...• Ethical Relativism • Moral Differences • Not everyone shares our idea of what constitutes decent/moral behavior. • What we believe to be immoral behavior in fact can be grounded in an ethical code. – 9/11 for example. Al-Qaeda’s code of ethics identify their action as morally justified and mandated • Terms • Moral nihilism – View that there are no morally right or wrong viewpoints, that the whole moral issue is a cultural game. – Neither your nor my opinion matter because there is no moral right or wrong. – Difficult to uphold because it’s extreme. • Terms • Moral skepticism – We can’t know if there are moral truths or not. – Problem, how do you make moral judgments • Moral subjectivism – Moral views are to each individual and we can’t know the inner states from one person to another. – Problem, this approach has no problem solving capability. • • Soft Universalism • Belief that deep down, despite cultural differences, there exist basic moral principles that can be agreed on. • Allows for problem solving capability between cultures and ideas. • Hard Universalism • AKA…Moral absolutism • Holds that there is one absolute and universal moral code • Most often supported by ethical theories. • Descriptive and Normative Ethics • Important terms for any ethical theory • Descriptive ethics – An ethical theory that merely describes what is seen as fact. – Describes what is actually done or thought • In the US it generally isn’t considered...
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...International Business International Trade Advantages: Expanding businesses and increasing market shares: Canada for gas Improvising relations with other countries Selling surplus of natural resources: Canada has absolute advantage in lumber Job opportunities: Canada jobs rely on exports and when trading jobs are needed Disadvantages: Exploitation of natural resources Spread of viruses Ruining local businesses Decreases domestic production Canada’s competitive advatanges: People advantage: Hard working and intelligent workers, OECD higher education award Transportation Advantage: Boasts a sophisticated transportation network Importing & Exporting Indirect vs. Direct: Direct: a company exporting its own product / pros are control over negotiation and costs are shipping Indirect: Hiring another company to export goods into a country where there are export commission agents and export merchants Pros are volume and simplicity cons are company has less control over export process Trade balances Surplus: when exports are greater than imports Increasing Exports: 1. Businesses may receive subsidies to start up company 2. Give money as grants that do not have to be repaid to potential export products 3. Trade junkets are promotional programs from government Decreasing Imports: 1. Tariffs – putting a tax on imported goods 2. Quotas – Putting a limit on items 3. Embargoes – Putting complete ban on goods & services Trade Alliances ...
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...example of a moral norm may be: “it is wrong to physically harm a child, and those who do so should be punished.” An ethical dilemma in your international engagement may arise when your moral norms differ from those of a society regarding: ▪ Treatment of/value in women and other gender/sex issues ▪ Treatment of/value in children and the elderly ▪ The environment, waste, and consumption ▪ Business practices, loyalty, contractual agreements, and work ethic ▪ Treatment of/value in animals ▪ Privacy and community ▪ Religion, religious dogma and tradition Ethical pluralism is also known as “value” or “moral” pluralism. It is related but not identical to the concepts of moral relativism (there exist many moral theories and there is no objective standard by which they may be judged) and cultural relativism (that norms, values, and practices may be understood as sensible within their respective cultural contexts). Relevance to ISL: Sustainability Ethical pluralism suggests your actions may be in opposition to local norms, or you might be expected to act in opposition to your own norms. Either one of these conflicts may make your work unsustainable. Example: You may be working on an project involving sexual education for youth. This may be unacceptable to some locals and thus long-term community investment is threatened. Cultural Competence Understanding your own cultural and ethical norms in addition to those of others is essential to cultural competence....
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...MGMT1120 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE Your midterm exam will involve the following chapters from your textbook: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 13. Please check the “Textbook Course Material” document on Moodle for the exact pages covered in each chapter. Concepts to cover when studying: 1. What is a Manager? a. Levels of Management b. Managerial Performance c. Upside-down Pyramid 2. What is Intellectual Capital? 3. What is Workforce Diversity and what are its components? 4. What is an Organization and how can it be considered an Open System? d. Public Organizations vs. Not-For-Profit Organizations 5. How do Efficiency and Effectiveness impact the productivity of an organization? 6. What are the organizational trends and transitions that are relevant to your study of management? 7. CREST! 8. Who are Stakeholders and why are they important to managers? 9. What is Competitive Advantage, how can it be achieved and why is it important? 10. What is Environmental Uncertainty and why do managers want to avoid this? 11. Organizational Effectiveness – what is this and what are the ways it can be viewed and analyzed? 12. What are the Four Functions of Management? (Hint: POLC) 13. What are the 10 Managerial Roles? 14. What are the 3 Essential Managerial Skills and why are they important? e. How does a manager develop Managerial Competencies? 15. What is Quantitative Analysis and why do managers...
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...the examples for each level? Surface level food holidays Underwater level economy customs Deep level value belief 3. How is culture transmitted? Both formal and informal Informal transmission occurs every day as individuals interact with each other, watch television, or read books Formal transmission occurs through efforts to socialize as an individual, such as in schools and government 4. How does culture impact communication in organizations? Culture has an impact on how communication takes place in an organization, what is communicated (e.g., only work related or including personal issues), and the manner in which information is communicated (direct confrontation vs. saving face) 5. What are high-context and low-context cultures? In high-context cultures, the context in which what is spoken plays a major role in communication and the behavior of individuals In low-context cultures, the information is very straightforward, and the context has less impact on how such information is likely to be spoken and interpreted Individuals...
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...NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Learner: LaChara S. Hill THIS FORM MUST BE COMPLETELY FILLED IN Please Follow These Procedures: If requested by your mentor, use an assignment cover sheet as the first page of the word processor file. The assignment header should include the Learner’s last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number (DoeJXXX0000-1) justified to the left and the page number justified to the right. Keep a Photocopy or Electronic Copy of Your Assignments: You may need to re-submit assignments if your mentor has indicated that you may or must do so. Academic Integrity: All work submitted in each course must be the Learner’s own. This includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by the faculty mentor. The known submission of another person’s work represented as that of the Learner’s without properly citing the source of the work will be considered plagiarism and will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course, and may result in academic dismissal. | | | |CJ7011-8 |Gabriele Suboch | | | ...
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...Examining the Application Business Ethics and Laws in the Tobacco Industry Abstract “Ethics is not something exterior to the economy…rather, ethics is and interior principle of the economy itself, which cannot function if it does not take account of the human values of solidarity and reciprocal responsibility.” (Pope Benedict XVI) I agree with Pope Benedict. Ethics deals with values that relate to the nature of human conduct and values associated with that conduct. In today’s business environment it is critical to understand the relationship between ethics and business law as ethical behavior and corporate responsibility are more important than ever. It has been argued that good ethics within an organization equate to good business, although good ethics are not required to be successful in business. This examination will put a spotlight on the role of ethics in the business environment, with a particular look at the application of ethics in the tobacco industry. Keywords: ethics, business ethics, natural law, tobacco Examining the Application Business Ethics and Laws in the Tobacco Industry “Business transactions are completed through a combination on values of the parties and the laws that reflect those values and the importance of ones word in business.” (Twomey & Jennings, 2014, p. 33) Business ethics examine an organizations ethical principles and potential moral and ethical dilemmas. In a general sense, business ethics is the application of moral and...
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...Gregory B. Sadler President and Founder, ReasonIO Ethics in Business Education Project Copyright Gregory B. Sadler, 2011 Goals and Scope of this Workshop Ethics can be complicated – in reality it often is Important to be clear and pragmatic about workshop Limited goal here: designed to help Business faculty with one specific skill/knowledge area Presumes only most basic knowledge about Ethics The Key Question: What Do You Need to Know To Assess Students’ Knowledge and Application of Ethical Theories? EB EP Copyright Gregory B. Sadler, 2011 What Do You Need to Know To Assess Students’ Knowledge and Application? You need basic understanding of each ethical theory You need to know what to look for in student responses You don’t need to be in agreement with any of these ethical theories You don’t need to know whether these theories are ultimately correct or not You don’t need to be concerned with other “big picture” issues, e.g. the origin of ethics EB EP Copyright Gregory B. Sadler, 2011 What We Are Going To Cover Five Ethical (families of) Theories Each articulates a particular perspective on good and bad, right and wrong Basic Principles / Key Terminology Important Variations in that family What to look for in student responses Knowledge of theory Application of theory EB EP Copyright Gregory B. Sadler, 2011 Five Theories Egoism the self and its needs Utilitarianism ...
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...Strategic MT Study Sheets Chapter 1 A strategy consists of competitive moves and business approaches used by managers to run the company. It is their action plan to grow the business, attract and please customers, compete successfully, conduct operations and to achieve target levels of organizational performance. It needs to appeal to customers and to help the company carve out its own market position. It uses efficiency and effectiveness to guide a company using as few resources as possible. It deals with initiatives. Strategic management is setting a company’s strategy to differentiate itself within the industry and developing a competitive advantage, as well as altering it as needed. A company achieves a sustainable competitive advantage when an attractive number of buyers prefer its products/services over those of rivals and when the basis for this preference can be maintained over time. Four ways to attain that strategic advantage: low-cost provider, product differentiation, focusing on a narrow market niche/distinctive competency, develop specialties that are hard to duplicate. Three strategic questions: 1) What is the company’s present situation? Use SWOT and “where are we now?” 2) Where does the company go from here? What is its direction? 3) How will we get there? This is the strategy. Strategies evolve because of shifting market conditions, technological breakthroughs, competitors’ moves, evolving customer preferences, emerging market opportunities...
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...An Overview on Multinational Corporations INTRODUCTION Multinational corporations (MNCs) are firms that engage in some form of international business. Their managers conduct international financial management which involves international investing and financing decisions that are intended to maximize the value of the MNC. Management is motivated to achieve a number of goals and objectives, some of which conflict with each other. However, the commonly accepted objective of an MNC is to maximize stockholder wealth on a global basis, as reflected by stock price. Managers of an MNC may make decisions that conflict with the firm’s goal to maximize shareholder wealth. This conflict of goals between firm’s managers and shareholders’ is often referred to as the agency problem. For the firm to achieve its goals, it needs to put in place mechanism for control of agency problem. MNCs are recognized as the main actors of e international business, international business financing and global economies. According to Goshen and Bartlett, MNC is a firm that has substantial direct investment in foreign countries that it actively manages.2 the value of their sales in host countries overpasses the value of trade (imports and exports) in today’s World economy. Multinational companies attracted scientific and public attention from the moment of their appearance, and especially from the beginning of their intensive growth (during the 1960s). There are many interesting and important issues...
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...Unit 2 Theoretical and Methodological Issues Subunit 1 Conceptual Issues in Psychology and Culture 12-1-2011 Article 8 Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context Geert Hofstede Universities of Maastricht and Tilburg, The Netherlands, hofstede@bart.nl Recommended Citation Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 2. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss1/8 This Online Readings in Psychology and Culture Article is brought to you for free and open access (provided uses are educational in nature)by IACCP and ScholarWorks@GVSU. Copyright © 2011 International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-9845627-0-1 Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context Abstract This article describes briefly the Hofstede model of six dimensions of national cultures: Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Femininity, Long/ Short Term Orientation, and Indulgence/Restraint. It shows the conceptual and research efforts that preceded it and led up to it, and once it had become a paradigm for comparing cultures, research efforts that followed and built on it. The article stresses that dimensions depend on the level of aggregation; it describes the six entirely different dimensions found in the Hofstede et al. (2010) research into organizational cultures. It warns against confusion with...
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...A2 Religious Studies Revision Booklet To be used alongside the textbook and your classnotes. Contents G581: Philosophy of Religion Religious Language......................................................………p.1 Religious Experience........................................................…...p.7 Miracles..................................................................…………...p.12 Nature of God............................................................………...p.16 Life and Death.........................................................…………..p.20 G582: Religious Ethics Meta-ethics...........................…………………………………….p.25 Free Will and Determinism………………………………….……p.28 Conscience.......................…………………………………….…p.32 Virtue Ethics………………………………………………………..p.36 Sexual Ethics…………………………………………………...….p.40 Environment and Business Ethics……………………………….p.44 Religious Language Introduction The problems of religious language: • If we use language univocally about God, then we are limiting him / making him like a human • If we use language equivocally about God, we cannot be sure what the word means when applied to God • Are statements about God supposed to be cognitive – if so, what evidence proves / disproves them? • Are statements about God supposed to be non-cognitive – if so, do they have any meaning? The Verification...
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...AS Philosophy & Ethics Course Handbook 2013 to 2014 [pic] OCR AS Level Religious Studies (H172) http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/type/gce/hss/rs/index.aspx OCR AS Level Religious Studies (H172) You are studying Philosophy of Religion and Religious Ethics and will be awarded an OCR AS Level in Religious Studies. The modules and their weightings are: |AS: |Unit Code |Unit Title |% of AS |(% of A Level) | | |G571 |AS Philosophy of Religion |50% |(25%) | | |G572 |AS Religious Ethics |50% |(25%) | If you decide to study for the full A Level you will have to study the following modules at A2: |A2: |Unit Code |Unit Title |(% of A Level) | | |G581 |A2 Philosophy of Religion |(25%) | | |G582 |A2 Religious Ethics |(25%) | Grading | ...
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...J Bus Ethics (2011) 104:311–323 DOI 10.1007/s10551-011-0910-1 A Model for Ethical Decision Making in Business: Reasoning, Intuition, and Rational Moral Principles Jaana Woiceshyn Received: 11 February 2011 / Accepted: 16 May 2011 / Published online: 28 May 2011 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract How do business leaders make ethical decisions? Given the significant and wide-spread impact of business people’s decisions on multiple constituents (e.g., customers, employees, shareholders, competitors, and suppliers), how they make decisions matters. Unethical decisions harm the decision makers themselves as well as others, whereas ethical decisions have the opposite effect. Based on data from a study on strategic decision making by 16 effective chief executive officers (and three not-soeffective ones as contrast), I propose a model for ethical decision making in business in which reasoning (conscious processing) and intuition (subconscious processing) interact through forming, recalling, and applying moral principles necessary for long-term success in business. Following the CEOs in the study, I employ a relatively new theory, rational egoism, as the substantive content of the model and argue it to be consistent with the requirements of longterm business success. Besides explaining the processes of forming and applying principles (integration by essentials and spiraling), I briefly describe rational egoism and illustrate the model with a contemporary moral...
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...Contents IntroductionDay 1MarketingDay 2Ethics Day 3AccountingDay 4Organizational BehaviorDay 5Quantitative AnalysisDay 6 FinanceDay 7OperationsDay 8Economics Day 9StrategyDay 10MBA Mini-Courses ResearchPublic SpeakingNegotiating International BusinessBusiness LawTenDay MBA DiplomaAppendix: Quantitative Analysis TablesBibliographyMBA Abbreviation LexiconIndex AcknowledgmentsAbout the AuthorPraise for the Ten-Day MBACopyrightAbout the Publisher Introduction After I earned my MBA, I had a chance to reflect on the two most exhausting and fulfilling years of my life. As I reviewed my course notes, I realized that the basics of an MBA education were quite simple and could easily be understood by a wider audience. Thousands of Ten-Day MBA readers have proven it! Readers are applying their MBA knowledge every day to their own business situations. Not only useful in the United States, The Ten-Day MBA has been translated into many languages around the world. So many people are curious about business education, including doctors, lawyers, businesspeople, and aspiring MBAs. This book answers their questions. The Ten-Day MBA really delivers useful information quickly and easily. Current MBA students have written me that they even use the book to review for exams. Ten-Day MBAs are “walking the walk and talking the talk” of MBAs every business day. It’s proven that this book can work for you. Written for the impatient student, The Ten-Day MBA allows readers to really grasp the fundamentals...
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