Chapter 1
PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

This chapter presented the problem and its setting. It further included the introduction, background of the study, statement of the problem, scope and limitation, and significance of the study. In this chapter, some trivia about this research, the reason for making this research, the questions that were needed to be answered, the reason why this research chose the materials and the way for making it a help for those who were irritated to the houseflies were concerned.

Introduction This study discussed the differences between oregano concentrations and chemical pesticide. Oregano concentrations were compared to chemical pesticide because this research was trying to prove that pesticides could be lessen without buying any harmful substance and in a less pricey cost. It was made to know if it was effective to used oregano concentration as an alternative pesticide. The research was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of oregano concentrations and a chemical pesticide to the houseflies. Oregano (pronounced /ɒrɪˈgɑːnoʊ/ (UK), /əˈrɛgənoʊ/ (US), also Origanum vulgare) was a specie of Origanum of the mint family that was native to Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern and central Asia. The oregano has many uses aside from being an alternative pesticide. Oregano was a perennial herb, growing from 20-80 cm tall, with opposite leaves 1-4 cm long. The flowers were purple, 3-4 mm long, produced in erect spikes. Oregano was an important culinary herb. It was particularly widely used in Turkish, Greek, Spanish and in Italian cuisine. It was the leaves that were used in cooking, and the dried herb was often more flavorful than fresh. Oregano was often used in tomato sauces, fried vegetables, and grilled meat. Together with basil, it contributes much to the distinctive character of many Italian dishes. Oregano has a pungent odor which makes pests irritated and later be killed. Oregano was high in antioxidant due to high content of phenolic acids and flavonoids. It has also demonstrated anti microbial activity against food-borne pathogas such as listeria monocytogenes. That’s how they could be an alternative pesticide. Both of these characteristics could be an effective alternative pesticide to the houseflies. This study focused on pesticides. This was about how oregano concentrations could be an effective alternative pesticide to the houseflies. This study proved that the oregano concentration was an effective to be an alternative pesticide. This research paper discussed about the positive effects of the oregano concentrations as an alternative pesticide to the houseflies.

Background of the Study Houseflies made us understand that cleaning the surroundings was a very important factor. They helped people realized that even a small dirt could caused serious health problems. Without them people would not be aware of making the surroundings clean and green. The surroundings must be free from viruses and germs just like as God first created this world.
Houseflies liked to stay in such dirty places like poultry and dump site. Houseflies were common pesticide and could really cause health problems. Excessive fly populations were not only irritant to farm workers but, when there were nearby human habitations, a public health problem could occur. It was often considered a pest that could carry serious diseases. Some illnesses that could be spread by the houseflies were typhoid fever, cholera, enchiridia coli, and shigellosis.
This research was conducted to know if it was effective to used oregano concentration as an alternative pesticide to the houseflies. Oregano was chosen because it could be seen in the surroundings and it could easily grow. It was already proven that oregano not only driven but could kill all kinds of pests. Compared to chemical pesticide, it was less expensive and more convenient to use. Like chemical pesticide, it could also kill a lot of houseflies in a certain period of time. The higher the concentration, the more the effect of it as a chemical pesticide.
Statement of the Problem
The main purpose of this study was to find out if it was effective to use oregano concentration as an alternative pesticide to the houseflies. This research specifically aimed to answer the following sub-questions:
1.) What was the average number of houseflies that died when sprayed with:
a) 100% concentration of oregano
b) 75% concentration of oregano and 25% water
c) 50% concentration of oregano and 50% water
d) 25% concentration of oregano and 75% water
e) Chemical pesticide?
2.) What was the average time consumed to kill 3 houseflies in 1 day when sprayed with:
a) 100% concentration of oregano
b) 75% concentration of oregano and 25% water
c) 50% concentration of oregano and 50% water
d) 25% concentration of oregano and 75% water
e) Chemical pesticide?
3.) What was the average number of sprays used to kill the 3 houseflies when sprayed with:
a) 100% concentration of oregano
b) 75% concentration of oregano and 25% water
c) 50% concentration of oregano and 50% water
d) 25% concentration of oregano and 75% water
e) Chemical pesticide?
4.) Is it effective to use oregano concentration as an alternative pesticide to the houseflies?

Scope and Limitation
In this study, the things that were used as an alternative to chemical pesticide were the selected oregano concentrations. Oregano concentrations were used in making pesticide killed because it was less expensive and has a pungent odor that some pests do not like. Five set-ups were conducted in this experiment, 100% oregano concentration, 75% oregano concentration, 50% oregano concentration, 25% oregano concentration and a chemical pesticide. Each concentration was distributed per set ups, those concentrations were chosen because they could be measured and divided easily. The effects of the oregano concentrations on the houseflies were the average number of houseflies that died, the average time consumed and the average number of sprays used because they could easily determined and observed.

Significance of the Study This research was important because many people can benefit from it. The following were some of the persons that could benefit from research:
Researchers – they can use this as basis of a new research about pesticide to improve their study.
Teachers – they can benefit from this research because this study could provide additional facts and information that can be used in teaching even for practical applications.
Students – they can learn and discover more things and can use those learning for future needs and applications.
Parents – they can apply the facts in this research and use it to solve pest problem in a less pricey cost.

Chapter 2
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presented the conceptual framework which included the research framework, the hypothesis and the definition of terms. In this chapter, the research discussed about the oregano concentrations, how it was effective as an alternative pesticide and described other terms from the paradigm.

Research Framework IV DV Pesticides Used• 100% oregano concentration• 75% oregano concentration• 50% oregano concentration• 25% oregano concentration• Chemical Pesticide |
Effects on the Houseflies
• Average number of houseflies that died
• Average time consumed • Average number of sprays used

Fig. 1.Paradigm of Experiment
The independent variable in this research was the selected concentration of oregano and chemical pesticide. The pesticides that were tested were the 100% oregano concentration, 75% oregano concentration, 50% oregano concentration and 25% oregano concentration and the chemical pesticide. The dependent variable of this research was the effect on the houseflies. The effects that were measured were the average number of houseflies that died, the average time consumed and the average number of sprays used.

Hypothesis The oregano has a pungent odor which makes pests irritated and later be killed. Pungent means implies a striking odor, a powerful odor to decrease the appetite. Oregano was hypothesized as an effective pesticide.

Definition of Terms
Housefly - musca domestica, was the most common of all flies found in the living environment of primitive humans over 5000 years ago, it was often considered a pest that can carry serious diseases.
Oregano - is a species of Origanum, of the mint family, native to Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern and central Asia. It is a perennial herb, growing from 20-80 cm tall, with opposite leaves 1-4 cm long. The flowers are purple, 3-4 mm long, produced in erect spikes.
Concentration - is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogeneous solutions, where it refers to the amount of solute in the solvent.
100% oregano concentration - pure oregano concentration.
75% oregano concentration and 25% water - combination of 75% oregano concentration and 25% water.
50% oregano concentration and 50% water - combination of 50% oregano concentration and water.
25% oregano concentration and 75% water - combination of 25% oregano concentration and 75% water.
Chemical Pesticide - baygon was the chemical pesticide used as the control set-up.
Average number of houseflies that died - the sum of the houseflies that died divided by its frequency.
Average time consumed - the sum of the time consumed to kill houseflies divided by its frequency.
Average number of sprays used - the sum of the number of sprays used to kill houseflies divided by its frequency.

Chapter 3
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDY

This chapter presented the related literature and related study that have some degree of relevance to the current study and provide direction in the conduct of the study. It helped this research know the facts about oregano and gave us detailed information for the improvement of the study.

Review of Related Literature
What is Oregano? Oregano was a species of Origanum of the mint family. According to wikipedia.com. It was a perennial herb and has flowers (purple). It has a number of subspecies and each with distinct flavours. Oregano was used or could be used in culinary (cooking). Dried oregano was often more flavourful than the fresh one. It was also a herbal medicine. Aside from its culinary application, oregano exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant actions and has possible activity as an antispasmodic and in diabetes. However, there was no clinical evidence to support the used oregano in any indication. Oregano was high in antioxidant due to a high content of phenolic acids and flavoroids. It was also demonstrated anti microbial activity against food-borne pathogens such as listeria monocytogenes. Oregano has a pungent odor which makes the pest irritated and thus kills them soon. With a higher concentration of oregano sap, the more the effect of it as pesticide. It helped this research figure out that oregano was effective as a pesticide, thus, the research concluded that oregano could be a pesticide.

Review of Related Study According to the study conducted by Willi Krizzia Mae G. Oracion and Shirlie Mae A. Tabilisma which they conducted last s.y. 2008-2009 entitled “The Effects of Pesticide made from Sili and Detergent on Selected Pests” sili and detergent pesticide was effective as an alternative pesticide. This was because detergent has a natural composition in repelling pests and sili has strong smell that some pests do not like. Sili and detergent pesticide killed ants with an average number of 4.7, termites with an average number of 5 and caterpillar with an average number of 4.3 while chemical pesticide (Baygon) killed ants with an average number of 1.7, termites with an average number of 5 and caterpillar with an average number of 0.32. The information gathered on Will Krizia Mae G. Oracion and Shirlie Mae A. Tabilisma’s experiment definitely helped this improved the experiment procedures and researches itself. It also helped us in producing less inaccuracy or errors. Thus, avoiding the risk of failing the experiment.

Chapter 4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the research methodology, which included the sample and population, data gathering procedure and statistical tools. This chapter showed how this research conducted the experiment and the reason why this research chose these samples. It also explained the procedures of the experiment and the equations needed to get the results.

Research Design This research paper used the experiment method to test the reaction of houseflies exposed to selected concentrations of oregano. This research paper was conducted through experimentation because it was the only method suitable for this research. Experimental method was adopted to determine the effort of oregano as alternative pesticide. With the helped of the internet, this research gathered more ideas and information to improve this research paper.

Sample and Population This research used 50 houseflies and 5 identical plastic containers. Each container has 10 houseflies sprayed with 4 selected oregano concentrations and 1 chemical pesticide to make it fair and accurate. This research chose houseflies because it was everywhere, easy to catch and one of the common pests in the community that everybody wants to get rid off.

Data Gathering Procedure First was the preparation of all the needed components of the research like houseflies, oregano leaves, mortar and pestle, spraying bottles and plastic containers. There were 50 houseflies that were used in this experiment. This study made sure that each housefly was in similar size, kind and condition before starting the experiment. Houseflies were used in this experiment because they were easier to catch.
Preparation of Oregano Spray
1. First was the preparation of 1000 leaves of oregano.
2. Next, the leaves were washed with water.
3. Then, the oregano leaves were pounded until it produced 125ml sap.
4. Lastly, the oregano concentration was transferred in a spraying bottle.

Picture 1. Oregano concentrations in the bottle and chemical pesticide in the sprayer
This study used 5 identical plastic containers. Each container has 10 houseflies and was labeled as:
a) Sprayed with 100% oregano concentration
b) Sprayed with 75% oregano concentration
c) Sprayed with 50% oregano concentration
d) Sprayed with 25% oregano concentration
e) Chemical pesticide

Picture 2. Labeled containers of houseflies
Spraying Procedure
Corresponding oregano concentration and chemical pesticide was applied for each container. The effects of oregano concentrations were observed and the results were recorded afterwards. Lastly, gathered information was recorded within 3 days and the statistical treatments were computed. For Safety, the experiment was conducted outside the house and was kept out of reach of the children. Oregano concentrations and chemical pesticide inside the spraying bottle were kept on cabinets away from foods. For Fairness, same conditions of 3 houseflies were used for each container and the same amount of oregano concentrations and chemical pesticide was sprayed. For Accuracy, 5 set ups were conducted to prove the accuracy of the data gathered. Every set up has one container. Each set up was sprayed with corresponding oregano concentrations and chemical pesticide until the houseflies died. For Precision, milliliter was used for measuring the amount of liquid substances in making oregano concentrations. Picture 1 Picture 2 Picture 3 Picture 4 Picture 5

Statistical Tools To answer the problem regarding the figures needed to justify the results, this research used the following statistical tools.
I. Percentage Error
%E = ISTD-EXPI x 100
STD
This research used the percentage error formula to get the percentage error of the number of houseflies that died, time consumed and number of sprays.
Where:
EXP - number of houseflies died when sprayed with 100% oregano concentration, 75% oregano concentration, 50% oregano concentration and 25% oregano concentration.
STD – number of houseflies died when sprayed with 100% oregano concentration.
II. Average
X = ( 1+ 2+ 3 ) 3 This research used the average formula to get the average number of houseflies that died, the average time consumed and the average number of sprays used.
Where:
1,2,3 – number of houseflies that died, time consumed and number of sprays used with 100% oregano concentration, 75% oregano concentration, 50% oregano concentration and 25% oregano concentration.

Chapter 5
PRESENTATION OF DATA This chapter presented the presentation of data, which included the summary table, pictures and graphical analysis. It showed the summary of the experiment conducted.

A. Summary Table Pesticides | Ave. no. of houseflies that died | Ave. time consumed (sec.) | Ave. no. of sprays used | Experimental Set-up | | | | 100% oregano concentration | 10 | 114 | 3 | 75% oregano concentration | 10 | 157 | 5 | 50% oregano concentration | 10 | 261 | 7 | 25% oregano concentration | 10 | 565 | 9 | Control Set-up | | | | Chemical Pesticide | 10 | 2 | 1 |

Table 1. Average number of houseflies died, average number of time consumed and average number of sprays used using oregano concentrations.
B. Pictures

Picture 8. Container with live houseflies

Picture 9. Killed houseflies sprayed with 25% oregano concentration

Picture 10. Killed houseflies sprayed with 50% oregano concentration

Picture 11. Killed houseflies sprayed with 75% oregano concentration

Picture 12. Killed houseflies sprayed with 100% oregano concentration

Picture 13. Killed houseflies sprayed with chemical pesticide (Baygon)

C. Graphs

Graph 1. Number of houseflies that died

Graph 2. Time consumed (sec) to kill houseflies Graph 3. Number of sprays used to kill houseflies

Graph 4. Average number of houseflies that died

Graph 5. Average time consumed to kill houseflies

Graph 6. Average number of sprays used to kill houseflies

Chapter 6
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter presented the analysis and interpretation which included the data analysis and data interpretation. This chapter showed the proof and the interpretation based on this research experiment.

Data Analysis Summary table from page 17 showed that 100% oregano concentration killed houseflies with an average number of 10. 75% oregano concentration killed houseflies with an average number of 10. 50% oregano concentration killed houseflies with an average number of 10. 25% oregano concentration killed houseflies with an average number of 10. And chemical pesticide killed houseflies with an average number of 10. Summary table from page 17 also showed that the average lifespan of the houseflies when sprayed with 100% oregano concentration was 114 seconds, when sprayed with 75% oregano concentration was 157 seconds, when sprayed with 50% oregano concentration was 261 seconds and when sprayed with 25% oregano concentration was 565 seconds. The chemical pesticide killed houseflies with an average number of 2 seconds. And the summary table from page 17 showed the average number of sprays used. 100% oregano concentration has an average number of 3 sprays to kill 3 houseflies, 75% oregano concentration has an average number of 5 sprays to kill 3 houseflies, 50% oregano concentration has an average number of 7 sprays to kill 3 houseflies and 25% oregano concentration has an average number of 9 sprays to kill 10 houseflies. The chemical pesticide has an average number of 1 spray to kill 10 houseflies. Based on the table 2 on page 30 in Appendices, 100% oregano concentration killed 10 houseflies. 75% oregano concentration killed 8 houseflies on its first day and 2 houseflies on its second day. 50% oregano concentration killed only 5 houseflies on its first day, 3 on its second day and 2 on its third day. And lastly, 25% oregano concentration killed only 3 houseflies on its first day, 2 on its second day and 5 on its third day. Like 100% oregano concentration, chemical pesticide killed 10 houseflies on its first day. Based on the table 3 on page 31 in Appendices, 100% oregano concentration killed housefly 1 for 126 seconds, housefly 2 for 112 seconds and housefly 3 for 103 seconds. 75% oregano concentration killed housefly 1 for 152 seconds, housefly 2 for 161 seconds and housefly 3 for 159 seconds. 50% oregano concentration killed housefly 1 for 263 seconds, housefly 2 for 250 seconds and housefly 3 for 269 seconds. And lastly, 25% oregano concentration killed housefly 1 for 584 seconds, housefly 2 for 569 seconds and housefly 3 for 542 seconds. The chemical pesticide killed housefly 1 for 2 seconds, housefly 2 for 1 second and housefly 3 for 2 seconds. Based on the table 4 on page 33 in Appendices, 100% oregano concentration killed housefly 1 in 3 sprays, housefly 2 in 3 sprays and housefly 3 in sprays. 75% oregano concentration killed housefly 1 in 5 sprays, housefly 2 in 5 sprays and housefly 3 in 5 sprays. 50% oregano concentration killed housefly in 7 sprays, housefly 2 in 7 sprays and housefly 3 in 7 sprays. 25% oregano concentration killed housefly 1 in 9 sprays, housefly 2 in 9 sprays and housefly 3 in 9 sprays. The chemical pesticide killed housefly 1 in 1 spray, housefly 2 in 1 spray and housefly 3 in 1 spray.

Data Interpretation Based on the data formulated, oregano concentration was as effective as chemical pesticide (Baygon). As the percentage of oregano concentration was used increases, the effectiveness of killing houseflies also increases. With the reduced concentration, number of sprays compensates the concentration to meet its effectiveness. Due to its pungent odor, concentration percentage also helps to reduce the lifespan of houseflies. Higher percentage reduces the houseflies’ lifespan better. Thus, oregano concentration works as effective as the local pesticide. One of the problems met was to catch houseflies. It was really hard to catch houseflies at first if you do not have any idea on how to catch it, but, do not give up. Neighbors gave some tips on how to catch houseflies easily. Poultry was the best place to catch houseflies. Another problem was transferring the 10 houseflies per each container. It was really hard to do it especially when you’re careless. By slowly giving way to the houseflies to enter the container, houseflies were avoided to fly away. The last problem was finding the right cover for each container. Search for a net that would fit right to each container. Patience was always needed to finish successfully this research paper. Set up | Percentage error | | Houseflies that died | Time consumed(sec) | Sprays used | 100% oreganoconcentration75% oreganoconcentration50% oreganoconcentration25% oreganoconcentration | 0000 | 560077501295028150 | 200400600800 | The percentage error of the houseflies treated with 100% oregano concentration, 75% oregano concentration, 50% oregano concentration and 25% oregano concentration gave the result of 0% for the number of houseflies that died. The percentage error of the houseflies treated with chemical pesticide gave the result of 0% for the number of houseflies that died. The percentage error of the houseflies treated with 100% oregano concentration was 5600 seconds, 75% oregano concentration was 7750 seconds, 50% oregano concentration was 12950 seconds and 25% oregano concentration was 28150 seconds for the time consumed to kill houseflies. The percentage error of the houseflies treated with 100% oregano concentration was 200, 75% oregano concentration was 400, 50% oregano concentration was 600 and 25% oregano concentration was 800 for the number of sprays used to kill houseflies. According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregano. It was true that oregano concentration could be an effective alternative pesticide and it was much proven in this research. Oregano was high in antioxidant activity, due to a high content of phenolic acids and flavonoids. Additionally, oregano has demonstrated antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes. Based on the study we have read, it was effective to use oregano concentrations as an alternative pesticide, the higher the concentration of it, the more effective of it as an alternative pesticide.

Chapter 7
SUMMARY

This chapter presented the summary which included the conclusion and recommendation. This chapter answered the questions from the statement of the problem. This chapter would help those future researchers to improve their research.

Conclusion The experiment that was carried out proved that oregano concentration could also kill houseflies though it couldn’t destroy houseflies as fast as chemical pesticide do. 100% oregano concentration when sprayed to houseflies, killed houseflies with an average number of 10, like 100% oregano concentration, 75%, 50% and 25% oregano concentrations when sprayed to houseflies, killed houseflies with an average number of 10. Houseflies sprayed with chemical pesticide were killed with an average number of 10. All houseflies when sprayed with chemical pesticide were all killed during the first set up. It was therefore conclude that chemical pesticide was more preferable to use than oregano concentration. However, though it was proven in this research that chemical pesticide had a better result than oregano concentration further studies might have led to a better effect when oregano concentration was sprayed to other kind of pests. Oregano concentration was effective as an alternative pesticide to the houseflies. Therefore, our hypothesis was correct.

Recommendation The study recommended using other kinds of fly such as blow fly and blue bottles to find out what other changes or effects would those alternative pesticides gave to the other variety of fly. Because, in that way, you can discover if the alternative pesticide that you will use to spray them will give the same or even better results. The best place to catch blow flies and blue bottles was in wet market coz those kinds of fly liked to stay in such fishy smell places. You should be wise when catching blue flies. Prepare your containers and don’t forget your plastics. Never waste time. Time was very important. When free time comes, grab the chance and do your research paper as much as possible, because time runs too fast. You’ll never know if you would encounter difficult problems. Better submit your research two weeks or sooner before the deadline so your research adviser can correct your mistakes. Ask your research adviser about the topics that you don’t understand. It was also suggested to first analyze the research very well before doing the experiment to avoid failure and repetition. The success of the research depends on the researcher’s ability to take risks and patience to go over and over again.
Appendices
A. Tables Pesticide | Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Experimental Set up | | | | 100% oregano concentration | 10 | 0 | 0 | 75% oregano concentration | 8 | 2 | 0 | 50% oregano concentration | 5 | 3 | 2 | 25% oregano concentration | 3 | 2 | 5 | Control Set up | | | | Chemical Pesticide | 10 | 0 | 0 |

Table 2. Number of houseflies that died

Pesticide | Housefly 1 | Housefly 2 | Housefly 3 | Average | Experimental Set up | | | | | 100% oregano concentration | 126 | 112 | 103 | 114 | 75% oregano concentration | 152 | 161 | 159 | 157 | 50% oregano concentration | 263 | 250 | 269 | 261 | 25% oregano concentration | 584 | 569 | 542 | 565 | Control Set up | | | | | Chemical Pesticide | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 |

Table 3. Number of time consumed (sec)

Oregano Concentration | Housefly 1 | Housefly 2 | Housefly 3 | Average | Experimental Set up | | | | | 100% oregano concentration | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 75% oregano concentration | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 50% oregano concentration | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 25% oregano concentration | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | Control Set up | | | | | Chemical Pesticide | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |

Table 4. Number of sprays used

B. Pictures

Picture 15. Preparation of the materials

Picture 16. Pounding the oregano leaves

Picture 17. Timer used

Bibliography
Reference
Willi Krizzia Mae G. Oracion and Shirlie Mae A. Tabilisma, “The Effects of Pesticide made from Sili and Detergen on Seleted Pests” last S.Y. 2008-2009, Liceo de Pila, Pila, Laguna.

Electronic References

1. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/431669/oregano 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregano 3. http://www.answers.com/ 4. http://www.foreignword.com/dictionary/Tagalog 5. http://m.www.yahoo.com/houseflies 6. http://www.google.com.ph/oregano 7. http://www.fabulousfoods.com/recipes/article/224/19962 8. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/houseflies 9. http://m.www.yahoo.com/oregano 10. http://www.google.com.ph/houseflies 11. http://www.getridofthings.com/get-rid-of-house-flies.htm 12. http://www.drugs.com/