...CAPITAL STRUCTURE DECISIONS Research Project Presented to MPSTME,NMIMS In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of 5 Years Integrated MBA (Tech) Program By Kritika Goel 334 Year of Graduation: 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This is not a mere formality, but a means to express my sincere gratitude to all who helped me and played an essential role throughout my endeavour, so that I could complete this research project in time and achieve success. I acknowledge from the bottom of my heart those who were solicitous and benevolent enough to guide me throughout the period. First and foremost, I am deeply grateful to my college and my research project mentor Prof. Kedar Subramanian whose profound encouragement, cooperation, guidance and keen supervision at every stage of my research paper inspired me in pursuing and completing it successfully and within schedule. I also heartily thank the Head of the Department Prof. RC Agrawal and the Respected Dean for the continuous help and encouragement and the friendly atmosphere of education provided by them. Kritika Goel ABSTRACT The paper is divided into two major segments- Introduction and Review of Literature. Former, gives a foundation of capital structure decisions with its purpose, significance and methodology. Later, provide the development of the present research by examining the earlier literature or secondary data on the same. Capital Structure is a basically a structure or mixture of different types...
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...NO. | 1 | Scope of the research paper | 3 | 2 | Introduction | 3 | 3 | Research methodology | 3-4 | 4 | Conclusion | 4 | 5 | Limitations and future direction of research | 4-5 | | (a) Limitations | 4 | | (b) Future direction of research | 5 | BEST PRACTICES IN ESTIMATING COST OF CAPITAL 1. THE SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER: It is a survey research paper presenting the results of the cost of capital survey of advisors, corporations etc showing a close alignment among the groups on the use of common theoretical framework and on many aspects of estimation. Variations are found on large number of joint choices regarding cost of capital. 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC: The paper is about presenting evidence that how some of the most financially sophisticated companies and financial advisers estimate capital cost. The evidence to be presents is valuable in several aspects. First is to identify the most important ambiguities in the application of cost of capital theory and the second is helping interested companies benchmarking their cost of capital estimation practices against best practice peers. Third is that the evidence sheds light on the accuracy with which the capital costs can be reasonably estimated. The cost of capital can be computed by the following, i. The weighted average cost of capital. ii. Sample selection. iii. Survey findings. iv. Impacts of various assumptions for using CAPM. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: This paper...
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...The American economic JUNE 1958 Revlew NUMBER THREE VOLUME XLVIII THE COST OF CAPITAL, CORPORATION FINANCE AND THE THEORY OF INVESTMIENT By FRANCO MODIGLIAN1 AND MERTON H. MILLER* What is the "cost of capital" to a firm in a world in which funds are used to acquire assets whose yields are uncertain; and in which capital can be obtained by many different media, ranging from pure debt instruments, representing money-fixed claims, to pure equity issues, giving holders only the right to a pro-rata share in the uncertain venture.? This question has vexed at least three classes of economists: (1) the corporation finance specialist concerned with the techniques of financing firms so as to ensure their survival and growth; (2) the managerial economist concerned with capital budgeting; and (3) the economic theorist concerned with explaining investment behavior at both the micro and macro levels.' In much of his formal analysis, the economic theorist at least has tended to side-step the essence of this cost-of-capital problem by proceeding as though physical assets-like bonds-could be regarded as yielding known, sure streams. Given this assumption, the theorist has concluded that the cost of capital to the owners of a firm is simply the rate of interest on bonds; and has derived the familiar proposition that the firm, acting rationally, will tend to push investmnent to the point * The authors are, respectively, professor and associate professor of economics in...
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...American Economic Association The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment Author(s): Franco Modigliani and Merton H. Miller Source: The American Economic Review, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Jun., 1958), pp. 261-297 Published by: American Economic Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1809766 Accessed: 10/09/2009 09:51 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aea. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. ...
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...Research Proposal University of Phoenix D’Ainsley Smith FIN/711 January 11, 2014 Professor Allen Research Proposal Financial analysis is important for every organization. In the course of financial analysis, it is determines the areas which are to improved by it. Two organizations selected here are Bank of America and HSBC. Both organizations are in the banking sector and have operations in various parts of the world. The organizations work for the purpose of making sure they achieve their targets. The study is conducted for finding out whether these organizations are working appropriately. Background The organization considered presently is Bank of America. This organization is a banking company and engaged in carrying out various kinds of banking operations for customers. “The organization has a total of 57 million clients at the present time” (Carroll, 2007). There are various banking operations carried out by Bank of America. Operations carried out by Bank of America include acceptance of deposits, lending to individuals and businesses, and various financial operations. This organization has been working towards achievement of target goals. For this organization, it is also important to ensure they provide a detailed financial analysis of the company’s operations. The assistance of the financial analysis ensures the company understands and knows their financial position is in...
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... | Financial Structure is the framework of various types of financing employed by a Oil company to acquire and support resources necessary for its operations, commonly, it comprises of stockholders’ investments, long- term loans, short-term loans and short-term liabilities as reflected on the right hand side of the Oil company balance sheet. Financial Structure is different from capital structure in the sense that it also includes current liabilities. Therefore, financial structure is the combination of two main components 1) Capital structure and 2) Current liabilities. To provide an understanding of the concept of financial structure in Oil sector specifically capital structure of Padma Oil Company Limited, the balance sheet, debt and equity, working capital, cost of capital and opportunity cost are need to be explained. The capital structure is how an Oil company finances its overall operations and growth by using different sources of funds. It is a mix of a company’s long-term debt, specific short-term debt, common equity and preferred equity. Debt comes in the form of bond issues or long-term notes payable, while equity is classified as common stock, preferred stock or retained earnings. Short-term debt such as working capital requirements is also considered part of the capital structure. Working capital is defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Current assets...
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...www.sciedu.ca/ijfr International Journal of Financial Research Vol. 5, No. 1; 2014 Shareholders’ Wealth and Debt- Equity Mix of Quoted Companies in Nigeria Amos O. Arowoshegbe1 & Francis Kehinde Emeni2 1 Department of Accounting, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria 2 Department of Accounting, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria Correspondence: Amos O. Arowoshegbe Ph.D; ACA., Department of Accounting, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. Tel: 234-80-3742-2421. E-mail: futona4christ2@gmail.com Received: October 15, 2013 doi:10.5430/ijfr.v5n1p107 Accepted: October 31, 2013 Online Published: January 10, 2014 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v5n1p107 Abstract The study examined the relationship between shareholders’ wealth and debt-equity mix of quoted companies in Nigeria. The study was based on a panel data set from 1997 to 2011 comprising sixty non – financial companies. The study specified two panel regression models. Two measures of shareholders’ wealth: Return on Equity (ROE) and Earnings per Share (EPS) were taken as the dependent variables respectively. The principal explanatory variable for each of the models was Debt Ratio (DR). The results of the study conform to our a-priori expectation that there is a significant negative relationship between shareholders’ wealth and debt-equity mix of quoted companies in Nigeria. This is not unexpected considering the inactive debt market in Nigeria, the dominance of the money...
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...on Education Technology and Information System (ICETIS 2014) Research on Chinese Commercial Banks' Capital Structure Optimization Jianwen ZHENG Wuhan University of Technology,China email:174068598@qq.com Keywords: Commercial Banking, Capital Structure, Optimization, Strategy Abstract. Optimize the capital structure is the fact that the premise of improving corporate governance.This paper describes the status of the capital structure of Chinese commercial banks, analyzes the main problems of Chinese commercial banks supplement existing capital structure, optimization strategies proposed capital structure of commercial banks in China, China's policy of commercial banks and other wealthy significant ownership concentration, such as optimization of innovative recommendations. Introduction The capital structure of the model can have a significant impact on the Company's operating performance.This effect can be divided into two cases: one is the direct impact that the capital structure, the financing risk and the cost of capital can directly affect business performance; while another case is the indirect impact, mainly on the company's first impact on the governance structure, and then have an impact on business performance through the governance structure.The pace of development of China's listed banks initially very slow. Under conditions of economic system reform, the bank's capital structure gradual adjustments, operating performance has gradually improved...
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...Paper Title: Trading favors within Chinese groups Discussant: Federica Capriglione Abstract Pyramidal structures is a dominant aspect of ownership in the developing world, which allow shareholders to control corporations with relatively low investments. On the one hand, the mismatch of cash flow and control rights leads to a range of agency problems and resultant resource misallocations, potentially impacting the macro economy. On the other, pyramids are one important mechanism that enables the formation of diversified business groups that are a dominant feature of business organization in much of the world. The paper aims to give an illustration of this within-firm trade-off of costs and benefits in the context of publicly traded firms in China. Moreover, capital investment and firm performance are investigated from the perspective of pyramidal ownership structure. In the last part of paper it is examined why when a listed firm gets into financial trouble and is designated as special treatment (ST) firm by the regulatory authorities, could have generated overwhelmingly favorable market reactions. That will be considered from the perspective of “tunnelling” and “propping up” practice within Chinese listed firms. 1. Introduction A dominant aspect of ownership in the developing world is pyramidal structures, which allow shareholders to control corporations with relatively low investments. The uneasy relationship between these controlling investors and minority shareholders, and...
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...Asian Journal of Technology & Management Research [ISSN: 2249 –0892] Vol. 01 – Issue: 01 (Jan - Jun 2011) CORPORATE RESTRUCTURING - A FINANCIAL STRATEGY Vikas Srivastava1 Ms. Ghausia Mushtaq2 ABSTRACT This paper serves the very purpose of defining the corporate restructuring as a financial strategy adopted towards the financial development and enhancement of an organization suffering from a major set back at any level of operation. Technological advancement and environmental or political – legal changes and polices enable the companies to move in the direction routed by the changing environment of the new era. There is a lot of competition in almost all respect as the there is not only the survival of the fittest but also the wittiest. In phase of rapid industrialization, only those organization will survive which will create and able to deliver the maximum value as satisfaction to their customers. The corporate restructuring, as the financial strategy, will make an effect on the overall cost of capital or will have an effort to bring it to the lowest so that the changes with respect to various operational and functional activities of the organization will be taken care of by the organizational changes. Corporate restructuring is one of the most complex and fundamental phenomena that management experiences. Each company has two opposing objectives from which it has to choose: to diversify or to refocus on its core business. Financial restructuring involves the...
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...Association The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment Author(s): Franco Modigliani and Merton H. Miller Source: The American Economic Review, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Jun., 1958), pp. 261-297 Published by: American Economic Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1809766 Accessed: 03-09-2015 15:21 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. American Economic Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The American Economic Review. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 145.90.63.121 on Thu, 03 Sep 2015 15:21:00 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The American VOLUME XLVIII Revlew economic JUNE 1958 NUMBER THREE THE COST OF CAPITAL, CORPORATION FINANCE AND THE THEORY OF INVESTMIENT By FRANCO MODIGLIAN1 AND MERTON H. MILLER* What is the "cost of capital" to a firm in a world in which funds are used to acquire assets whose yields are uncertain; and in which capital can be obtained...
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...Financial Market Cours 1 Le 16/09/2014 Introduction Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville (29 July 1805 – 16 April 1859) was a French political thinker and historian best known for his works Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). In both of these, he analyzed the improved living standards and social conditions of individuals, as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies. Democracy in America was published after Tocqueville's travels in the United States, and is today considered an early work of sociology and political science. Tocqueville was active in French politics, first under the July Monarchy (1830–1848) and then during the Second Republic (1849–1851) which succeeded the February 1848 Revolution. He retired from political life after Louis Napoléon Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup, and thereafter began work on The Old Regime and the Revolution. He argued that the importance of the French Revolution was to continue the process of modernizing and centralizing the French state which had begun under King Louis XIV. The failure of the Revolution came from the inexperience of the deputies who were too wedded to abstract Enlightenment ideals. Tocqueville was a classical liberal who advocated parliamentary government, but was skeptical of the extremes of democracy The work of Alexis de Tocqueville permit to understand how the financial market works...
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...to have a general understanding of Research Methodology and Statistics as applicable to Business Management and its use and relevance in areas of Management Research. While mathematical material will be covered, the major goal is for the students to develop a set of skills and tools which will be important in their management careers. At the conclusion of the course students should be able to: (1) develop the skills to identify the appropriate statistical techniques for the analysis of data; and (2) learn how to collect, analyze, present and interpret research data. Course Syllabus Group I: Research Methodology: Objectives, Role & Scope in Management Research, Process of Research; Research Designs: Exploratory, Descriptive & Experimental Research Designs and their Applications; Sampling Design: Concepts, types and their applicability; Scaling Techniques including Likert, Thurston, Semantic Differential Scaling techniques, etc. Tools & Techniques of Data Collection: Primary & Secondary; Classification & Tabulation of Data. Group II: Introduction to Statistics, Statistics & Business Research, Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode; Measures of Dispersion, Coefficient of Variance; Skewness & Kurtosis: Concept and Measures; Correlation Analysis: Simple, Partial & Multiple (Elementary); Regression Analysis: Concept & Measures, Linear Regression. Elementary Probability Theory: Concepts, Definitions and Problems. Group III: Probability Distributions:...
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...Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2010 Three Essays in Corporate Governance Vishaal Rabindranauth Anand Baulkaran Wilfrid Laurier University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods Commons Recommended Citation Baulkaran, Vishaal Rabindranauth Anand, "Three Essays in Corporate Governance" (2010). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). Paper 1121. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact scholarscommons@wlu.ca. 1*1 Library and Archives Canada Bibliotheque et Archives Canada Published Heritage Branch Direction du Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-75409-2 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-75409-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Library and Archives Canada to reproduce, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, communicate to the public by telecommunication or on the Internet, loan, distribute and sell theses worldwide, for commercial or noncommercial purposes, in microform, paper...
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...MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS LITERATURE REVIEW LUKE WALTON Table of Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 3 Background and motivation 3 Objective or aim of this literature review 4 Findings from current available literature 4 Issues from current research 5 Contribution to current literature and stakeholders 5 Section One 6 Motivation of M&A’s 6 Synergy 6 Agency theory 7 Hubris 7 Relationship between motives and financing 8 Section Two 9 Payment methods 9 Financing hierarchy vs. market conditions 9 Differing views on leverage 10 Valuation and the agency problem 10 Managerial ownership 11 Section Three 12 Performance of mergers and acquisitions 12 Performance indicators 12 Methodology 13 Profitability 13 Performance due to the motivation 14 Conclusion 15 Summary and findings 15 Areas of future research 17 Qualitative research in M&A’s 17 Decision making process for methods of payment 17 Unified methodology in determining M&A performance 17 References 19 Abstract Mergers and acquisitions have become a common practice for firms as a mean to expand and increase profitability. Existing evidence is still unable to strongly determine what factors make a successful M&A due to inconsistency in data and findings. This paper aims to provide an insight to the steps included in the M&A process by comparing existing literature and hopes to suggest key determinants of a successful M&A transaction. Evidence shows...
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