...___________________________________________(5 pts.) Chap 3 study Questions - You will learn and understand more if you complete these questions within 1 -2 days after lecture! Must use textbook or think it through yourself to answer some questions. What is the range of individual cell length in micrometers? 1) What do the following abbreviations stand for? m = mm= nm = 2) How many micrometers in a millimeter? How many millimeters in a meter? How many nanometers in a micrometer? To convert from one unit of measure to another, use an equivalency statement: Starting units (equivalency statement) = ending units 1) write the starting units with number 2) write the ending units 3) For the equivalency statement, put the ending units on top and the starting units at the bottom as shown below. This way the starting units cancel out and you are left with the ending units. Starting units (ending units/starting units) = ending units 4) Ask yourself which is the smaller unit: starting or ending? How many of the smaller units make up the larger unit? The unit that is smaller will be 1000 or 100 etc. The unit that is bigger will be 1. 5) Multiply to determine answer. Example: 6.8 m == ? nm Step 1 &2: 6.8 m (equivalency statement) = ____ nm Step 3: 6.8 m ( nm ) = _____ nm m Step 4: 6.8 m ( 1000 nm ) = _____ nm 1 m Step 5: 6800 nm 3) Convert the following (SHOW YOUR WORK to receive credit!): ...
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...TASK 1 Comparing light and electron microscope Note:- A microscope is an instrument used for viewing a tiny object that cannot be seen with our naked eyes. The microscope is an important instrument found in the laboratory. We have two types of microscope. Light Microscope and Electron Microscope. The light Microscope is one which can be illuminated by light while an electron microscope is one which can be illuminated by electron. Electron microscope is expensive and not portable compared to the light microscope. The Electron microscope is then of two types. We have the Scanning Electron microscope and the Transmission Electron microscope. Features Light Microscope Electron Microscope Comments Cell Components Seen Animal Cell:- Nucleus, Nucleolus...
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...The World of the Cell Seventh Edition Wayne M. Becker Lewis J. Kleinsmith Jeff Hardin Gregory Paul Bertoni Chapter 1 A Preview of the Cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.. Chapter 1--Cell The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms The smallest structure capable of performing the essential functions characteristic of life The study of cells •Began with the invention of microscopes in the 17th century •Using a microscope to look at cork, Robert Hooke described little box-like compartments and named them cellulae (little rooms) in 1665 (Micrographia) •Actually, the cellulae were dead plant cells •Limited by the microscope resolution Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Developed superior lenses that had 10-fold better resolution than Hooke’s. Looked at algae, protists, minerals, fossils, animals using a microscope. First to describe bacteria: "I then most always saw, with great wonder, "an unbelievably great there wereof living that in the said matter company many very animalcules, a-swimming more nimbly than little living animalcules, very prettily a-moving. any Ibiggest sort. . . up to this time. The The had ever seen had a very strong and biggest sort. .and shot through into water (or swift motion, . bent their body the curves in going forwards. . . does through the water. The spittle) like a pike Moreover, the other animalcules were in suchspun round numbers, second sort. . . oft-times enormous like a top. that allthese were.far more in number...
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...CHAPTER 6 PROKARYOTE AND EUKARYOTE MICROSCOPE INVENTORS 16th century Magnifying glass was introduced magnification 5 x Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1683) Invent a primitive microscope (magnification = 266 x) Looked at everything from rainwater to tears saw swimming living cells (microbes) He called as “animalcules” MICROSCOPE INVENTORS Robert Hooke (1665) See non-living particles invents the term “cell” after viewing slices of cork through a very primitive microscope MICROSCOPE INVENTORS The discovery and early study of cells progressed with the invention and improvement of microscopes in the 17th century Light microscopy LIGHT MICROSCOPE Compound or light microscope Visible light rays passes through specimens and uses glass lenses to view objects Different magnification of objective lense range from 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x The lenses refract light such that the image is magnified into the eye LIGHT MICROSCOPE Magnification Magnification is the ratio of an object’s image to its real size. Resolving power is a measure of image clarity. It is the minimum distance two points can be separated and still viewed as two separate points. Resolution is limited by the wavelength of the source, in this case light. LIGHT MICROSCOPE Light microscopes can magnify effectively to about 1,000 times the size of the actual specimen At higher magnifications, the image blurs. Light microscope can resolve individual cells, it cannot...
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...time | Dependent on the distance migrated | Dependent on the distance migrated | Controls: * Observing the normal movement of Neurospora Crassa Hyphal Tip Growth without 400nm of Nacodazole. * Observing the normal Nuclear position of Neurospora Crassa Hyphal Tip Growth without 400nm of Nacodazole. Protocol : Investigation of Neurospora Crassa fungal tip growth and nuclear position. 1) From day 3, Neurospora Crassa cushions slides are required 2) Kohler Illumination set up under bright field microscopy. 3) Pick up two agar cushions without bubbles and label them as control 1 and control 2 4) Add 50 ul of growing medium to each control and place a covering slips on the. 5) For 5 minutes, put the slides inside the incubator allowing the medium to transfer into the cell 6) After, place the one of the control under kohler Illumination microscope and start observing. 7) Measure the growth distance of fungal tip growth and record it in table 1. 8) Timer was measured by minutes and microscope based on ocular units. 9) Repeat for control 2 Table 1: Measuring Neurospora Crassa fungal tip growth travel distance for starting at 0 minutes to 10 minutes as 50 ul growth medium was used. Time (min) | Growth...
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... 3.1 AS Unit: Cells, Exchange and Transport Module 1: Cells 1.1.1 Cell Structure Candidates should be able to: (a) state the resolution and magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope, a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope; Light Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope Resolution 0.2 μ (200nm) 0.2nm 0.2nm Magnification ≈ ×1500 / 2000 Over 500 000 250 000 (b) explain the difference between magnification and resolution; Resolution “the ability of an optical system to distinguish between two adjacent objects” Magnification increases the apparent size of an object” Resolving power “the degree of detail that can be seen with a microscope” The resolving power is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the radiation used (i.e. the shorter the wavelength, the greater the resolution). (c) Stains: (d) explain the need for staining samples for use in light microscopy and electron microscopy; - most biological structures are transparent the stain gives a contrast between different structures the stain combines with certain chemicals in the structure - Iodine solution: Starch → blue-black - Eosin solution: cytoplasm → pink - Feulgens agent DNA → dark red / purple - Aceto-orcein agent calculate the linear magnification of an image (HSW3); Page 1 of 8 AS Biology: OCR Syllabus (e) Key 1 2 3 4 5 6 ...
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...Title: Counting the Number of Yeast Cells in a Suspension using Haemocytometer Objective: To estimate the number of cells of yeast per mm3 in five different dilutions of yeast suspension. Introduction: Biologists often need to count the density of cells in a liquid. “Density of cells” means “the number of cells per unit volume of liquid”. For example, they might want to find out the density of red blood cells in blood plasma, the density of bacteria in milk, or the population of Paramecium sp. (a protozoan) in water from a pond. The simplest, most convenient and cheapest means of accurately determining the number of cells in a sample is to use a haemocytometer and a microscope. A haemocytometer is a specialised slide that has a counting chamber with a known volume of liquid. The haemocytometer is a device originally designed for the counting of blood cells. It is now also used to count other types of cells as well as other microscopic particles. The haemocytometer was invented by Louis-Charles Malassez and consists of a thick glass microscope slide with a rectangular indentation that creates a chamber. This chamber is engraved with a laser-etched grid of perpendicular lines. The device is carefully crafted so that the area bounded by the lines is known, and the depth of the chamber is also known. It is therefore possible to count the number of cells or particles in a specific volume of fluid, and thereby calculate the concentration of cells in the fluid overall. The haemocytometer...
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...UTAR FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell Biology Trimester 1 How YOU can do well in BIOLOGY Follow the 4A’s and you can expect A’s. A ttitude • Attend ALL lectures, tutorials and practicals on time without fail. • Be attentive in class and revise your notes after class while the topic is still fresh in your mind. Why waste time re-reading 2-3 months later? • Do your assignments faithfully as they carry marks for the finals. • Come prepared for lessons (i.e. read up beforehand). • Read up beforehand before attending lectures so that you won’t be lost and wasted hours of your life week after week. • Why stress yourself out if you can avoid it? Do NOT count on last minute revision for tests and examinations, as it will be too late to catch up and seek help in areas where you may find confusing or unclear of. • Why panic before exams because you can’t find this or that? Keep separate files for lecture, tutorial and practical. File up the respective notes systematically so that you do not lose them along the semester. • Do you expect the lecturer/ tutor to be available all the time to answer your questions? It is YOUR responsibility to take the initiative to clear your doubts or satisfy your curiosity to understand certain scientific phenomena by reading up on the relevant topics. A Based on a true story… A professor at the National University of Singapore recounts how on one occasion a student consulted him days before the exam. Student:...
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...1) The experiment worked because when the plant cells and the human cells were viewed in the microscope, they took on differentiating forms, enabling visual differentiation of the two forms of cells. The onion skin cell, an example of a plant cell, generally has a rigid, rectangular shape. The onion skin cells were positioned beside each other (length touching length, width touching width) and formed a checkered pattern. When observing the onion skin cell, we noticed that the cells took on a brick-like structure and within the cells, small dots (the nuclei) can be seen.When we first looked into the microscope, the microscope’s total magnification was 10X so there were about a hundred rows of rectangular cells (see diagram provided), but as we changed magnifications, the number of cells in the field of view decreased.When we viewed the onion skin cells at 40X total magnification, we noticed the nuclei of the cells looked clearer and larger and we were able to study the cell with more understanding than when we used the first magnification. The organelles that we were able to see in this type of cell were the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the cell wall. | -----The cheek cell, an example of an animal cell, generally has a circular, oval shape. the animal cell structure is the most prominent in human cheek cells. animal cell simply stands on it's own without being closely packed together. We noticed that the cells were secluded and spread out (see diagram provided), when we viewed...
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...VILNIAUS GEDIMINO TECHNIKOS UNIVERSITETO VERSLO VADYBOS FAKULTETO ĮMONIŲ EKONOMIKOS IR VADYBOS KATEDRA JŪRATĖ SISOJEVIENĖ IŠTĘSTINĖS NUOTOLINĖS STUDIJOS. TARPTAUTINIS VERSLAS TVimtu-10, GRUPĖ TEMA „MARKETING PLAN FOR NANOEDUCATOR II“ TIKRINO: Assoc. Prof . Renata Korsakiene ………………………… (parašas) VERTINIMAS: … … … … … … Vilnius, 2011 1 Contents I EXECUTIVE SUMARY........................................................................................................ 4 II CURRENT MARKETING SITUATION.............................................................................5 Market Overview.............................................................................................................5 Market demographics and needs...........................................................................5 Market trends and target market grow………………………………………….6 SWOT Analysis................................................................................................................8 Strengths................................................................................................................8 Weaknesses............................................................................................................9 Opportunities..........................................................................................................9 Threats...................................................................................................................
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...I Introduction Technology I.1 What is technology? I.2 First inventors I.3 How science affects technology I.4 How technology affects science I.5 Discussion questions 2 Chemistry connects to . . . . . . I.1 What is technology? Think for a moment what it might be like to live in the 14th century. Image that you could travel back in time and found yourself in a small European village in 1392. What do you think you would find? How would you cook your food? Would you use an oven, a fire, or a microwave? How would you eat your food? Do you think you could use a plastic cup to drink your milk? How would you go from one city to the next? Could you get on a train or would you have to walk or ride a horse? How would you send a her or call her on your cell phone? message to your mom telling her you’ll be late for dinner? Can you email How would you get your clothes? Can you shop at a 14th century mall, or on the internet? And what would your clothes be made of? Technology Level I Introduction 3 Do you think you could find pink spandex shorts or would they have to be made of brown cotton? Think for a moment how different everything would be if you were to live in the 14th century. Many of the items you use today are a result of technology. Your cell phone, microwave oven, washing machine, and plastic cup are all the result of scientific discoveries combined with engineering that have allow people to invent products that have improved the...
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...Life Processes of Living Things 1. Nutrition: the obtaining and processing of food materials. a. Ingestion: taking in food b. Egestion – removal of undigested food c. Digestion – breakdown of food d. Photosynthesis 2. Transport: the intake and distribution of materials throughout an organism. 3. Respiration: the release of energy from food by oxidation a. Breathing 4. Excretion: the removal of metabolic wastes from an organism. 5. Synthesis: the combining of simple substances to form more complex substances, thereby forming more living matter. 6. Regulation: the coordinated response of an organism to a changing environment in order to maintain stability. 7. Growth: the increase in size of an organism that results from the synthesis and organization of materials into new substances and structures. 8. Reproduction: the ability of living things to produce more of their own kind. It is essential to species, but not individual organism. Organelles | Functions | Cell wall | Protects and supports plant cell and maintains shape. | Cell membrane | Controls transport of materials into and out of cell | Nuclear membrane | Controls transport of materials into and out of the nucleus | Cytoplasm | Provides an organized watery environment in which life functions take place by means of organelles contained in it. | Endoplasmic reticulum | Provides channels through which transport of materials occurs in cytoplasm. | Golgi...
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...the report sheet and be prepared to hand them in at the start of your lab class. Please be aware that you need to go online to answer prelab question #3. Goals of this Lab Exercise After completing this lab exercise you should be able to..... 1. Identify the parts of a compound light microscope and use a microscope to competently examine biological samples 2. Determine the diameter of the field of view for the various objectives of a microscope 3. Accurately sketch, describe and cite the major functions of the structures and organelles of the cells examined in this lab exercise 4. Estimate the size of specimens viewed with a microscope. The Microscope The microscope is one of the principal tools of the biologist. Without the microscope, many of the great discoveries of biology would never have been made. The light compound microscope, illustrated in Figure 1, is the type of microscope most commonly used. Proper, comfortable use of the instrument demands practice. The practice afforded you in this exercise depends upon familiarity with the parts of the microscope and with their interactions. Figure 1. A typical compound light microscope used in many biology labs. 1 Lab 2 Biology 100 Note each of the following features of the microscope and there individual uses to allow you to take full advantage of the use of a microscope. Ocular or Eyepiece—contains a lens that magnifies the specimen (usually 10x) Revolving Nosepiece—used to change...
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...NIKON CORPORATION NIKON REPORT 2014 Shin-Yurakucho Bldg., 12-1, Yurakucho 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8331 Japan (Scheduled to relocate to the following address on Nov. 25, 2014: Shinagawa Intercity Tower C, 2-15-3, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-6290 Japan) www.nikon.com This eco-friendly booklet was produced using FSC®-certified paper; non-VOC (volatile organic compound), vegetable-oil ink; and waterless printing technology. Printed in Japan NIKON REPORT 2014 Year Ended March 31, 2014 NIKON REPORT 2014 NIKON REPORT 2014 Independent Practitioner’s Assurance of Social and Environmental Performance Independent Practitioner’s Assurance of Social and Environmental Performance About NIKON REPORT 2014 Starting with reports published in the fiscal year ending March 2015, Nikon Corporation publishes its previously named ANNUAL REPORT as the NIKON REPORT. In addition to details regarding business performance and strategy, operational overviews, and other financial data previously published in the ANNUAL REPORT, this report comprises a broader range of non-financial data, including information on CSR activities and corporate governance. As a corporate group that continues to pursue steady growth and create new value prefaced on harmony with society, we hope that NIKON REPORT will promote further understanding of the Nikon Group among our shareholders, investors, and all other stakeholders. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 02 Nikon’s Growth...
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...Mastering Concepts 3.1 1. What is a cell? A cell is the smallest unit of life. 2. How have microscopes contributed to the study of cells? Microscopes have led to the discovery of cells, have allowed us to differentiate structures in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, have allowed us to study the organelles that make up a eukaryotic cell, and have even let us watch some basic cell functions as they occur. 3. What are the main components of cell theory? The main components of cell theory are that all life is made of cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of life, and that all cells come from preexisting cells 4. Describe the differences between light and electron microscopes. The light microscope can be used to study living organisms, does not distort structures, can show structures in stained color, and is less expensive than the electron microscope. However, the light microscope lacks much of the magnification and resolution of the electron microscope. 5. Which molecules and structures occur in all cells? All cells have DNA, proteins, RNA, ribosomes, a watery cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. 6. Describe adaptations that increase the ratio of surface area to volume in cells. Adaptations that increase the surface area to volume ratio include elongated or flattened cell shapes. An efficient transportation system, a water-filled vacuole, and improved efficiency help cells sidestep surface area limitations. 3.2 1. How do prokaryotic...
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