...Council (UNSC) encompasses five key issues: categories of membership, the question of the veto held by the five permanent members, regional representation, the size of an enlarged Council and its working methods, and the Security Council-General Assembly relationship. Member States, regional groups and other Member State interest groupings developed different positions and proposals on how to move forward on this contested issue.[1] The reform of the Security Council requires the agreement of at least two-thirds of UN member states and that of all the permanent members of the UNSC, enjoying the veto right.[2] Contents * 1 History * 2 General Assembly Task Force * 3 Increasing membership * 3.1 "In Larger Freedom" * 3.2 Uniting for Consensus * 4 New permanent member proposals * 4.1 Brazil * 4.2 Germany * 4.3 India * 4.4 Japan * 4.5 Membership of a Muslim-majority nation * 4.6 Africa * 5 Veto reform * 6 Overall positions on reforming the Security Council * 6.1 United States * 6.2 United Kingdom and France * 6.3 Russia * 6.4 India * 6.5 Brazil * 6.6 South Africa * 6.7 Portugal * 7 References * 8 Further reading * 9 External links History[edit] Even though the geopolitical realities have changed drastically since 1945, when the set-up of the current Council was decided, the Security Council has changed very little during this long period. The winners...
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...organs of the United Nations - the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Powers to oversee the budget of the United Nations appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions. Meetings UNGA meets under its president or Secretary-General in regular yearly sessions. It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions. Its composition, functions, powers, voting, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations. Voting in the General Assembly on important questions Each member country has one vote. recommendations on peace and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; budgetary matters – is by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting. Other questions are decided by majority vote. Resolutions Assembly resolutions are not binding on the members.(Apart from approval of budgetary matters, including adoption of a scale of assessment)...
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...The History of the United Nations Following the end of World War II, many nations decided that the League of Nations; an organization that was founded after World War I by the United States of America upon the Treaty of Versailles, needed to be replaced by an organization that could better foresee the needs of the international community and undertake the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. The United Nations, with its six principle organs was founded in 1945, as a replacement to the failed League of Nations.1 The fifty founding countries of the United Nations met in San Francisco, California in 1945 in order to draft a new charter. The United Nations Charter was essentially based upon the principles of the Dumbarton Oaks conference of 1944. It was then that these fifty countries, alongside Poland, signed the charter and became the fifty-one original member states. The United Nations, a term coined by the American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1942, was founded to increase “cooperation on specific matters” and essentially establish world peace. Given the immense cultural diversity of the 192 current member states of the UN, the organization opted to adopt six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. Alongside the two major headquarters for the organization where meetings are usually held found both in New York, USA and Geneva, Switzerland, local Offices are set up in other capitals across the globe. ...
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...UNITED NATIONS 1-ABOUT UNITED NATIONS The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. It is currently made up of 193 Member States. The mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter. Due to the powers vested in its Charter and its unique international character, the United Nations can take action on the issues confronting humanity in the 21st century, such as peace and security, climate change, sustainable development, human rights, disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and health emergencies, gender equality, governance, food,production,andmore. The UN also provides a forum for its members to express their views in the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and other bodies and committees. By enabling dialogue between its members, and by hosting negotiations, the Organization has become a mechanism for governments to find areas of agreement and solve problems together. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 2-United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA, GA, or, from the French: Assemblée Générale, "AG") is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive...
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...CLA: Queen Elizabeth Sandeep Dhakal BUS 325 Introduction to Leadership West Cliff University Professor: Dr. Yvan Nezerwe 3rd April, 2016 Abstract This main purpose of this paper is to presents a brief summary of Queen Elizabeth I of England. This paper includes Elizabeth leadership style, conflicts, resolution, management, empowerment and effectiveness of Elizabeth leadership. Queen Elizabeth The Virgin Queen is the nickname of Queen Elizabeth I. Her regime starts from 1558 to 1603. After the death of her half sister Mary, Elizabeth I became the ruler of the England. Her regime period is said to be the golden age in the history of England. She didn’t have any difference on protestant and catholic religion. In the movie, Elizabeth I leadership is showed as the follow the protocol in meetings, inexperienced to be formal, her regime as a simple girl to the tactician where she realized the true meaning of trust and loyalty in the palace. Queen Elizabeth I was successful leader because she made good relationship with other countries and also develop economic condition of England. [ (Lewis, 2003) ], [ (Hanson, 2015) ] Leadership style of Queen Elizabeth In the movie it showed Queen Elizabeth I ruled from her heart not forms head. Queen Elizabeth is a leader who care and love for its peoples and also improved the skill and knowledge of the people. She served her kin to engage them. She had different kind of leadership style such as...
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...Religion and Peace 1) 2) 3) The understanding of peace in religious traditions Peace expressed through the sacred texts- principle teachings on peace Contributions to peace (Individual and World) Islam and Christianity The understanding of peace Christianity Concept of peace The New Testament understanding of the word ‘peace’ is living in an idyllic condition and communicating regularly with God, as epitomized by the Garden of Eden. Perfect peace was lost when Adam and Eve sinned (Genesis 3) but the coming of Christ restored the potential for peace. Therefore belief in Jesus enables humans inner peace in their lives and the looking forward to the day when Jesus will reign supreme on Earth. As Jesus states in John 16:33 peace is found in him. This is multifaceted. 1) His death was for human sin and allows humans and God to become one again. 2) His ministry is full of Jesus providing peace to those he came into contact with. Matthew 11:28-30, he offers peace to those that are troubled, in Mark 1:21-2:12 he casts out demons and forgives sins and in Hebrews 12:14 followers are encouraged to copy Jesus by making ‘every effort t live in peace with all men. 3) When Jesus returns will bring everlasting physical and spiritual peace on Earth for those who believe. The central theme of Jesus’ teachings is the Kingdom of Heaven. The kingdom of God is characterized by peace- there will be no hardships or grief or pain (Revelation). The righteous and faithful will be redeemed and will...
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... |Jean Henri Dunant | |Born : |May 8, 1828(1828-05 08)Geneva, Switzerland | |Died: |October 30, 1910(1910-10-30) (aged 82) | | |Heiden, Switzerland | |Nationalit: |Swiss | |Awards: |Nobel Peace Prize (1901) | Dunant's appeal in his book was :- "Would there not be some means, during a period of peace and calm, of forming Relief Societies whose object would be to have the wounded cared for in time of war by enthusiastic, devoted volunteers, fully qualified for the task?" "Would it not be possible for the princes of the art of warfare from different nations, to...
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...Reflective Assignment The Political Nonviolent Activism of Martin Luther King Jr. I will focus on the life and the nonviolent political activism of Martin Luther King Jr. King Jr. is a world-renowned figure for his nonviolent pursuit of justice, equality, liberty and freedom for all, he worked tirelessly for racial equality and civil rights within the United States of America and his values of beliefs have been referenced the world over in similar pursuits. He is most well known for a speech he gave on the steps of Washington D.C.’s Lincoln memorial in 1963 entitles “I Have a Dream …” at the “March on Washington”. Section 1 (a) Montgomery Bus Boycott In the city of Montgomery Alabama 1955, it would not be surprising to see buses segregated by race; in fact city law to enforce it. When entering buses whites entered and sat at the front filling towards the rear, blacks entered and sat at the rear filling toward the front. If there were no more seats the next black person onto the bus was to stand, when the next white person got on the closest row of black people to the front were required to stand (Clayborne 224). The boycott began after a number of black women had been arrested for not vacating seats, the most recent before the boycott being Mrs. Rosa Parks (Phibbs). The boycott was organized and led by a number of now prominent civil rights activists along with Martin Luther King Jr., including but limited to: Ralph Abernathy, a leader of the American Civil Rights...
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...for the gain of finance and political strength. In today society, one of the main question when it comes to these groups is how can criminal organizations be controlled? This paper will identify the problems presented and the various relationships established by organized crime. It will describe the legal limitations associated with combating organized crime, including a critique of major federal laws and strategies that support this effort. This paper will end with a suggestion of a realistic solution to control organized crime by discussing and evaluating the effectiveness of organized crime prosecutions. Problems Presented and Relationships Established It needs to be remember that organized crime is defined as any crime that threatens peace and human security, violates human rights and undermines economic, social, cultural, political and civil development of societies around the world (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, n.d.). The above definition was provided by the United Nations Office of Drug and Crime and that is just one of the many law enforcement groups that have a different definition on what organized crime is. This is also a major setback depicted since there is an absence of concurrence on the term ‘organized crime’, which promotes much confusion and difficulty in classifying such crime groups. There are numerous law enforcement agencies that have characterized organized crime as possessing four major components, which include a group of more than...
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...that it was strong enough to deal with both internal and external issues drove the colonies to send delegates to Albany to draft the Articles of Confederation. Ratified in 1781, the Articles of Confederation framed a new United States of America. The Articles of Confederation did not create a national government, “but rather a firm league of friendship” (Keene 121). Ultimately a fear of recreating the issues that were driving them from British rule shaped the Articles of Confederation and created a weak government with little power. It setup a national legislature called Congress where each state had one vote. It had no power to levy taxes, regulate commerce or otherwise interfere with the States. It could create money and declare war or peace. Notably any changes or amendments required a unanimous vote of Congress and “because of its weaknesses, Alexander Hamilton and other delegates called for a convention to be held in Philadelphia to improve and amend the Articles” (Articles of confederation 2014). The issue of western lands, a subject of the Proclamation of 1763 and one of the events that lead to continued tensions with Britain, was also a an issue in the framing of both the Articles of Confederation and ultimately the 2 Historical Essay: Confederation and Constitution Constitution. Where the...
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...cooperation. The treaty of the peace of Westphalia of 1648 is regarded at humanity’s first effort in statehood and fostering international cooperation. The formation of the UN is predicated on the evolution of diplomacy, alliances, conferences, rules of warfare, means of peaceful settlement of conflicts and the development of international law. The overriding purpose of the UN is war prevention. This purpose was earlier pursued by ancient Greek Philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, who wrote on the conditions necessary for peace.1 The church in the Middle Ages also enunciated a doctrine of “Just War” to limit violence and destruction by sanctioning only wars fought for justifiable courses. The pacifists and internationalists, like Desiderius Erasmus, condemned war in its entirety as “immoral and wasteful”. 2. The need to institute mechanics for peaceful settlement of disputes and prevent war encouraged the formation of various international organizations over time. These include the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe in 1815. The Hague System worked towards the codification of international law, formulated a set of procedures for pacific settlement, which included mediation, conciliation and inquiry in 2 conferences of 1899 and 1907. The third conference could not however hold in 1915 due to the outbreak of the First World War (WWI) 2. 3. The League of Nations emerged after WWI. It was an international alliance for the preservation of peace. The League was...
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...In most treatments of power, this chapter would form the entire discussion. Coercion and force are often used as synonyms of power, and all too often are seen as the only type of power. Hans Morgenthau offers a definition that is representative of the literature: Power may comprise anything that establishes and maintains the control of man over man. Thus power covers all social relationships, which serve that end, from physical violence to the most subtle psychological ties by which one mind controls another. Power covers the domination of man by man, both when it is disciplined by moral ends and controlled by constitutional safeguards, as in Western democracies, and when it is that untamed and barbaric force which finds its laws in nothing but its own strength and its sole justification in its aggrandizement.[1] Power tends to be defined as force, regardless of whether the one wielding power is the initiator or the responder. No less an authority than John Locke, the 17th century enlightenment philosopher whose treatises on government provided inspiration for the U.S. Constitution, defined coercive power as the only appropriate response to the illegitimate use of coercive power: "In all states and conditions, the true remedy of force without authority is to oppose force to it."[2] The equation of force with power is not limited to theorists. Kriesberg points out that parties in social conflict, "cognizant of inequalities in resources and what that means for domination...
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...2009 > hot topics 69 TOPICS HOT L e g a L i s s u e s i n p L a i n L a n g u a g e This is the sixty-ninth in the series Hot Topics: legal issues in plain language, published by the Legal Information Access Centre (LIAC). Hot Topics aims to give an accessible introduction to an area of law that is the subject of change or public debate. International law 1 overview What is international law? – difference between international law and domestic law – Why do States obey international law? – subjects of international law – How do international law and domestic law interact? 4 sources of international law Jus cogens – international conventions and treaties – Australian treaty practice – custom – general principles of law – judicial decisions and writings of publicists – ‘hard law’ and ‘soft law’. 8 states What is a State? – rights of States – self-determination – creation and recognition of new States – case studies. AUTHOR NOTE: Jane Stratton currently leads corporate social responsibility programs in a leading Sydney law firm, teaches law students at a Sydney university and independently, undertakes community development projects in Western Sydney. Her work has included legal and policy roles in the Public Interest Advocacy Centre, the Australian Human Rights Commission, UN High Commission for Refugees and the ICTY. She has experience in litigious and political advocacy. Jane holds qualifications in law (Honours)...
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...“The work of each of these artists represents a particular depth of understanding and sensitivity about the history of our nation.” Dakar: Places in Our Live [1] “Thanks to art, instead of seeing one world, our own, we see it multiplied and, as many original, artists as there are, so many worlds are at our disposal.” Andre Marlaux[2] Introduction Art is a tenuous relationship as history would attest but it is one that could not be belittled or undermined. It produced various schools of thought among the ancient Greeks and continues to provide profound forum of debate among contemporary scholars. As President Ferdinand Marcos have stated, “For the artist has always been a dynamic factor in social and cultural development and art is always an essential vehicle of truth and of relationship”.[3] In the realm of human experience, the artist has to confront the truth in its various critical situations consequently depending on, his interpretation of urgent realities; he becomes either the advocate of change or an adversary of it. But he can never be uncommitted nor be irresponsible. In the present time where plans and options for governments shift in the global expediency, the artist must always guard against obstacles to national growth and progress. "Art and Globalization makes an important contribution to the diverse critical practices and aesthetic performances that define the global era.[4]” These remarks were written for the book entitled Arts and...
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...Real Strength Comes From the Inside - A Constructivist Analysis of EU Actorness in the Context of UN Security Council Reform Supervisor: Name: Jonas Hirschnitz Claudia Engelmann Student ID: i6004017 j.hirschnitz@student.maastrichtuniversity.nl Pigeonhole: 336 Bachelor Paper I Version: Final Date: 22-July-2011 Word Count: 5,988 Structure: Introduction p.3 1. Actorness - the Construtivist Dimension p.4 2. Capability in EU’s Foreign Policy p.6 2.1 Institutional Settings p.6 2.2 The EU at the UN(SC) p.7 2.3 Institutional Capability p.8 3. Approaching Presence p. 8 3.1 Normative Values Approach p.8 3.2 Normative Values in EU Policy p.9 4. Presence in the Context of UNSC Reform p.10 4.1 The Reform of the UNSC p.10 4.2 EU Member States’ Attitudes p. 11 4.3 Two Positions – One Identity? p.13 Conclusion p.16 Illustrations: Table 1 p.11 Table 2 p.12 Introduction “Intellectually and conceptually, the European Union and the United Nations are built on the same foundations. If this ground becomes shaky, both structures are in danger.” (Fassbender, 2004, p.884) Different scholars have found that Europe only has two decades left – at best – to have an important impact on global political developments (Mayer, 2008, p.64; Schnabel, 2005, p...
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