to find wage labour. Looking into many scientific studies and popular discourses, it is an undeniable fact that the Bangladeshi women workers in the RMG industries in the era of globalisation are absolutely deprived of their labour rights, vividly manifested in the country’s labour law. It is equally significant that a large number of industrial reserve army entered in the formal labour force, who otherwise would have lived unemployed or underemployed. This is why one important debate among the policymakers, academics and the experts is whether the rural, migrant workers who enter the new manufacturing factories in ‘Majority World’ countries experience significant changes in their lives. From the economic point of view there is no doubt that...
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...Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Stephanie Seguino Professor, Department of Economics Old Mill 340 University of Vermont Burlington, VT 05401 Tel. 1 802 656-0187 Fax 1 802 656-8405 Email sseguino@zoo.uvm.edu July 2008 Acknowledgements: I am grateful for helpful comments and insights from Rhoda Reddock, Christine Barrow, Caren Grown, three anonymous referees, and participants at the Building Capacity for Gender Analysis in Policy Making, Programme Development, and Implementation: Research Seminar and Workshop, University of West Indies, Barbados, November 2007. Micro-Macro Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Abstract Over the last two decades, scholars have investigated the two-way relationship between gender inequality on the one hand, and economic development and growth on the other. Research in this area offers new ways to address the economic stagnation and crisis developing countries have experienced over the last two decades. This paper contributes to that literature, exploring the channels by which gender inequality affects, and in important ways, constrains economic development and growth in the Caribbean region. It further explores the endogeneity of gender inequality to the macroeconomic policy environment. The paper concludes with a discussion of economic policies that can promote a win-win outcome—greater gender equality and economic...
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...Diversity in Workplace: A study on Multinational Clothing Retail Brands Diversity in Workplace: A study on Multinational Clothing Retail Brands Course: BUS 520 Management & Organizational Behavior Section: 3 Prepared For: Dr. Muhammad Shariat Ullah North South University Prepared by: Sarah Binte Mohiuddin ID # 1512983660 Md. Farhan Khan ID # 1512984660 Tasnim Siddiqa ID # 1430824060 Md. Salauddin ID # 1513300660 Date of Submission: 03rd August, 2015 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 03rd August, 2015 To Dr. Muhammad Shariat Ullah Associate Professor, Department of Management, University of Dhaka Subject: Submission of Project Report. Dear Sir, It is our great honor to submit our project report on “Diversity in Workplace: A study on Multinational Clothing Retail Brands.” In this endeavor, this report seeks to identify and analyze the diversity and its effects among employees in two clothing brands. The report contains statistical analysis and some findings and recommendations. It would be our enormous pleasure if you find this report useful and informative to have an apparent perspective on the issue. Thank you, 1. Sarah Binte Mohiuddin 2. Md. Farhan Khan 3. Nazifa Tasnim Siddiqa 4. Md. Salauddin ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...
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...12:06 Page 1 WOMEN, GENDER AND WORK People are not defined solely by their work, nor is it possible to ignore the effects of factors outside the workplace on a person's status at work. To seek equality at work without seeking equality in the larger society – and at home – is illusory.Thus an examination of the issues surrounding women, gender and work must be holistic. That means considering the role of productive work in life as a whole and the distribution of unpaid work as well as the myriad questions relating to employment. This important anthology brings together the thinking of leading philosophers, economists and lawyers on this complex subject. Selected recent articles from the multidisciplinary International Labour Review are assembled for the first time to illuminate questions such as how we should define equality, what equal opportunity means and what statistics tell us about differences between men and women at work, how the family confronts globalization and what is the role of law in achieving equality. There is an examination of policy – to deal with sexual harassment and wage inequality, for example, as well as part-time work, the glass ceiling, social security, and much more. A major reference on the best of current research and analysis on gender roles and work. Martha Fetherolf Loutfi has been Editor-in-Chief of the International Labour Review, a Senior Economist for the Brandt Commission and in the ILO’s Employment and Development...
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...Systematic Theology II ___________________ by Peter Heikkinen February 17, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..….1 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………….1-3 EGALITARIAN EQUALITY…………………………………………………………..1-2 COMPLIMENTARIAN ROLES…………………………………………………….…2-3 CRITICAL INTERACTION……………………………………………………………………3-6 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………....6-7 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………....8 Introduction Within Christian controversial topics that divide the Church as a whole Woman in Ministry is one of the most divisive. The two main sides of this debate are; egalitarian’s who believe there are no role differences in gender to authority or teaching in the church biblically. The complementarian view also known as the traditional view holds that men have a position of authority before God in church teaching and authority in the church and home governing. James Beck gathers four New Testament scholars two for each side on the issue and sets out to show case two arguments for each side and room for rebuttal in consideration of the New Testament scripture dealing with woman in ministry. With my own view being that of a soft complementation; women have a role in teaching and authority in the home and church setting but man has positional headship of responsibility, this position will be defended with these arguments in this book and other scholarly sources in this paper. Summary Egalitarian Equality The beginning chapter...
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...Being a ‘Team’ Player: The Linguistic Alteration of Identity in Online Communities Dedicated to The Hunger Games In the first chapter of Gender and Language, Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-Ginet discuss how the connection between language and gender enables a “continual performance” of gendered interactions (33), which, in turn, enables “social reproduction” founded on the separate categories of male and female. They argue that language not only reflects gendered categories but “constructs and maintains these categories” (34). Being such strong categories, they claim it is “impossible” to escape gendered behavior and not influence others to give gendered responses (50). In a later chapter, Eckert and McConnell-Ginet discuss how “gender schemas and ideologies” are implied and interpreted (203). Using an example from a university setting, the authors illustrate their point that the assumption of gender may not result from “the particulars of our exchange but in familiar gender stereotypes” (204). If no specific clues or pronouns are given during the exchange of information, presuppositions relying on stereotypes often emerge. Not only do stereotypes and behavior fill the linguistic gaps, but the power in individual words alone is a cause for concern. Sally McConnell-Ginet explores this further in her article “Words in the World: How and Why Meanings Can Matter.” She argues that single words can carry multiple meanings in each use whether the speaker means them to or not...
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