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Understanding the Role of Culture

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제 1 장 화학: 물질과 측정

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.12 1.13 1.14

화학과 원소 원소와 주기율표 원소의 몇 가지 화학적 성질 실험과 측정 측정의 정확성, 정밀성, 유효숫자 반올림 계산: 단위환산
1 1

1.2 화학과 원소
• 원소 (element) = 화학적으로 변화시키거나 더 간단한 것으로 분해할 수 없는 기본적 물질 • 원소의 종류: 현재118종 , • 1250년 : As (비소) 약 90종만 자연계 존재 (그 중 7종은 거의 희귀함) • 고대의10원소: C, S, Fe, Cu, Ag, Sn, Au, Hg, Pb, Sb

• 19세기에 추가된 원소 수: 53 개
• 20세기 이후 - 나머지 30여 개 (원소의 인공적 합성 28개)

• 원소의 이름 : 라틴이름, 그리스이름, 발견장소(나라, 도시, 지역), 발견자, 또는 유명 과학자 이름에서 유래
• 원소 기호 : 한 글자 (대문자: H, C..) 또는 두 글자 (대문자 + 소문자: Fe, Au… ) 로 표시 영어 이름 예: H = 수소 (Hydrogen), C = 탄소 (Carbon), Al = 알루미늄 (Aluminum) 예: Na = 나트륨(sodium) - 라틴어의 Natrium Pb = 납 (lead) - 라틴어의 Plumbum W = 텅스텐 (tungsten) - 독일어의 Wolfram

라틴어나 다른 언어

2

1.3, 1.4
족 (group) 18개 의 세로줄

주기율표
주기율표 (periodic table)
족의 표기; International standard: 1-18 족 (US system: 1A - 8A, 1B - 8B )
(왼쪽 2개, 오른쪽 6개)

(중앙 10개) 주기(period) 7개 의 가로줄

내부전이금속족 (주기율표에서 따로 표시)

3

주기율표의 같은 족에 있는 원소는 매우 유사한 화학적 성질을 나타냄.
1A족: 알칼리 금속 (alkali metals) • 은빛 금속 • 물과 빠르게 (흔히 격렬하게) 반응하여 알칼리성이 강한 생성물을 형성함. • 높은 반응성 때문에 순수한 상태로는 존재하지 않으며 다른 원소와 결합해서 존재함.

Li Na K Rb Cs Fr

Na + H2O → NaOH + ½ H2

4

2A족: 알칼리 토금속 (alkaline earth metals) • 광택이 있는 은빛 금속임. • 1A족보다는 반응성이 약함. • 천연에서 순수한 상태로 존재하지 않음.

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

O2

Mg → MgO 마그네슘은 공기 중에서 연소함.

5

7A족: 할로젠 (halogens)
• 플루오린(F), 염소(Cl), 브로민(Br), 아이오딘(I)은 색이 있고 부식성인 비금속. • 천연에서 다른 원소와 결합한 채로만 존재함. (NaCl)

• 아스타틴(At): 너무 소량으로 존재 함→ 알려진 것이 거의 없음.

F Cl Br I At

브로민은 실온에서 부식성의 진한 붉은색 액체

6

8A족: 영족기체 (inert gas / noble gases)
• 무색의 기체 • 화학적 반응성이 매우 작다. 헬륨과 네온은 반응성 없음. cf) 아르곤, 크립톤, 제논은 매우 드물게 결합함. (예: XeF4 )

네온은 네온등과 네온사인에 이용됨.

He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn

7

비금속 : - 주기율표의 오른편에 위치 (수소 제외) - 17가지 비금속 중 실온에서 11가지가 기체. - 1개 원소는 액체(브로민), 5개 원소는 고체 (탄소, 인, 황, 셀레늄, 아이오딘) - 은빛 광택이 전혀 없으며 몇 가지는 진한 색을 나타냄. - 고체 비금속은 부서지기 쉬워서 가공이 어려우며 열과 전기의 낮은 전도성을 가짐.

B C Si P S Ge As Se Br
금속 (Metal) 비금속 (Nonmetal)

Hg

Sb Te I At

준금속 (Semimetal)

금속 : - 주기율표의 왼편에 위치. - 수은을 제외하면 모두 실온에서 고체. - 금속과 연관된 은빛 광택을 냄. - 일반적으로 부서지지 않고 가공되기 쉬워서 연속된 긴 선으로 뽑거나 감을 수 있음. - 열과 전기의 좋은 전도체임.

준금속 : - 금속과 비금속 사이의 경계선 부근에 있는 7가지 원소 (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) - 외관: 은빛. - 실온에서 고체, 부서지기 쉽고 가공이 어려우며 열이나 전기를 잘 전도하지 않는 경향이 있음. 예) Si (규소) : 전기전도도가 금속과 절연체 사이의 중간 정도 ⇒ 반도체로 사용

8

1.5 실험과 측정
• 국제단위계 : SI 단위 → 프랑스어 (1960 년) Le Système International d‘Unités → MKS 시스템 (Meter–Kilogram–Second ) 이라고도 불린다

▪ 과학에서 사용되는 측정단위의 특징 – 크기가 너무 크거나 너무 작음  과학적 표기법(scientific notation) 55,000  5.5  104 0.003 20  3.20  10-3 0.000 000 001 23 m  1.23  10-9 m  1.23 nm
9

1.12 측정의 정확성, 정밀성, 유효숫자
• 막대사탕의 길이를 측정해 봅시다. 유효숫자
Ruler A

4.2 cm (?)

정확한값 + 어림값 4 0.2

2개

Ruler B

4.25 cm (?)

정확한값 + 어림값 4.2 0.05

3개

위의 줄자들을 가지고 과연 막대사탕의 정확한 길이를 측정할 수 있을까? -

NO !

모든 측정값에는 측정도구에 따라 불확실성이 존재  정확한값 + 어림값 으로 표현

 유효숫자 (significant figure): 측정에서 기록된 전체 자릿수 마지막 수는 불확실한 어림 값으로 본다! 측정값 (measurement) 의 불확실 정도에 대하여 말할 때 정확성과 정밀도 라는 용어를 이용함.  정확성 (accuracy) ; 측정에서 참값에 얼마나 가까운가? → 표준편차(참값과의 차이)가 적어야  정밀도 (precision) : 여러 번 측정하였을 때, 이들 값이 서로 얼마나 비슷한가?

→ 값들간의 오차범위가 적어야
정확성 참값 정밀도
10

다트게임을 해봅시다.

정확성 X 정밀도 X

정확성 X 정밀도 O

정확성 O
정밀도 O

→ 측정에 있어서 참값을 측정할 방법이 없기 때문에 정확성을 확실하게 나타낼 수 없다. 정밀도에 의존 (여러 번 반복해서 얻은 측정값에서 표준편차로 나타냄)

참값이 54.441 78 g인 테니스 공이 있다. 이 공의 무게를 알아보려면 어떤 저울을 써야 할까?

오차범위 :

0.1 kg (100 g) 정확성 X 정밀도 X

0.2 g 정확성 Δ 정밀도 Δ

0.0002g 정확성 O 정밀도 O

측정을 확실하게 나타내려면 측정시 기록한 전체 자릿수가 중요 !

유효숫자

3개

6개 유효숫자 (significant figure)
11

확실하다고 확신하는 자릿수에 어림하는 자릿수 하나를 더해서 표시함

유효숫자(significant figure) 규칙
• 아래 표시된 측정값에서 유효숫자의 개수를 알아보자.

① ② ③ ④

4.803 cm 0.00661 g 55.220 K 34,200 m

→ → → →

유효숫자 4개: 4, 8, 0, 3 유효숫자 3개: 6, 6, 1 유효숫자 5개: 5, 5, 2, 2, 0 유효숫자가 3개(3, 4, 2) ~ 5개(3, 4, 2, 0, 0) 사이를 가질 수 있음.

유효숫자 처리에서는 ‘ 0 ’ 이 문제! ⇒ ‘ 0 ’의 위치에 따라 포함 有無 결정됨!
► ‘ 0 ’ 이 아닌 숫자: 모두 유효숫자 ► ‘ 0 ’ 의 위치에 따라 183 s ⇒ 유효숫자 3개

처음 : 유효숫자 불포함
가운데 : 유효숫자 포함 끝:

→ 0.00661 g ⇒ 유효숫자 3개 (0.00661 g = 6.61×10-3 g)
→ 4.803 cm ⇒ 유효숫자 4개

① 소수점 아래경우 : 유효숫자 포함 → 55.220 K : 유효숫자 5개

② 자연수 경우 : ? (과학적 표기법에서만 알 수 있음) → 34,200 : 유효숫자 개수 3개 ~ 5개까지 가능  과학적 표기법 3.42×104 으로 쓰면 : 유효숫자 3개 3.4200×104 으로 쓰면 : 유효숫자 5개
12

1.13 반올림
계산기에서는 자료의 정밀도 때문에 더 많은 숫자가 나타난다. 이 경우 유효숫자가 3개일 경우 답은 어떻게 써야 할까? ⇒ 23.760 684 경우 : 23.7 (X) 23.8 (O)

• 반올림 규칙 : 유효숫자 바로 뒤 숫자처리법
예) 유효숫자가 3개로 답 처리 해야 할 경우 ► ‘ 0 ~ 4 ’ 경우: 제거 → 5.664 525 ⇒  5.66

► ‘ 5 ’ 경우:

뒤에 0 이외 숫자 있을 때 : 반올림 뒤에 숫자 없을때 : 제거 → 5.665 ⇒

→ 5.665 25 ⇒  5.67 ⇒  5.66

► ‘ 6 ~ 9 ’ 경우: 반올림 → 5.667 525

 5.67

13

• 유효숫자 개수가 각기 다른 계산에서는 답 처리는 어떻게 해야 하나?

교재 p 825 부록 A 참조
1. 곱셈과 나눗셈 : 유효숫자 제일 적은 쪽에 맞춤

5.15 cm × 2.3 cm = ? 5.15 cm × 2.3 cm 11.845 cm2 ∴답: 12 cm2
유효숫자 2개 !
유효숫자 3개 유효숫자 2개

27.30 × 16.5  4.3 = ? 27.30 × 16.5  4.3
유효숫자 4개 유효숫자 3개 유효숫자 2개

739.63953… ∴답: 740 ⇒ 7.4  102 유효숫자 2개 !

2. 덧셈과 뺄셈 : 소수점 아래 자리가 제일 적은 쪽에 맞춤 3.18 + 0.01315 = ? 3.18 + 0.01315 3.19315 ∴답: 3.19
소수점 아래 2자리
소수점아래 2자리
소수점아래 5자리

5 g + 5.0 g + 5.00 g = ? 5 g 5.0 g + 5.00 g 15.00 g ∴답: 15 g
소수점 아래 0자리
14

소수점아래 0자리
소수점아래 1자리 소수점아래 1자리

1.14 계산: 단위환산
유효숫자 3개 144시간은 며칠 인가? 144 시간 ∴답 : 6.00 일

1



= ? 일

24 시간 환산인자 : 교재 끝부분 유용한 변환인자와 관계

▪ 차원 분석법(dimensional analysis method); - 서로 다른 단위를 포함하는 계산을 하는 가장 간단한 방법 - 단위들 사이의 관계를 나타내는 환산인자(conversion factor)를 사용하여 한 단위로 표시된 양을 동등한 양을 가진 다른 단위로 환산할 수 있음.

• 문제 해결에서 차원 분석법의 적용 방법: ① 해답에서 필요한 단위를 찾는다. ② 해답에서 관계되는 주어진 값을 기록한다. ③ 단위변환인자를 사용하여 주어진 단위를 해답에 필요한 단위로 바꾼다.
15

유효숫자 3개

모름

유효숫자 2개

125 km/h로 달리는 경주용 자동차가 100 km당 16 L의 휘발유를 사용한다. 이 것은 몇 mi/gal에 해당하는가?  유효숫자 개수는 반드시 문제에서 결정해야 함 100 km / 16 L → ? mi /gal 100 km 16 L 단위변환 ? mi ? km ? ? L = ? gal mi gal 2가지 환산 인자 필요 (교재 끝부분) 1 km = 0.621 37 mi 1 gal = 3.785 4 L

100 Km 16 L

0.621 37 mi 1 km

3.785 4 L 1 gal

= 14.700 8 mi / gal = 15 mi / gal ( 유효숫자 2개) ∴ 정답 : 15 mi / gal ( 유효숫자 2개)

실제 문제 풀이 에서는 서로 섞여 나오는데 이 경우, 유효숫자이든 아니든 무조건 모든 숫자를 사용하고
마지막 답을 낼 때 문제의 유효숫자 처리할 것. 주의) 중간단계에서 유효숫자처리 금지! - 끝까지 끌고가서 마지막에서 유효숫자 처리할것! 3장, 8장, 9장 계산문제에서 답 처리시 적용됨!
16

유효숫자 4개

유효숫자 3개

질량이 0.1000 g인 순수한 다이아몬드에는 5.014 × 1021개의 탄소원자가 들어있고 밀도는 3.52 g/cm3 이다. 8.88 g의 다이아몬드의 부피는 얼마이고, 얼마나 많은 수의 탄소원자가 들어있는가? ∴ 정답의 유효숫자 개수=3개 ① 8.88 g = ? L (부피) •교재 끝부분 부피 단위 환산 1 L = 103 cm3



8.88 g

cm3 3.52 g

1

L

=

2.522727… × 10-3 L = 2.52 × 10-3 L ∴ 정답 : 2.52 × 10-3 L ( 유효숫자 3개)

103 cm3

② 8.88 g

=

?개



8.88 g

5.014 × 1021 개 0.1000 g

=

4.452432… × 1023 개 = 4.45 × 1023 개 ∴ 정답 : 4.45 × 1023 개 ( 유효숫자 3개)

17

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...hundred years ago it would have taken these people months to communicate, but today they can communicate with the press of a button. As our interactions with those from cultures much different than our own increases, communicating with one another creates obstacles we normally wouldn’t face when interacting with those from our own culture. This presents the peculiar problem for the business because it must train managers to effectively communicate within the constructs of different cultural norms and values. Communicating to others the importance of diversity in multinational corporations is a difficult task because it essentially involves asking others to reject the idea of their culture being superior to others. As O’Rourke (2010) points out, “failures in an overseas business setting most frequently result from an inability to understand and adapt to foreign ways of thinking and acting, rather than from technical or professional incompetence,” (p. 284). Regardless of difficulty, if a business is going to remain competitive as a multinational corporation, it is absolutely imperative that managers successfully communicate with individuals from different cultures. I chose to research multi-cultural management strategies because I understand how multi-national corporations are growing in number and size. Understanding why some are more successful in the global marketplace than...

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Grandview Global

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Organisational Behaviour

...Understanding, why change is frequently difficult for people, can help building in methods for easing the process and increasing the likelihood that it will succeed. Being very clear about what changes are required and being very intentional about building a culture, that supports the new mission, goals, strategies and practices, increases the probability of success exponentially. This necessarily involves a large cross section of the organization in assessing the current system of norms and beliefs, determining what changes are needed, and designing an implementation plan. These new beliefs and resulting behaviors needed to be elevated to a conscious level so that the company could choose how it needed to modify its practices. New assumptions and values should be articulated and systematically communicated through every channel and should be reinforced at every opportunity. It is true that changes in organizational culture are brought about through employees, so the employees play a major role. But role of the leader cannot be overruled because they influence the organizational culture very deeply. Culture is deep seated and difficult to change, but they can influence or manage an organization's culture. It isn't easy, and it cannot be done rapidly, but leaders can have an effect on culture. Productive cultural change will occur if leaders correctly analyze the organization's existing culture, and evaluate it against the cultural attributes needed to achieve strategic objectives...

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Communication Competencies

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Ensuring Message Recieved as Intended

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Academic Standards Sc

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