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Tv and Radio Analyst

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Anne-Marie Fecteau
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Communication publique et ses pratiques
COM-1003

L’impact des médias électroniques au 20e et 21e siècles
Travail Pratique numéro 2

Travail présenté à
Mme. Josette Brun

Département d’information et de communication Université Laval

Session Automne 2013

Consignes * Faites une brève mise en contexte de l'arrivée des médias électroniques au Québec en vous servant des notes de cours sur les débuts de la radio et de la télévision (Séance 10). * Proposez une synthèse des textes de Jean du Berger et de Frédéric Demers (citations et paraphrases à l’appui – bien identifier texte et page) au sujet de l’impact de l'arrivée de la radio et de la télévision dans la vie quotidienne et la culture québécoises. Enrichissez votre réflexion en vous référant explicitement (citations et paraphrases à l’appui – bien identifier texte et page) à deux textes de votre choix tirés de l’ouvrage collectif de Denis Monière et Florian Sauvageau, en ligne sur le portail. * Observez la place qu’occupent les médias électroniques (radio, télévision, internet) dans votre façon de vous informer au quotidien, notamment en comparant leur importance et leur pertinence pour vous à celles des journaux « papiers ». * Faites preuve de nuances en vous inspirant explicitement des théories de la réception présentées dans la séance 10.

Ils nous informent, ils nous divertissent, ils nous éduquent et ils nous représentent, les médias électroniques sont aujourd’hui omniprésents dans nos vies. Pour nous, enfants d’une génération hyper médiatisé, l’existence de la radio et de la télévision dans notre quotidien n’a rien d’exceptionnelle, pourtant l’invention de ses deux médias d’information eu un impact considérable sur la société Québécoise de l’époque. Dans ce texte, je ferai un survol de l’histoire de ces deux médias à leur début au Québec. Ensuite, j’analyserai deux extraits d’ouvrages écrient sur le sujet et enfin, j’aborderai une perspective plus personnelle de mon utilisation de ces médias car cela facilitera la compréhension de la théorie de la réception vu en classe.

La radio, premier média électroniques, eu l’effet d’une véritable révolution dans la société Québécoise. La première station à voir le jour en 1919 est XWA, une station expérimentale Montréalaise qui se convertie en 1920 en station commerciale connue sous l’indicatif CFCF. À cette époque, les propriétaires des stations pionnières sont des éditeurs de journaux. La Presse, par exemple, en 1922 avait sa propre station de radio CKAC. Celle-ci fut la toute première station francophone au Canada. À leur début, les postes de radio au Québec ont avant tout une fonction commerciale. Augmenter le financement de la publicité, créer des alternatives pour le matériel de radiocommunication, faire la promotion de nouveaux produits et stimuler l’industrie touristique, sont tous les mandats commerciaux des premières stations. Ce n’est seulement qu’une dizaine d’années plus tard, suite à loi sur la radio diffu que la radio devient un service public d’état relevant du gouvernement fédéral. Une décision qui est d’abord motivée par la crainte d’être envahi par les États-Unis une puissance industrielle en matière de télécommunication, à laquelle aucune entreprise privée Canadienne ne pouvait concurrencer. Outre que la protection de la culture et l’économie du pays d’une menace américaine, l’état ressent la nécessité de détenir le contrôle sur les ondes, car cela permettait d’assurer une vision nationale communes. Un besoin indéniable alors que la tension était palpable entre les canadien français et les canadiens anglais suite à la crise de la conscription. La commission Canadienne de la radiodiffusion (CCR), créer en 1932, est chargé d’élaborer des objectifs précis en matière de radiodiffusion, car bien qu’il ai des lois fédérale qui en font un service public, le système de radiodiffusion canadien est plutôt un modèle mixte. Or, ces objectifs de radiodiffusion sont les balises que devront respecter les stations privées pour conserver leurs licences. Une formule gagnante puisque celles-ci représentent 70% de la puissance d’émission au pays après la deuxième guerre mondiale. au pays après la deuxième guerre mondiale.

La télévision est le média électronique le plus par les Canadiens. Ce média fut son apparition au Canada en 1952. Immédiatement, il fut défini comme un service public pour palier aux faiblesses de l’économie canadienne face à la menace américaine et éviter que le privé ne domine le marché. Pendant dix ans, la société d’état Radio Canada eu le monopole au pays. Il faudra attendre jusqu’en 1961 avant de voir apparaitre un modèle de télédiffusion mixte avec l’entrer en jeu des premières stations privées canadiennes : CTV, TVA et Télémétropole. Dur coup pour Radio Canada qui dut lutter contre une concurrence féroce puisque le privé présente 23 des 25 émissions les plus populaires au Québec. Enfin en 1972, le développement du réseau du câble et l’apparition des chaînes spécialisés telles que RDI (première chaîne française d’informations en continu), Musique + et LCN entraine la fragmentation des auditoires.
Selon le texte « La radio au Québec » de Jean Du Berger, la radio fut un agent de transformation culturelle d’une importance capitale. « Ouverte au dialogue avec son auditoire, elle a propagé différentes idéologies, proposé une variété de modèles culturels, créer un lien entre les valeurs traditionnelles et la modernité. » (Du Berger, 1997 :258) Ce texte est particulièrement intéressant puisqu’il rassemble des témoignages de Québécois ayant assistés à l’évolution de ce média dans la société de l’époque. Ainsi, l’auteur raconte comment l’écoute de cette « cette boîte parlante » est devenue une activité sociale qui modifia les habitudes au quotidien et l’heure des tâches domestiques. « On pouvait écouter la radio à l’heure du repas ou pendant leur préparation, ou encore en même temps que le lavage de la vaisselle ou la lessive ».( Du Berger, 1997 ; 246) Aujourd’hui, la radio a conservé sa particularité d’être un médias d’accompagnement que ce soit en conduisant notre voiture, en travaillant ou en étudiant la radio accompagne nos activités quotidiennes.(Brun, 2013; En ligne)
Très descriptif, ce texte nous trace un portrait détaillé de ce nouvel appareil électronique qui, avant 1930, était plus associer au prestige qu’à la modernité. En effet, après la deuxième guerre mondiale, cet objet de luxe autrefois réserver à une élite devint un objet de consommation populaire. De nouveaux appareilles bénéficiant d’une amplification électrique firent leur apparition ce qui permit l’écoute de groupe.

Mise en contexte
La radio

Synthèse des textes
Recherche de l’information citoyenne ? temps mis dans la recherche de l’information leader d’opinion avec le journalisme citoyen change. Texte de duberger décore, ouverture sur le monde ect...

Pour ma part, je suis une fervente adepte d’internet. Selon moi, avec l’apparition de ce nouveau média est née une promesse de liberté. En effet, je suis de celle qui croient que seulement regarder un bulletin de nouvelle à la télévision n’est pas une façon convenable de s’informer sur l’actualité. Selon moi, le rapport producteur/récepteur y est inégale parce que les grandes chaînes de télévision et les postes de radio divulgue leurs information selon un certain cadre médiatique prédéfini, ce que l’on nomme dans le jargon « lecture prescrite ». (Brun, 2013 séances 10) Le meilleur exemple est la couverture d’actualité des médias américain en réaction aux événements du 11 septembres 2011, impossible d’avoir un point de vue neutre sur l’attentat, la chasse aux terroristes était ouverte et tout nous prédisposait à développer une haine envers les pays arabes. Le pouvoir des médias est bien réel et j’admets en faire le constat à travers ma propre consommation médiatique.

Étudiante en communications publiques, je me dois d’être en relation constante avec médias, étant sans cesse exposée à leurs influences sur la façon dont je filtre, interprète et critique les informations qu’ils me transmettent. Je ne suis pas une grande consommatrice de la télévision. Mon écoute de celle-ci est souvent partielle puisque généralement je capte les images sans toutefois m’arrêter à l’écoute attentive de la lecture de nouvelle ou de l’émission en cour. Le plus grands facteur d’influence dans mon cas serait mon entourage. Que se soit, mes professeurs, mes amis, mes collègues de radio, mes camarades de classe ou ma famille j’entretiens fréquemment avec eux des discutions sur l’actualité. Ce sont ses conversations qui la plus part du temps m’informent le plus sur les grands enjeux d’actualités. Par curiosité, je vais donc tenter d’en connaitre plus sur les sujets aborder en menant mes propres recherches sur le net. En effet, ma deuxième source d’information la plus privilégiée est internet. J’utilise se médias quotidiennement pour m’informer mais aussi lorsque je désire regarder une émission populaire. Je crois que l’impact de la télévision et de la radio est bien réel mais que celui d’internet est encore plus important dans les générations à venir ! En effet, notre génération fut élever avec les médias traditionnels en étant outiller pour en faire bonne usage et se méfier de leurs contenus. Nous avons donc une prédisposition à faire d’avantage confiance à nos relation interpersonnelles lorsque vient le temps de se fonder une opinion. Or avec les blogues, les médias sociaux et les journaux interactifs en ligne, l’influence des médias traditionnels sera moindre. Il est maintenant possible de suivre en direct des journalistes du monde entier, alors qui croire dans cette gamme infinie de sources d’information ? C’est à ce moment que nous nous référons à notre réseaux social pour voir ce qui les concernent et ce qu’ils en pensent. Cela aura un impact assuré sur notre propre analyse de l’actualité, nos choix de divertissements et même nos opinions personnels.

L’impact des médias électroniques s ma vie
Finalement, comme nous avons pu le constater, les médias , électroniques eurent un impact sans équivoque sur la société Québécoise. Mais qu’en est-t-il aujourd’hui ? Maintenant que la télévision et la radio font partie intégrale de notre quotidien, plusieurs s’inquiète sur le pouvoir que ce type de médias exerce dans nos vies. Cette crainte fut l’élément déclencheur de plusieurs recherches sur le concept de « la théorie de la réception ». Celle-ci tente de mesurer l’effet des médias sur ses différents publics. Ainsi, depuis la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale bon nombre de chercheurs ont émis des hypothèses sur les effets des médias. D’abord Lasswell en 1927 prétendait que les médias détenaient un pouvoir absolu d’injecter du contenu à un public amorphe, ensuite Lazardfeld et Katz proposèrent plutot que le pouvoir des médias est limité car en faite se sont les leader d’opinion qui influence le plus le public. Pour ma part, je suis de la génération qui évolua avec l’avènement des nouveaux médias. Nous sommes nés avec la radio et la télévision en arrière fond, ses médias n’ont aucun secret pour nous. Je me souviens des craintes des adultes envers l’impact qu’aurait sur leurs enfants cette exposition précoce aux médias ; « les émissions pour enfants ne traduisent pas de bonnes valeurs À l’école primaire, nous avons apprivoisé l’utilisation d’internet, un outil qui m’est aujourd’hui indispensable !
(Finir par la théorie de la réception et nuances)

Mon quotidien est meublé d’écrans de toute sortes. Écrans d’ordinateur, de télévision, de téléphone La pluparts des historiens affirment qu’ils y a eu une influence importante mais il prennent ca pour acquis sans avoir de preuves ils se basse sur des énoncer faits non fait par des scientifiques mais par des artisans de la télévision. Dominant vs Pertinent est le groupe nuancer ! et plus en liens avec les théories de la réception moderne !

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