...Types of White Collar Crime White collar crimes are crimes that are committed by a person or persons of middle or higher status within their occupation. These types of crimes are considered nonviolent. Generally, the trusted and valued employee commits this type of crime within a company. White collar crimes include insider-trading, conspiracy, embezzlement, fraud, forgery, money laundering, and a few others. These crimes are ones that people of a higher class perform because their occupations put them in a position in which they are able to execute these types of crimes. You would not find a poor black man committing crimes of this nature. He would not generally have the means to perform crimes of this type. It would be rare for you to find a person of higher class to commit street crimes such as assault, robbery, rape or other illegal acts. Younger people generally perform street crimes while middle aged or older people commit white collar crimes. Age does not happen to be the only way in which these crimes differ when generalizing who is committing these crimes. You can also say they are gender committed. This means that on a whole more men execute these types of crimes than women do. When you look at the opportunity in which one person is able to commit a white collar crime, we say they can use their employment to gain access to commit those types of crimes. An accountant has the ability to change the books or alter them if they are taking money from the company...
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...including spread of ICT, the global mass media, cheap flight and easy movements of businesses. Many crimes now happen on a global scale due to globalisation such as cyber-crime and drug and people trafficking. Castells (1998) argues because of globalisation there is a globalised criminal economy worth £1 trillion. This is from different crimes such as arms dealing, human trafficking, green crime, sex tourism, smuggling illegal immigrants and trafficking in body parts as well as others. The global criminal economy has both a demand and supply side, the third world countries fulfill the demand in the west. For example with drugs and prostitutes, in the third world drug producing country of Columbia, the poor people rely on producing drugs to supply to the west to keep them and their families alive this then links to the globalisation process. Their main drug production is cocaine as it is simple to produce, they get high prices for it and it sells better than other drugs. This means that not only countries in the west that consume the drugs have to be looked at its also the third world countries that produce these drugs that need to be looked at also. Taylor (1997) argues globalisation has led to changes in the pattern and extent of crime. By giving free rein to market forces globalisation has created bigger problems in inequality and rising crime. Globalisation has created crime at both ends of the social spectrum. It has allowed transnational corporations to switch manufacturing...
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...Green crime is a form of crime caused by globalization. As item A suggests, there is a central debate running throughout green crime as to whether crimes against the environment should be treated as illegal despite legislation not being in place. As White (2008) suggests, green crime create more damage than much other crime, for example the Bhopal disaster in India, 1984 caused thousands of deaths due to chemical gas poisoning, yet the companies involved have never taken corporate responsibility due to the pinning down of transnational and environmental laws. As Beck states (1992) most threats to human well-being are no longer natural but are in fact human made. The types of green crime support this view. Primary green crime is that where action directly causes the destruction of the earth’s resources – for example air and water pollution. Primary green crime is more explicitly criminal than secondary green crime, meaning that it is easier to pin liability on those responsible, for example the dropping of toxic waste by BP in the Gulf of Mexico. Secondary green crime is more difficult to pin down as it is defined as a failure of governments to act as opposed to directly acting irresponsibly. As South notes, the sinking of the Greenpeace ship in 1985 still has no accountable or prosecuted party, similarly to the Bhopal incident already cited. These two types of green crime carry with them a sociological debate amongst criminologists – Traditional vs green. Traditional criminology...
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...Categories of Computer Crime Shanice A Gilliard Prof. Carl Brown CIS 170 January 27, 2014 There are four types of computer crimes. The purpose of this paper is to explain each type and provide an example. During the course of this paper, I will also decide which type of crime in my opinion represents the greatest overall threat and give ways the government along with law enforcement agencies can attempt to counteract these crimes. Types of Crimes The four types of computer crime are as follows: (1) the computer as a target, (2) the computer as an instrument of the crime, (3) the computer as incidental to crime, and (4) crimes associated with prevalence of computers. As technology changes every day, you can always expect many more new offenders, offenses, and victims to appear simply based on the quality of knowledge someone possesses and also by the quality of the technology they are able to access. The better the quality the more extensive the damage will be. Being able to distinguish between these different categories is another thing that may seem difficult. Examples of Crimes The first type of computer crime is using the computer as a target. This is defined as a basic denial towards the owner of the system or by altering the data on the network itself. Altering the data or denying access to the system or network can be harmful to as business because it can prevent them from offering products or services to clients or it can also prevent the client access to their...
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...Criminologist vs. Criminalist and Crime Variation Law Sanders American InterContinental University Abstract The basis for this paper is to demonstrate the differences between criminologist and criminalist. As the discussion is clarified the topics of the UCR (Uniform Crime Report) will arise with attention to the specific crimes of type 1 and type 2. Finally, the distinction between those crimes that are white-collar vs. blue-collar and of which are violent in comparison to those that are committed to property. Crime Variation Biological, neurological, psychological, chemical, behavioral, and cognitive deficits along with other environmental factors work to shape human behavior and, by extension, criminal behavior (Contemporary Criminological Theory, 2013). As human behavior continues to develop and the formation of criminal behavior starts the crime rates increase within our society. The individuals that study, analyze crime, criminals and their behavior are known as criminologist. There are a variety of specializations within the field of criminology. A criminologist may study and analyze crimes and behavior of a specific age group or a certain type of crime such as robbery. A criminologist uses their knowledge, training and experience for criminal litigation. Additionally, criminologist focus on the social and psychological traits of offenders to uncover behavioral patterns used to identify suspects and speed investigations. Criminologist study the...
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...Crime Reporting and Rate Responses CJS 200 2013 Crime Reporting and Rate Responses The purpose of major crime-reporting programs is to collect data about crime statistics and these statistics help with multiple other reasons for crime reporting. The statistics provide information about when and where crime is at a higher rate, including the type of crime and occurrences. This type of information is important to the development of new strategies to prevent and control crime; as well as where or what areas the implementation of new changes or new programs are in greater need, and would benefit the most. There is the benefit that new technology can be used to assist with crime prevention and with crime statistical information new technology can be created to assist law enforcement officers in the collection of evidence and with the arrest and conviction of criminals. As successful crime reporting program is one where the data collected is noted accurately and can be verifiable. Where crime is reported in a consistent manner with all officers having a thorough understanding of the type of crime they are reporting, where law enforcement agencies are providing truthful and accurate information and numbers and types of crimes are not hidden to benefit an agency or city. Furthermore; the success of a crime reporting program can be seeing when a new program technique or new changes are made to the laws and crime prevention is implemented in a particular area where a type...
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...Criminology There are many crimes and they are put into categories. The categories are Technological crime, state crime, moral Crime, individual crime and white collar crime, these types of crime are not alike and do not link. E crime; This is a technological crime and basically is the use of networked computer or internet technology to commit or facilitate the commissions of crime. Types of e crime; A type of e crimes is hacking, this is when someone goes through another person’s computer without permission and can access information and details. A specific example of e crimes is when a 15 year old boy (computer hacker) caused a 21 days shutdown of NASA computers that support the international space station, and he invaded Theoeutagons database compute stealing details. Because he was the youngest hacker of all time he was only given 6 months in jail. He caused a criminal offence of theft, data breach, privacy act and hacking. The public was very aware of this crime and now they take a lot caution and there are lots of people who inform people and teach them how to prevent hacking. It was well publicised because the newspapers thought that it would sell and get the people talking about the crime and make people argue whether the sentence was right or wrong because he is only a kid. Another type of e crime is Theft, this is occurs when a person violates copyrights and downloads games, music and software’s illegally. A specific example of e crime theft is when Maccapayad...
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...Hate crimes will likely continue to exist in our society based on the socio-economic factors that influence the nature of these crimes. Hate crimes have long been a problem in American society. This paper will look at some incidents of hate crimes and how they are classified. In this paper, I will also explore who the perpetrators are and how socio-economic factors affect the types of motives that are responsible for these crimes. I will also examine how the legislature chooses which prejudices they want to associate with hate crimes. In order to understand hate crimes, there are a number of factors that you must consider and understand. Primarily, you must first understand what a hate crime is and how it is classified. When considering both crime and law, hate crimes occur when a perpetrator targets a person or group because of their perceived social group. This could be racial, religious, sexually orientated or gender based. The term “hate crime” generally refers to criminal acts that are motivated by a perpetrators conscious or unconscious prejudices. While there are many different classifications of hate crimes, racist anti-black bias is the most frequently reported hate crime motivation in the United States. Of the 8,208nhate crimes reported to the FBI in 2011, 48% were race related- 70% having an anti-black bias. Hate crimes are classified based on whether the crime is motivated by the victims actual or perceived personal characteristics. It must be prove that the perpetrator...
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...particular group e.g. their behavior and attributes (MacLin & Herrera, 2006). Recognising stereotypes and understanding how they create bias, has significant effects in the criminal justice system. It is desired to maximize the amount of correct decisions jurors render, For this reason, stereotyping is important to study in a jury setting. It is also imperative to study defendant gender and crime type, as a relationship between the two may influence jurors’ verdict decisions. Gordon, Bindrim, McNicholas and Walden (1988) conducted a study to determine the effect of defendant race and type of crime on juror verdicts. The independent variable was the type of crime (burglary or embezzlement) and defendant race (black or white), while the dependent variable was the recommended jail sentence. Crime descriptions that varied in crime type and defendant race where given to an equal number of black and white students to assess. Based on this, participants determined the defendant’s jail sentence and bail amount. The severity of the crime and the probability of the defendant repeating the crime were also scaled. The studies hypothesis was supported as the white embezzler received longer jail sentences in comparison to the black embezzler and the black burglar received longer jail sentence than the white burglar Gordon et al (1988). A strength in this study was having written case scenarios where variables were easily controlled. Controlling variables increases precision...
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...Causes, types, and patterns of crimes committed by women 2 Female crime is increasing at an alarming rate for both violent and non-violent offenses. Women account for 1 in 4 arrests. Female perpetrators are still rare, but are nevertheless more common than before. Out of a total of 307,000 sanctioned in 2007, 66,800 were women, which represents 23 per cent. If we look solely at sanctions for crimes, the percentage for women is slightly lower than for law violations as a whole; only 16 per cent of all sanctions for crimes were given to women. However, there has been a clear increase since the beginning of the 1980s, when the share of female criminals was slightly less than 7 percent. The highest percentage of women charged with crimes is found among 18-20 year-olds. However, compared with men, there are relatively more women being charged with crimes among the youngest: in the 12-14 age group, girls make up a third. In this paper, I will take a look at the patterns, types, and crimes committed by women. Female criminal behavior has been commonly perceived as a less serious problem than male criminal behavior. Historically, women have been more likely to commit minor offenses and have made up only a small proportion of the offender population. Although women remain a relatively small number of all prisoners, these facts have concealed a trend in the rising percentage of female offenders, their participation...
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...Personal Perception Of Organized Crime Paper Joseph T. Merritt CJA384 November 7, 2011 Theresa Cruz Personal Perception of Organized Crime Paper Before taking this class I had always thought of organized crime as a group of people who used violence and crime to get what they wanted or to not get in trouble when they commit crimes. I honestly thought that all organized crime groups were like the Sopranos or one of the movies I have seen on television. I also thought that the United States is where all the organized crime was and I was surprised to find that there are more crime groups all over the world. I learned from the reading that there were many different definitions for organized crime and I found that I was not so far off with my own definition. According to the reading (2005) the American law enforcement agencies have been slow to even respond to the insightful changes that have come about with organized crime that has been brought about by globalization. The European agencies have drastically changed their views of organized crime and the structure of it. The National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) in the United Kingdom describe organized crime in four ways. These four ways include that the organized crime group will usually contain at least three people, the criminal activity within the group is usually ongoing and indistinct in length, the group will be motivated by the desire for revenue or even power, and the group will commit very serious...
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...Assignment 1: Types of White Collar Crime Angela L. Langley LEG 200 – White Collar Crime in Government, Business, and Labor Professor Thomas Demko Strayer University May 28, 2012 Assignment 1: Types of White Collar Crime A white collar crime is illegal and unethical, which violates the public trust. It deals with lying, cheating, and stealing by high profile individuals. A single con can destroy a business, hurt families by cleaning out their life savings, or cost investors billions of dollars. “Devastating losses in relation to homes, businesses, jobs, retirement funds, and college savings were widespread. “It was clear that fraudulent misrepresentations on many levels were at the center of this crisis” (Friedrichs, 2010, p. 1). We will compare and contrast the nature of white collar crime with other types of illegal acts, compare and contrast the typical participants of white collar crime against the participants of other types of illegal acts, discuss the role of technology in white collar crime and how its role may create differences from other forms of crime, and analyze the role of opportunity and how it contributes to white collar crime. Compare and contrast the nature of white collar crime with other types of illegal acts. The key elements of white collar crimes are trust and its violation. “White collar crimes take on the form of misrepresentation, stealing, misappropriation, self-dealing, corruption, and role conflict” (Friedrichs, 2010,...
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...Personal Perception of Organized Crime CJA/384 February 24, 2014 Abstract Organized crime does not have a specific race or ethnic background that it is associated with. Organized crime may be committed by two or more people that are embezzling money, or it may be committed by one low level criminal that is committing illegal acts on the streets of America. There are numerous characteristics that are associated with organized crime, such as, embezzlement, racketeering, money laundering, and violence. One thing that each person who commits organized crime has in common is that it is done for the same reasons, which is to gain money illegally and power over another person. Law enforcement officials do everything in their power to stop this illegal activity, but it is also citizen’s duty to report it to officials. Each member of society should familiarize him or herself with the true definition of organized crime, because otherwise one may find themselves a victim of this horrendous and deceitful act. Everyone has a personal opinion on what organized crime is, who commits it, and what it consists of. Most...
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...June 20, 2011 Walter James Punishment Research Paper When a crime is committed there are thoughts of why it happened, but there are also thoughts of justice. How will this person pay for this crime? These questions are asked everyday as crimes are being committed. And as these crimes are committed the offenders are going to be labeled to fall in one of the four types of justifications of punishment, which are retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and societal protection. Questions have been asked as to what type of punishment deters crime in American society. These questions have been asked and debated over time and answers may be inconclusive. The most important question is does punishment discourage crime at all? Retribution is the oldest justification for punishment to satisfy a society’s need for revenge. Retribution is an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime committed (Macionis, 2006). For example, if someone was severely beaten, retribution for the crime may be to severely beat the criminal. The Mafia families would only feel satisfied when they got revenge themselves. The leader of the organized crime family would choose a subordinate to go out and get revenge for the family. Who should be held accountable for the crime the subordinate or the leader? According to Eldar, 2010, the sentence of an organized crime leader for an offence committed by his organization should be 40–90%...
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...Why the sentences are mandatory? The sentences are mandatory to punish offenders, protect the pubic, change an offender behavior, decrees crime in future and assure guilty people do something make up for crimes. How does judges judgment to person they find this person guilty? The judges look of kinds of crime and how this crime serious. Also, judges look about the law, the history of criminal, personal and financial circumstances. The judgment makes decisions independently of government. On the other hand, the judge or magistrate look about types of crime and how serious of crimes. For example, how much the victims harm and why the offender do that? Each of offenders has different sentences judge or magistrate depend about types of crime. Because it is not fair offender people have the same sentences. For example, is this person first time he or she do crimes? And is person confine his or her crime early? What are the types of sentences? The sentences have four types discharge, fine, community sentences and prison sentences. Frist type is discharge. When the court determine somebody is guilty, but do not...
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