...Department of Chemical Engineering West Virginia University From Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fourth Edition, by Richard Turton, Richard C. Bailie, Wallace B. Whiting, Joseph Shaeiwitz, and Debangsu Bhattacharyya (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-261812-0) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 3 Levels of Diagram • Block Flow Diagram (BFD) • Process Flow Diagram (PFD) • Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) – often referred to as Mechanical Flow Diagram Complexity Conceptual increases understanding Increases As chemical engineers, we are most familiar with BFD and PFD. From Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fourth Edition, by Richard Turton, Richard C. Bailie, Wallace B. Whiting, Joseph Shaeiwitz, and Debangsu Bhattacharyya (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-261812-0) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 1 The Block Flow Diagram (BFD) • BFD shows overall processing picture of a chemical complex – Flow of raw materials and products may be included on a BFD – BFD is a superficial view of facility – ChE information is missing From Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fourth Edition, by Richard Turton, Richard C. Bailie, Wallace B. Whiting, Joseph Shaeiwitz, and Debangsu Bhattacharyya (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-261812-0) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Definitions of BFD • Block Flow Process Diagram – Figure 1.1 – Similar...
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...GOAL: To give low-income, middle-aged men the knowledge, skills, and tools to address social determinants of mental health in order to improve their capacity to be active fathers. Unit I: Mental Health Unit Objective: Upon the completion of the unit, participants will be able to describe social determinants of mental health, explore stressful factors in their lives and workplace, and advocate for men to seek help for mental health problems. Instructional Objectives: Mental Health and the Workplace 1. At the end of the lesson, participants will be able to describe social determinants of mental health in their own words by writing them down on a worksheet (Cognitive; comprehension) 2. At the end of the lesson, participants will be able...
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...4506 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2007, 46, 4506-4516 Assessment of Sustainability-Potential: Hierarchical Approach L. T. Fan,* Tengyan Zhang, Jiahong Liu, and John R. Schlup Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State UniVersity, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 Paul A. Seib Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State UniVersity, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 Ferenc Friedler and Bontond Bertok Department of Computer Science, UniVersity of Pannonia, Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200, Hungary ´ A hierarchical approach is proposed to estimate the sustainability-potential of a chemical process, based on any of the alternative synthetic routes. This novel notion of sustainability-potential is a generalization of the notion of profit-potential, the estimation of which renders it possible to screen out economically nonviable processes derived from the alternative synthetic routes at the earliest stage. At the outset of assessment, all the individual alternative synthetic routes are identified by the graph-theoretic method based on process graphs (P-graphs). Subsequently, the individual alternative synthetic routes are sequentially assessed in descending order of quantifiability, in terms of available energy (or exergy), dissipation, the possible profit, and the toxicity index, respectively. The efficacy of the approach is demonstrated for the manufacture of C2H3Cl. The approach can possibly be adapted for estimating the sustainability-potential to assess the alternative production...
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...t In this paper, a new method is presented for optimization of heat exchanger networks making use of genetic algorithm and Sequential Quadratic Programming. The optimization problem is solved in the following two levels: 1- Structure of the optimized network is distinguished through genetic algorithm, and 2- The optimized thermal load of exchangers is determined through Sequential Quadratic Programming. Genetic algorithm uses these values for the determination of the fitness. For assuring the authenticity of the newly presented method, two standard heat exchanger networks are solved numerically. For representing the efficiency and applicability of this method for the industrial issues, an actual industrial optimization problem i.e. Aromatic Unit of Bandar Imam Petrochemistry in Iran is verified. The results indicate that the proposed multistage optimization algorithm of heat exchanger networks is better in all cases than those obtained using traditional optimization methods such as Pinch Analysis Method and Mathematical Optimization Method. Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Optimization of heat exchanger network either with the purpose of minimizing utilities and number of exchangers or with...
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...elarson@princeton.edu Ren Tingjin Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China This paper reports detailed process designs and cost assessments for production of clean liquid fuels (methanol and dimethyl ether) by indirect coal liquefaction (ICL). Gasification of coal produces a synthesis gas that can be converted to liquid fuel by synthesis over appropriate catalysts. Recycling of unconverted synthesis gas back to the synthesis reactor enables a larger fraction of the coal energy to be converted to liquid fuel. Passing synthesis gas once over the synthesis catalyst, with unconverted synthesis gas used to generate electricity in a gas turbine combined cycle, leads to less liquid fuel production, but provides for a significant second revenue stream from sale of electricity. Recently-developed liquid-phase synthesis reactors are especially attractive for ‘‘oncethrough’’ processing. Both ‘‘recycle’’ and ‘‘once-through’’ plant configurations are evaluated in this paper. Because synthesis catalysts are poisoned by sulfur, essentially all sulfur must be removed upstream. Upstream removal of CO2 from the synthesis gas is also desirable to maximize synthesis productivity, and it provides an opportunity for partial decarbonization of the process, whereby the removed CO2 can be captured for underground storage. The analysis here suggests that co-capture and co-storage of CO2 and H2S (if this is proven technically feasible) could have important favorable impacts...
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...Protein Engineering Programme: B.Tech (Biotech) 6th Semester Course code: BIT 317 (3 credits) Unit 1 – Introduction Winter 2012-13 Dr. Everette Jacob Remington N, Ph.D Associate Professor & Ramalingaswami Fellow Biomedical Sciences Division & Gene Therapy Laboratory School of Biosciences and Technology VIT University, Vellore - 632 014, TN 1 Course objective To make the student familiarize with the basics, concepts and application of protein engineering Expected course outcome Explain the principles involved in the maintenance of protein structure Analyze the given protein structure and predict the sites to be engineered for altering/introducing a specific property 2 Course Outline Unit 1 – Introduction (9 hrs) Unit 2 – Protein Sequences and Properties (9 hrs) Unit 3 – Conformation of Proteins (9 hrs) Unit 4 – Principles and Approach (9 hrs) Unit 5 – Probing Structure for Molecular Recognition (9 hrs) 3 Unit 1 Introduction (9 hrs) Amino acid structure and properties Detection of the size of proteins Covalent structures in proteins Overview of chemical and biosynthesis of proteins Topogenesis Post-translational covalent modification of polypeptide chains 4 Amino Acids Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side-chain that is specific to each amino acid The amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate...
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...LANGUAGE PROCESSORS Presented By: Prof. S.J. Soni, SPCE – Visnagar. Introduction Language Processing activities arise due to the differences between the manner in which a software designer describes the ideas concerning the behavior of a software and the manner in which these ideas are implemented in a computer system. The designer expresses the ideas in terms related to the application domain of the software. To implement these ideas, their description has to be interpreted in terms related to the execution domain. Semantic Gap Semantic Gap Application Domain Execution Domain Semantic Gap has many consequences Large development time Large development effort Poor quality of software Specification and Execution Gaps Specification Gap Application Domain Execution Gap PL Domain Execution Domain The software engineering steps aimed at the use of a PL can be grouped into Specification, design and coding steps PL implementation steps Specification and Execution Gaps Specification Gap It is the semantic gap between two specifications of the same task. Execution Gap It is the gap between the semantics of programs (that perform the same task) written in different programming languages. Language Processors “A language processor is a software which bridges a specification or execution gap”. The program form input to a language processor as the source program and to its output as the target program. The languages in which these...
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...CONCATENATIVE TEXT-TO-SPEECH SYNTHESIS OF TWO-SYLLABLE FILIPINO WORDS Lourdes T. Tupas, Rowena Cristina L. Guevara, Ph.D., and Melvin Co Digital Signal Processing Laboratory Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering University of the Philippines, Diliman ABSTRACT In concatenative-based speech synthesizers, one of the most important problems is proper union of speech units to achieve an intelligible and natural-sounding synthetic speech. For that purpose, speech units need to be processed and concatenated so that discontinuities at concatenation points are minimized. Another possible solution to this is by using a larger speech unit to decrease the number of concatenation points. In this project, which utilized two-syllable Filipino words, the speech unit is syllable. Characterization of these Filipino words is done to differentiate words of the same spelling but of different meanings. This characterization took note of the pitch, duration of utterance of each syllable in the word, and the first three formant frequencies. A digital signal processing (DSP) block is also implemented. It accepts two-syllable text and outputs all the possible utterances of that word; this block is the text-to-speech synthesizer. A two-interval forced choice test was conducted to evaluate the level of naturalness of the synthesized speech. Words of the same spelling but of different meanings are distinguished using the prosody and intelligibility test. 1. INTRODUCTION ...
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...after conversion to bile acids in the process known as reverse cholesterol transport . STRUCTURE * The structure of cholesterol consists of four fused rings (The rings in steroids are denoted by the letters A, B, C, and D.), with the carbons numbered in the sequence, and an eight numbered, and branched hydrocarbon chain attached to the D ring. * Cholesterol contains two angular methyl groups: the C-19 methyl group is attached to C-10, and the C-18 methyl group is attached to C-13. * The C-18 and C-19 methyl groups of cholesterol lie above the plane containing the four rings. Steroids with 8 to 10 carbon atoms in the side chain and an alcohol hydroxyl group at C-3 are classified as sterols. Much of the plasma cholesterol is in the esterified form (with a fatty acid attached at carbon 3), which makes the structure even more hydrophobic . FUNCTIONS Cholesterol is the most abundant sterol in humans and performs a number of essential functions. For example- * It is a major constituent of the plasma membrane and of plasma lipoproteins. * It is a precursor of bile salts, * It is a precursor of steroid hormones that include adrenocortical hormones, sex hormones, placental hormones etc * Also a precursor of vitamin D, cardiac glycosides, Sitosterol of...
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...three-dimensional structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes. Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's...
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...DNA and Protein Synthesis • Describe the structure of DNA and the steps of protein synthesis. The first stage is transcription, The DNA helix is untwisted by the enzyme dna helixase. Then the DNA is split into two as the hydrogen bonds are broken between the complementary base pairs, The second step is translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm and requires ribosomes. A small ribosomal subunit attaches to the bottom of the mRNA strand, and a large ribosomal subunit to the top of the mRNA. Then the synthesis can begin. For it to start the first codon (base triplet) must be methionine. Then the anticodons on a tRNA with an amino acid comes into the large ribosome unit and matches with a codon. • Describe the relationships between the following terms: o DNA- the heredity material of the cell o Chromatin material- the combination of DNA and proteins that make up the nucleus o Gene- a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism o Chromosome- an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells • Use the following gene in protein synthesis: TAGGACCATTTTAGCCCC o Show the mRNA. o Show the tRNA. o Name the amino acids that will be placed in the polypeptide chain. (Use the codon table in Ch. 17 of Campbell Biology.) • A gene will direct the making of polypeptide chains, and polypeptide chains form proteins. All enzymes are proteins. Therefore, how would you explain carrying a gene for a trait that does not show up in the offspring? Genes can...
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...CHAPTER 9: NUCLEIC ACIDS 9.1 Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids Primary (1o) Structure – order of bases in the polynucleotide sequence Secondary (2o) Structure – 3D conformation of backbone Tertiary (3o) Structure – supercoiling of the molecule Quaternary (4o) Structure – interaction between DNA & proteins Two principle types of nucleic acids - DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - RNA (ribonucleic acid) How do DNA and RNA differ? Ribosomes: polypeptide-generating machinery of the cell Tobacco mosaic virus: nucleic acid strand winds through a cylinder of coat-protein subunits 9.2 The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides Nucleotides: monomers of nucleic acids 1. Nitrogenous base 2. Sugar 3. Phosphoric acid residue Order of nucleic acids of DNA contains the information necessary to produce the correct amino acid sequence in the cell’s proteins What are the structures and components of the nucleotides? Nucleic acid bases (nucleobases): one or two-ring nitrogenous aromatic compound - Pyrimidines – single-ring aromatic compounds Cytosine – DNA & RNA Thymine – substitute for Uracil in DNA (sometimes in RNA) Uracil – RNA only - Purines – double-ring aromatic compounds Adenine – DNA & RNA Guanine – DNA & RNA Methylation can modify bases Nucleoside - base + sugar covalently bonded - lacks phosphate group - base forms a glycosidic linkage with sugar Ribonucleoside: β-D-ribose Deoxyribonucleoside: β-D-deoxyribose The glycosidic...
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...CITY AND ISLINGTON COLLEGE Assignment BriefFront Cover Centre: | Centre for Applied Sciences | | | Learner name: | Mohamed elrraik | | | Course Code: | AS2212A11/AS2211A11 | | | Programme Level &Title: | BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science | | | Unit Number & Title: | Unit 18 Genetics & Genetic Engineering | | | Assignment Title: | Assignment 1 – DNA & Protein synthesis | | | Assessor Name: | Jasmin Bongrani | | | Date Issued: | AS2212A11 12/09/11AS2211A11 30/01/12 | DateDue: | AS2212A11 10/10/11AS2211A11 05/03/12 | | | | | Turn It In Score: | | Referral Due Date: | | | | | | Internal Verifier Name: | Lee Walker | Date IVed: | 08/09/11 | Grading criteria | Y/N | Feedback(including action where necessary) | P1 | Compare and contrast the structure of various nucleic acids | | | M1 | Explain how genetic information an be stored in a sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA | | | D1 | Explain the steps involved in biosynthesis of protein including the roles of RNA | | | Additional Feedback and/or Action Plan: Date marked: | | Learner Declaration | I declare that all the work submitted for this assignment is my own work or, in the case of group work,the work of myself and the other members of the group in which I worked, and that no part of it has beencopied from any source. I understand that if any part of the...
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...Vitamin Definition: 1) Organic compound 2) Natural component of food 3) Essential for normal physiological function 4) Specific deficiency syndrome 5) Not synthesized by the host in amounts adequate to meet normal physiological needs Water Soluble Vitamins: - Ex. Vitamin B & C - Dissolve in water (hydrophillics) - Cannot be stored, daily supply necessary - Move directly into blood; travel freely - Easily taken up & released by body tissues - Excess amounts excreted in urine Fat Soluble Vitamins: - Ex. Vitamin A, D, E, K - Cannot dissolve in water (hydrophobic) - Dissolve in fat (dietary and body) - Need dietary fat to be absorbed - Enter blood via lymph; need transport proteins - Can be stored (liver & body fat); daily supplies not as important - More concern about excess intake Bioavailability: the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used; depends on amount in food and amount usable by body Minerals: - Inorganic - Retain chemical identity - Absorption issues: bioavailability (minerals bind to other compounds) - Toxicity issues - Classification: o Macrominerals: >5 grams; ex. Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride o Trace minerals: --(vitamin B6) NAD/NADP o Redox reactions: Oxidation: • Acts as a hydrogen acceptor • NAD (P) becomes NAD (P)H • Oxidation of numerous fuel molecules (ex. Pyruvate, TCA intermediates, glycolysis intermediates, pentose phosphate pathway) Reduction: • Acts...
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...003 Chapter 03 Cell Biology and Genetics Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The structural and functional unit of all living organisms is the A. ribosome. B. cell. C. organ. D. organelle. E. plasma membrane. 2. All of the chemical reactions within a cell are known as cell A. reproduction. B. metabolism. C. communication. D. inheritance. E. movement. 3. Cells produce and respond to chemical and electrical signals as a means of A. communicating. B. metabolizing. C. reproducing. D. synthesizing. E. using energy. 4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic function of a cell? A. reproduction and inheritance B. metabolism and energy use C. movement D. synthesis E. communication 5. Which of the following could be used to study general features of cells? A. a magnifying glass B. scanning electron microscope C. transmission electron microscope D. binoculars E. light microscope 6. In order to study in detail the anatomy of internal cell parts, it would be best to use A. x-rays. B. flashlights. C. a transmission electron microscope (TEM). D. tissue cultures. E. a scanning electron microscope (SEM). 7. The plasma membrane A. separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. B. is a rigid protein membrane. C. is not permeable. D. has a single layer of phospholipids. E. regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell. 8. The environment outside the plasma membrane is most appropriately...
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