...feature of electoral systems with single-member legislative districts, and generally results over time in a two-party competition. Large countries widely using FPTP include India, United States, United Kingdom and Canada. The first-past-the-post voting method is one of the several plurality voting systems. Confusion in terminology often exists between highest vote, majority vote and plurality voting systems. All three use a first-past-the-post voting method, but there are subtle differences in the method of execution.[1] First-past-the-post voting is also used in two-round systems and some exhaustive ballots. First-past-the-post voting methods can be used for single and multiple member elections. In a single member election the candidate with the highest number, not necessarily a majority, of votes is elected. The two-round voting system uses a first-past-the-post voting method in each of the two rounds. The first round determines which two candidates will progress to the second, final round ballot. In a multiple member first-past-the-post ballot, the first numbers of candidates, in order of highest vote, corresponding to the number of positions to be filled are elected. If there are six vacancies then the first six candidates with the highest vote are elected. A multiple selection ballot where more than one candidate can be voted for is also a form of first-past-the-post voting in which voters are allowed to cast a vote for as many candidates as there are vacant positions; the candidate(s)...
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...Ch. 17.1: Voting Methods The mathematical/sociological study of voting methods is more properly referred to as Social Choice Theory. It is a very important and hotly-debated subject, for obvious reasons! Methods of voting have been developed and debated since democracy in ancient Athens (probably earlier). It was in 1785 that a French philosopher named Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat (the Marquis of Condorcet) published two foundational mathematical results, now known as Condorcet’s Jury Theorem, and Condorcet’s Paradox. The term “Social Choice Theory”, however, was not coined until after 1951, with the publishing of “Social Choice and Individual Values” by American economist Kenneth Arrow. These two men are often credited as the founders of the modern theory. In this section, we will look at seven different methods of casting and evaluating votes: i. Majority Rule ii. Plurality Rule iii. Borda Count iv. Hare Method v. Pairwise Comparison Method vi. Approval Method vii. Tournament Method Here on, we consider the general problem in which a group of n people must choose exactly 1 option (e.g. “C”) from a list of distinct options (A,B,C, etc.). These options could be candidates running for office, bills, legal decisions, etc. The one that is chosen we shall call the “winner”. 1 Plurality Voting In plurality voting (also called first-past-the-post voting in reference to horse races), each voter casts exactly 1 vote in favour of just 1 option. The winner is the option that earns...
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...Journal- Harborco Background: In this negotiation exercise, I was assigned as the Seaborne Governor’s negotiator as part of a six member party meeting to negotiate a deal with Harborco to build and operate a deepwater port off the coast of Seaborne. The Governor on the whole was very interested in seeing this deepwater port built in Seaborne as she believes that the size of the project would provide the stimulus for a dramatic recovery in the state. However, as there were many parties involved in the meeting, each party had its own interests and objectives that they wished to obtain from the negotiation and the deal. The five main issues that were negotiated between the six parties were Industry Mix, Ecological Impact, Employment Rules/ Distribution, Federal Loans and Compensation to other ports. In particular the governor was interested in bringing federal money into the state as it would provide the governor with huge political leverage. Therefore, obtaining a huge federal loan was one of our main agendas that we wished to obtain from this negotiation. Next, the employment distribution was also important to the governor because of the political strength of labour unions in the state. The industry mix was also important in terms of economic stability and revenue in the long run for the region and the governor had expressed that “primarily dirty” industries were most desirable. In terms of the ecological impact the governor was not too concerned about the...
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...work himself. Hence the risk is related to human failure. Since the homeowner does not have extensive experience in some of the remodeling tasks, there is no history that can be used to calculate failure rates so that probabilities can be determined. The use of a Human Error Probabilities (HEP) model will be needed to determine the probabilities of the remodel tasks that are most at risk. The tasks that have been identified most at risk are the plumbing, electrical and window installation. I will use the Delphi approach to develop HEP estimates for the most at risk tasks. The first step is to select a panel consisting of four subject matter experts (SME), a risk analysis and a group facilitator. Two of the four SMEs will have professional experience in bathroom remodeling and the other two will be homeowners that have taken on bathroom remodel projects but do not necessarily do it for a living. This is to help minimize biasing the data since the analysis is going to be used to determine whether the homeowner does the work himself or contracts it out. After the facilitator introduces each member of the panel and introductions have been made, the risk analysis will present one of the remodel tasks that have been determined risky for the homeowner to perform. For example the installation of the new plumbing fixtures would be discussed by him and he would make the case for developing HEPs for water leaks occurring if the homeowner were to perform the work himself. If possible the risk...
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...COMPARATIVE FOREING GOVERNMENT The US Political system- principles, institutions, rules and performance * A Democratic Republic * Political power, authority and legitimacy resides in the ¨we the people¨ * Officeholders serve specified terms and face regularly schedule elections * Political office cannot be inherited or conferred (no monarch, no nobility) * A constitutional system * A single document defining government powers, institutions and their functions, electoral procedures * Short and difficult to amend * Flexible and adaptable to changing circumstances (¨living document¨) * Widely perceived as legitimate by ¨we the people¨ * A representative democracy * Elected representatives –not ¨we the people¨-- make national law and policy (no referenda, recall, or ballot initiative) * The rule of law * Power of government over citizens explicitly limited (bill of rights) * The judiciary (federal courts) is on independent brunch of government whose members are protected by interference * All the elected are subjected to the law * Appointed officials are accountable to elected officials and to the courts * Institutional characteristics * /Separation of power/ divides political power and governmental authority among three branches having distinctive powers * Checks and balances allows each branch to offset the powers of the others * A powerful bicameral legislature with a meaningful upper house *...
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...improvement. Research suggests that patient safety measures like hourly rounding by nursing personnel positively impacts patient fall rates, call light usage and overall patient satisfaction (Olrich et al., 2012, p. 25). Patients are likely to recover and thrive in an environment where they know that they are being acknowledged, monitored and their concerns are being addressed. Health care facilities that have instituted hourly rounding, where nursing staff (e.g. registered nurses, licensed practical/vocational nurses and nurse aides) check in on the patients and inquire of the needs of patients on an hourly basis, have been faced with barriers prior to implementation. Many of the nursing staff would reluctant toward the idea of practicing hourly rounds as this is often perceived as time-consuming strategy. However, if we institute hourly rounding at Davis Health Care, we will notice remarkable improvement in our next survey scores. The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change by Rosswurm and Larrabee (1999) suggests that the initial step is to search for where there is a need for change in the clinical setting. Once an improvement team (consisting of unit managers, nurse researchers, quality improvement nurses, a statistician, etc.) forms, we find ways to identify an improvement goal. Unstructured brainstorming allows the team to contribute ways in which to improve the quality of services at Davis Health Care. Ideas can be written down on paper and then posted (e.g. silent brainstorming)...
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...European Government and Politics GV 2218 Continuous Assessment 2 Name: Shane O Callaghan Student Number: 109819851 Course: BCOM2 Assess the merits of the political reform process underway in the UK. You should examine the proposed changes under a number of headings including but not limited to the electoral system, the House of Lords, and open government. You must discuss why potential reform should take place, its observable implications and consider comparative examples where the changes already exist. Elections are an integral figure in any countries political system. Elections are also important symbolically in most competitive party systems, legitimizing a country’s political system in the eyes of it citizens. They offer a means of participating in politics, elections also give a feeling that they are exercising choices about who should represent them in the national parliament and about who should form the next government. One common debate of which Party System is best to run a Nation has long been argued by politicians and also which is the electoral system that governs the conduct of elections. With elections, change or reform can always be seen and in one case the United Kingdom is a perfect example, in May 2010 the first united coalition in the Britain since World War 2 and now currently there is an on-going debate for political reform in the UK regarding the current electoral system. Would new government bring closure to the drama of reform in The House of Lords...
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...the revolution, President Yushchenko was leader of the Our Ukraine faction in the Ukrainian parliament and a former Prime Minister (1999-2001). During the revolution he was able to keep a protest of hundreds and thousands of people amazingly peaceful. His political camp and supporters used the color orange to signify his election campaign which later represented the series of events to be called the Orange Revolution. His opponent was Viktor Yanukovych who was the sitting Prime Minister and also largely supported by Leonid Kuchma, the outgoing President of Ukraine who already served two terms in the office and was prohibited from running himself due to the constitutional term limits. During the 2004 election, Yanukovych had the support from the outgoing president’s administration that had power over government and state apparatus. In September 2004, one month before the first round of votes, Yushchenko suffered from severe dioxin poisoning which nearly killed him. Many say this was planned by his opponents in hope from him becoming President. Although Yushchenko did not die from this horrific experience the poisoning weakened his health and altered his appearance dramatically. But not even the poisoning or the intimidation from Yanukovch powerful team stopped Yushchenko from...
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...killed during a shooting. Violence will never be completely terminated but what if there was a way that you can help bring the death rate down? Well there is. By voting yes on proposition 63 you support prohibiting the possession of large-capacity magazines and require individuals to first pass a background check before being granted the permission to purchase ammunition. Some people think Proposition 63 wouldn't make a difference in “California’s safety”, because nonresidents would have no restrictions on bringing ammunition into the state, and they can sell to the state’s residents if they go through a licensed vendor. It would also be pricey to law-abiding citizens who need to purchase ammunition for recreation, home defense and competition, and gun owners who have legally-purchased ammunition, would be forced to give up their private property to the government. Those who support Proposition 63 include Lt. Gov. Gavin Newsom, U.S Senate Dianne Feinstein, U.S Senate Barbara Boxer, The California Democratic Party, The California Young...
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... Brandwitz 1 Organizer: IBACC (IBA) Team Members Rounds 4 4 Prize Money BDT 1,50,000 Brandwitz 1 Organizer: IBACC (IBA) Round One Round Two Round Three Round Four Case Solving Product Branding Practical Marketing Idea Branding 1 Brandwitz Organizer: IBACC (IBA) TEAMS ROUND TEAMS ONE ROUND TWO 24 48 24 TEAMS ROUND TEAMS THREE GRAND 4 12 4 12 1 TEAMS TEAMS TEAMS PROCEED TO ROUND PROCEED TO ROUND PROCEED TO GRAND THREE FINALE TWO FINALE TEAM CHAMPION Socio Camp 2 Organizer: NSUSSC (NSU) Team Members Rounds 4 3 Prize Money BDT 75,000 Socio Camp 2 Organizer: NSUSSC (NSU) Round One Round Two Round Three Social Case Awareness Campaign Awareness Campaign Ad Maker 3 Organizer: NSU YES (NSU) Team Members Rounds 3 4 Prize Money BDT 1,00,000 Ad Maker 3 Organizer: NSU YES (NSU) Round One Round Two Round Three Round Four Online Submission TVC & Branding TVC & Branding TVC & Branding Masters of Ideation 4 Organizer: NSU YES (NSU) Team Members Rounds 4 4 Prize Money BDT 1,35,000 Masters of Ideation 4 Organizer: NSU YES (NSU) Round One Round Two Round Three Round Four Case Solving Case Solving Surprise Round Product Branding HSBC IBA Business Case Competition ...
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...voter rolls, opt voting equipment, creating ballots and setting up a considerable amount of workers for the election day. One important function of the administrators is making sure that everyone who is qualified to vote is included in the list. People who haven’t voted in recent past still appear on the list, instead of being eliminated. People who appear on the polls and are not included in the list are given a temporary vote. Whether or not they are qualified is checked before their votes are counted. Start of voting procedure The voting procedure in de United states consists of two steps. First of all you are ought to register, the registration system is intended to terminate fraud. The USA doesn’t obtain a list of qualified voters. This is why it’s important to register. Through registering a voter is qualified. Voters register at their place of residence. In case they move house, they should register again. Every state has its own procedure of registering. Formerly the system was used to discourage citizens who wanted to become a participant, these were mainly African Americans. Lately, registration systems have under gone a change, so the requirements become facile. An example is the 1993 National Voter Registration Act, which allows a citizen to vote when renewing their driving licence.[pic]The illustration above shows the used system for each country. USA uses the First Past the Post, Parallel-Parallel, List Proportional Representation and Two Round System. Campaign...
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...UNITED NATIONS 1-ABOUT UNITED NATIONS The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. It is currently made up of 193 Member States. The mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter. Due to the powers vested in its Charter and its unique international character, the United Nations can take action on the issues confronting humanity in the 21st century, such as peace and security, climate change, sustainable development, human rights, disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and health emergencies, gender equality, governance, food,production,andmore. The UN also provides a forum for its members to express their views in the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and other bodies and committees. By enabling dialogue between its members, and by hosting negotiations, the Organization has become a mechanism for governments to find areas of agreement and solve problems together. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 2-United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA, GA, or, from the French: Assemblée Générale, "AG") is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive...
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...Homework Chapter 9 Ross Seay Dr. Ide 12h April 2013 1. What are the differences between unitary and federal states? The difference between a unitary and a federal state is not that one is more decentralized than the other, but that the former is decentralized through legislation whereas the latter is decentralized by constitution. In a federation, certain matters are thus constitutionally devolved to local units, and the central government cannot unilaterally revoke this decentralization, as it can in a unitary state. In a unitary system, the central government has all the power. In a federal system, some powers are given to the central government and other powers are given to the lower levels of government. The states in a unitary system hold a considerable jurisdiction and power in accordance with the doctrines set by the parliament. 2. What are the major differences between parliamentary and presidential systems? The main difference between a parliamentary and presidential system of government is that in a presidential system, the president is separate from the legislative body, but in a parliamentary system, the chief executive, such as a prime minister, is part of the legislative body, or parliament. A presidential system separates the executive and legislative functions of the government and provides what are commonly called checks and balances to limit the power of both the chief executive and the legislature. In a parliamentary system, the legislature holds...
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...vaccinations, among others. Bolsa Familia is the largest conditional cash transfer in the world and it was implemented in Brazil (World Bank, 2005). and it consists in the financial aid to poor families as long as they keep their children often at school and vaccinated. The program aims to reduce poverty in the short and long term through conditional transfers of capital, which, in turn, aims to break the generational cycle of poverty from generation to generation. The elements that determine the outcome of an election change considerably depending on the country, its historical moment, social, economic and political conditions and on the candidates who intend to occupy the position. In Brazil, this dispute has been polarized in the last two decades, around two...
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...The Constitution and Government Structure During 1992-93 Yeltsin had argued that the existing, heavily amended 1978 constitution of Russia was obsolete and self-contradictory and that Russia required a new constitution granting the president greater power. This assertion led to the submission and advocacy of rival constitutional drafts drawn up by the legislative and executive branches. The parliament's failure to endorse a compromise was an important factor in Yeltsin's dissolution of the body in September 1993. Yeltsin then used his presidential powers to form a sympathetic constitutional assembly, which quickly produced a draft constitution providing for a strong executive, and to shape the outcome of the December 1993 referendum on Russia's new basic law. The referendum vote resulted in approval by 58.4 percent of Russia's registered voters. The announced 54.8 percent turnout met the requirement that at least 50 percent of registered voters participate in the referendum. The 1993 constitution declares Russia a democratic, federative, law-based state with a republican form of government. State power is divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Diversity of ideologies and religions is sanctioned, and a state or compulsory ideology may not be adopted. The right to a multiparty political system is upheld. The content of laws must be made public before they take effect, and they must be formulated in accordance with international law and principles. Russian...
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