...differences among societies or groups • To emphasize the need for international managers to have cultural intelligence in order to interact successfully in international environment • Know how to use culture to define attitudes and behaviours at work • Be aware of the interaction between culture and internet. 2 Culture “A set of shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society, and passed on to succeeding generations.” Examples: – Evidence of culture is in peoples language, music, food, beliefs etc. • Related concept: – Culture shock • A state of confusion of not knowing how to behave in a foreign unfamiliar culture. Copyright ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 3 1 20/03/2014 Culture and its importance Studies show multinationals face major management issues for poor intercultural skills of international managers. Research shows that cross cultural differences are cause of failed negotiations and interactions, resulting in losses to major multinationals of over billions of dollars! Furthermore, examples can be drawn from historical failures of Daimler-Chrysler as a result of cultural mismatch between the Germans and Americans, EBay in Japan, Google in Europe and many others. Cultural Empathy & Cultural Intelligence (CQ) • Cultural Empathy – It is an awareness and an honest caring about another individual’s culture. – Ability to understand from...
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...HOW TO DEAL WITH CROSS CULTURAL PROBLEMS IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS NEGOTIATION. EMEM UDOBONG* ABSTRACT: Businesses all over the world today are extending their frontiers beyond domestic markets. In this global business environment, cross cultural negotiation becomes a common field of research. This is primarily due to the fact that the negotiating parties are often from different countries, with different cultural values and beliefs which they usually bring with them to the negotiating table. What is communicated, how it is communicated, how people think and behave during negotiations can differ across cultures. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of culture on negotiation and suggest ways to deal with cross cultural problems in international business negotiations. An analytical approach is applied in this research. The conclusion reached is that effective international negotiators need to know not only the fundamentals of negotiation, but also how culture can influence the negotiator’s behavior and the negotiation agreement. Understanding, accepting and respecting the cultural values of the other parties is very important as it will lead to a more successful outcome. * The Author is a legal practitioner and holds an LL.B (Hons) from the Igbinedion University, Okada. She is currently a postgraduate student of CEPMLP University of Dundee, Scotland, where she is pursuing an LL.M Degree in Energy Law and Policy. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABBREVIATIONS...
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...Cultural Management Theories and Challenge for Global Managers Preface The hospitality and the tourism industries are inter-related. Neither industry is limited to country boundaries. They are growing very rapidly. In a world which has become globalized, international trade barriers are becoming less and funds can be more easily obtained at present than in the past which boost the development of these industries throughout the world. More and more multinational organisations have emerged in these fields. These organisations are working in different countries in different cultural environments. This cultural difference in different countries introduces to the managers with the classical problem of cross cultural management which involves problems regarding understanding, interacting and communicating with individuals from different cultures (Ayoun and Moreo, 2008). Organisations in hospitality and tourism industries, especially hotels, are being more widely spread across the globe. As such, all managers have to think about culture. There may be two types of manager in this scenario. One is a global manager, actually the best person available for the job from any culture, who is responsible for coordinating business in more than one country. The other one is an expatriate manager, a person from any culture, who is assigned to control the business of one country and who thus becomes an expert of that culture (Capellen and Leuven, 2006. p. 1-4). The global manager’s competency and...
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...discuss the current situation, highlight that there is no perfect system. There are many factors that effect economic performance and in order to be successful the changes in the world should be accommodated with the changes in institutions and organisational characteristics. The main characteristics of industrialisation are changes from agricultural to industrial economic structure, substitution of machines for human skills and replacement of home-made by purchased in stores goods. The First Industrial Revolution happened in early 18th century in textile industry in UK, they had technological means, right institutional and organisational characteristics, government encouragement, and a large and varied trade network. Britain became the world's leading industrial power, producing more than half its iron, coal and cotton cloth, with most of their raw materials sourced from the colonies. By early 19th century USA took over UK’s leading role, both of them were able to succeed due to mechanisation and large pools of skilled labour. The pioneers of the Theory of Late Development described later industrialised countries as economies that started...
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...used among different nations and regions, while many countries have carried out their own industrialization progress during the past several decades, which stimulates the development of organizations and better corporate performance. There are different kinds of national business systems with their distinctive characteristics varying among countries. Then ‘early’ and ‘late’ industrialization is applied to describe two main types of national businesses that existing in developed and developing countries, which explains the key institutional and organizational differences among countries in particular to some extend. Each country has fallowed different pathway and carried out their industrialization in different period. It is known that the UK is the first country that achieved early industrialization revolution, which was followed by the US. And then in the late twentieth century, Germany, Japan and China implemented their industrialization process with dramatic change on their economic performance. The purpose of this essay is to use the conception of ‘early’ and ‘late’ industrialization to explain the key institutional and organizational characteristics of national business systems by comparative perspective. First of all, the theories of industrialization will be displayed. Then this paper will concentrate on five main comparative countries, which are United States, Japan, Britain, Germany and China, to clarify major differences of national business systems. Moreover, further...
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...information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behaviour”. Communication is an insightful human nature. It is an important tool to express one’s self and understand others. The typical elements composing communication are; message(s), sender(s), receiver(s), channel(s) and noise is usually impeded (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2010), as illustrated in Figure 1. Noise is a collective terminology for any misalignment between the message sent, or encoded, and the message received, or decoded, causing misunderstanding, misperception, misinterpretation…etc. Figure 1 Communication Elements (Source: Buchanan, D. A. and Huczynski, A. H. ( 2010) ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR, 7th edn, UK, Pearson Education Ltd) Thinking of all our differences in culture, environment, language, perception, age, experience, role, skills, as individuals as well as societies, it might seem impossible to establish noise-free communication (Thomson & McHugh, 2002). In organizations, healthy, contented and productive working environment urges for effective strategies to guide employees on how to eliminate noise and achieve work environment where signal transmitted (equals) signal received. Why is it so important? Well, as surveys show, Communication is problem No. 1 in organizations (Lauer, 1996). Disastrous plane crashes happen, mostly, as a result of communication errors (Gladwell, 2009). It is, then, indispensible for organizations to take communication...
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...VITAL IELTS GUIDELINES AND TIPS- J & J ENGLISH INSTITUTE WRITING: TASK 1 (See the Photocopy) TASK 2: The essay should include 3-5 paragraphs. First one is introduction. Second, third or forth paragraphs should be the BODY- that includes the supporting paragraphs of THEME, and the last paragraph is conclusion. You should not state your sentences or ideas twice. Each body paragraph should comprise unique theme or topic. You may start the body paragraphs with Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly….or First of all, Secondly …if the 'Task 2' essay asks you to discuss on a particular subject or asks if you agree or disagree with the statement. DO NOT SHORTEN THE VERBS OF THE SENTENCES- Use: They have not- or he does not (DON’T write haven't or doesn't or isn't…) You do not need to start the first introductory paragraph with a linking word. You may use 'that' or 'which' in the middle of the introduction paragraph. You may use 'however' or 'although' in the middle of the conclusion paragraph. Of course you should use any conjunction or linking unit in the BODY paragraph. In your 'Task 2 Essay', you should use the following items sometimes for points and bonuses: a. Use LINKING DEVICES/WORDS that are: 'Although, However, Moreover, Furthermore, Besides, On the other hand, Therefore, Thus, In addition, Because of,such as…' b.Utilise Synonyms- e.g. Enormous- vast, barrier- Impediment, generous-benevolent, bolster- boost Use simple words like GOOD, BAD, BIG and NICE once c. Sometimes...
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...Giving 10 6. Causes of Cross-Cultural Communication Conflicts 12 7. Conclusion 13 8. Recommendations 14 9. References 15 Executive Summary Today’s world has gone global. This globalization has led to the collaboration among manufacturers of products, suppliers of materials and service providers situated across the globe. The markets are no more restricted to a specific region or a country. The boundaries and distances between the markets have vanished. Saturation in developed markets has led to exploration and exploitation of emerging markets. The expansion of geographic footprint is not happening only to meet business needs, but this is happening also to promote social causes (Education, Health Awareness) and to mitigate global risks (Global Warming). Therefore, for the purpose of effective functioning, there is a strong need to learn about Cross-Cultural Communication. It is true that any usage of an inappropriate word, an impression or a gesture can lead to serious business or social implications. These cross-cultural communication blunders can then lead to lost customers, failed relationships and lost opportunities. To become an effective communicator worldwide, one should anticipate and identify cultural differences, draw clues and cues from non-verbal communication styles and be respectful to other cultures. To learn other’s cultures, one can extract information from experiences of friends, relatives and professional...
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...Sustainability 2010, 2, 3436-3448; doi:10.3390/su2113436 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Review What is Sustainability? Tom Kuhlman 1,* and John Farrington 2 1 2 Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 29703, 2502LS The Hague, The Netherlands Institute for Rural Research, Geography and Environment, University of Aberdeen, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, Scotland, UK; E-Mail: j.farrington@abdn.ac.uk * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: tom.kuhlman@wur.nl; Tel.: +31-70-3358-232; Fax: +31-70-3615-624. Received: 17 September 2010; in revised form: 15 October 2010 / Accepted: 19 October 2010 / Published: 1 November 2010 Abstract: Sustainability as a policy concept has its origin in the Brundtland Report of 1987. That document was concerned with the tension between the aspirations of mankind towards a better life on the one hand and the limitations imposed by nature on the other hand. In the course of time, the concept has been re-interpreted as encompassing three dimensions, namely social, economic and environmental. The paper argues that this change in meaning (a) obscures the real contradiction between the aims of welfare for all and environmental conservation; (b) risks diminishing the importance of the environmental dimension; and (c) separates social from economic aspects, which in reality are one and the same. It is proposed instead...
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...properties, communications, and more binding on national governments than any previous agreements. Market economic policies spreading around the world, with greater privatization and liberalization than in earlier decades. Growing global markets in services. People can now execute trade services globally -- from medical advice to software writing to data processing , that could never really be traded before. Open Market policy -advantages Growing Indian Economy GDP – USD 1.36 trillion GDP growth rate – 9% Services contribution – 60-65% Balance of Trade – Negative balance should increase with surging imports versus exports Investment goal – USD 370 billion GDP – USD 1.16 trillion GDP growth rate – 9.5% Services contribution – 60% Balance of Trade – Negative balance should increase with surging imports versus exports Investment goal – USD 305 billion GDP – USD 590 billion GDP growth rate – 9% Services contribution – 54% Balance of Trade – USD (-)46.2 billion Investment goal – USD 250 billion 2010 2008 2006 105 105 135 145 167 103 125 204 231 287 682 191 237 398 453 0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 1999-00 2002-03 2005-06 2006-07 2010* USD Billion Agriculture Industry Services Growing GDP Source: India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF) 83.5 103.1 126.3 155 200 50 90 130 170 210 USD Billion 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08* 2008-09* Growing Exports Source: Ministry of Commerce & IBEF 8.9 ...
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...A Methodology for Written and Oral Presentation of Research Results Sanida Omerovic, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia mail: sanida.omerovic@lkn1.fe.uni-lj.si Saso Tomazic, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia mail: saso.tomazic@fe.uni-lj.si Milan Milutinovic, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, USA mail: milan.milutinovic@mit.edu Veljko Milutinovic, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia mail: vm@etf.rs Abstract — The purpose of the methodology described in this paper is to highlight an effective method for the organization of research results into written and oral forms. Authorities within supervising universities have realized that strong research by a candidate is often obscured by poor presentation, leading to the paper being ignored by the research community and journal reviewers. On the basis of their academic background, the authors of this paper decided to form a set of clear guidelines for writing research papers and giving oral presentations aimed at helping PhD students. To support the effectiveness of the methodology proposed, a statistical analysis has been conducted. The methodology described in this paper was initially intended for use in the fields of computer engineering; however, it is applicable more widely. In conclusion, if the methodology reported in this paper is followed strictly,...
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...Global trend in education industry This report is on the global trend of internationalization of higher education and its impact on education industry in Singapore in general, especially the Private Education (PE) sector. In the last two decade or so, educational institutions as well as governments having recognized the enormous potential of overseas market for education have been internationalizing education, especially higher education. Also, in the recent time universities and institutions around the globe including Singapore have been experiencing a decrease in public-funding and also corporatization. These developments have placed the institutions under constant pressure to restructure to become more entrepreneurial and globally competitive. This report also examines the policies that helped in growth of the education industry in Singapore and the role being played by foreign universities in achieving the ambition of Singapore to be a ‘Global Education Hub’. Analysis of the global trend The global trend of internationalization of higher education, especially among universities in industrialised developed nations has been consistent in the last two decades or so and it has manifested itself by way of exchange of faculty, students and curricula. Universities in the developed nations like USA, UK, Australia and some countries in Europe have been seeking much greater number of students to their campuses as well as established collaborative links with developing and transnational...
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...The influence culture has on the success of an International Franchise: The case of McDonalds in East Asia and The Americas. Executive Summary In the last six decades, the significance of franchises worldwide has grown to such a large extent that many successful high street shops as well as restaurants have a link to franchising. This dissertation is going to discuss the means by which an international franchise can become successful through the incorporation of cultural adaptations in a foreign country. This discussion would be restricted to international franchises in the fast food industry examining the case of McDonalds in particular as well as how its global success has led to the term known as McDonaldisation. Definition of Franchise: The right granted by a company to an individual or group to market its products or services in specific territory. Definition of Culture: Ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular people or society. (These definitions are from a dictionary, is that allowed?) LITERATURE REVIEW This literature review would discuss the evolvement of franchising as well as how it has spread on an international scale. It would further enlighten us on the benefits franchising brings to individuals and the economies of various countries. Lastly, it would highlight the birth of the McDonalds franchise as well as how this business medium has adapted to cultural differences in various countries in terms of the operations and its...
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...Delta Plastics, Inc. (A) Company Background Delta Plastics, Inc. specialized in the design and manufacture of plastic containers, primarily for kitchen and household use.Their products were sold through merchandise retailers and were recognized for high quality. Delta also had an active R&D group that was continuously working to develop new plastic materials and new product designs. Delta was a recognized industry leader and was aggressively looking to increase brand recognition and market share.Delta’s R&D group had recently developed a new plastic material that tolerates rapid changes in temperature, from heating to deep cooling. This material could be used to make containers for kitchen use that could immediately be moved from the oven to the refrigerator. Unlike glass containers with this capability,the plastic containers would not break or chip. Delta’s marketing group was eager to promote sales of containers made with the new material. Marketing believed the new material could revolutionize the industry, so they pushed for rapid production. They argued that the sooner the new products were available to customers, the sooner the company could corner the market. The Decision The decision whether to initiate production or continue with material testing was made during a heated meeting on April 28. Isabelle Harrison, Director of R&D, stated that more product testing was needed in order to fine-tune the characteristics of the new material. Although there was no question regarding...
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...Version 1 V Genera Certificate of Education (A-lev G al o vel) June 20 J 012 Econo E omics s ECON N3 (Spec ( cificati 21 ion 140) Unit 3 Bus U 3: siness Econ s nomic and the cs Distrib D bution of In n ncome F al Fina Mar S eme rk Sche e Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all examiners participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each examiner analyses a number of students’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this...
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