...“Competition is central to the operation of markets, and fosters innovation, productivity and growth, all of which create wealth and reduce poverty.” Competition is vital to many markets, and thus their economy. When manufacturers compete, they illustrate competitive prices and are motivated to demonstrate innovation and produce a product of higher quality as well as opening opportunities for the creation of jobs and new products to the market. However, sometimes individuals create a cartel in order to manipulate the market and the consumers to benefit solely the producers-they are essentially the polar opposite of competition. Cartels arise when a group of firms, or producers, decide to work together so that they may regulate the supply of a good or service and drive up the price. This eliminates any competition between manufacturers as they enter upon an agreement with one another and cooperate in terms of setting prices and restricting output. The individual firms work together and act as one firm, behaving similarly to a monopolist. The graph below illustrates how a cartel lowers output to raise the price and create a profit: When the individuals in the cartel cooperate with one another and lower their quantity from Qc to Qo, the price rises from Pc to Po and the firms now reap the rewards of areas “1” and “3” as profit. In comparison, when there is no cartel and the firms are competitive with one another, the quantity will rise back to Qc, the price will lower to Pc, and...
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...INTERNATIONAL CANOE FEDERATION DRAGON BOAT RACING COMPETITION RULES 2013 Taking effect from 1 January , 2013 ICF Dragon Boat Racing Competition Rules 2013 1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this document is to provide the rules that govern the way of running Dragon Boat Racing ICF competitions. LANGUAGE The English written language is the only acceptable language for all official communications relating to these Competition Rules and the conduct of all Dragon Boat Racing ICF competitions. For the sake of consistency, British spelling, punctuation and grammatical conventions have been used throughout. Any word which may imply the masculine gender, also includes the feminine. COPYRIGHT These rules may be photocopied. Great care taken in typing and checking the rules original text is available on the ICF www.canoeicf.com. Please do not re-set without consultation. has been and the website in type ICF Dragon Boat Racing Competition Rules 2013 2 Article TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I – GENERAL REGULATIONS ...............6 1 2 3 4 5 AIM...................................................... 6 INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS .................... 6 COMPETITORS ......................................... 7 INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION CALENDAR ........ 8 MINIMUM PARTICIPATION ............................ 8 CHAPTER II - CATEGORIES, BOAT CONSTRUCTION AND TRADEMARKS ......................................9 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 CATEGORIES ..................
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...COMPETITION COMMISSION OF INDIA A REVIEW OF THE COMPETITION ISSUES IN THE REAL ESTATE SECTOR: AN ANALYSIS OF THE POSITION POST DLF CASE INTERNSHIP REPORT DECEMBER 2012 SUBMITTED BY: Kirti Dashora, IV Year, Gujarat National Law University (GNLU), Gandhinagar A REVIEW OF THE COMPETITION ISSUES IN THE REAL ESTATE SECTOR: AN ANALYSIS OF THE POSITION POST DLF CASE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The successful completion of this project could not have been completed without the valuable guidance and insights of many people. I would like to thank Mr. Yogender Chaudhary, Adviser (Law) for guiding me throughout my internship period. I would also like to thank Ms. Bhawna Gulati, Deputy Director (Law) for providing me helpful suggestions regarding the project. I also thank all the officers in the Commission who provided knowledge of the working of the Commission during the rotation exercise. The library staff also provided help whenever it was required. Page 2 A REVIEW OF THE COMPETITION ISSUES IN THE REAL ESTATE SECTOR: AN ANALYSIS OF THE POSITION POST DLF CASE TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………5 OVERVIEW OF THE REAL ESTATE SECTOR IN INDIA…………………………..….6 Regulation of the Sector………………………………………………………..……7 The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill, 2011………………………....7 ABUSE OF DOMINANCE IN THE REAL ESTATE SECTOR……………………..……9 Relevant Market…………………………………………………………………..…9 Assessment of dominance………………………………………………………..….9 Abuse of dominance……………………………………………………………...
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...Competition as an economic concept is as old as the history of economic thought itself, with its place in economic theory firmly entrenched early on. However, during the past decade which ushered in the age of globalization, new and increasing attention has been focused on competition in policy discussions around the world. “Competition” then became coupled as a matter of course with “policy.” It is not that radically new concepts are being formulated. Rather, a growing need for new approaches in “competition policy” is being felt because of its linkages with international trade that have become highlighted with the reduction of trade barriers around the globe. From the Philippine perspective, however, there also arises a growing need to understand its implications more fully, brought about not just by what is happening in the global arena but even more importantly by various comprehensive policy reforms that have been implemented by the government during the past decade or so. The reforms starting in the mid 1980s have done much to move the economy toward a more market friendly policy environment. Trade reforms, banking reforms, foreign investment policy reforms, deregulation, privatization, and the policy thrusts in general have explicitly and implicitly recognized the benefits from competition. It is thus timely to take stock of where we are and examine the state of competition and competition policy in the Philippines to help sustain and maximize benefits from the reforms...
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...Assignment: Competition in the European Union: The legal framework Assignment: Competition in the European Union The legal framework Case Study Florian Madl BUS 573_Law for Business Executives, CLU 1 Assignment: Competition in the European Union: The legal framework Table of content 1. The Case ........................................................................................ 3 1.1. General .......................................................................................... 3 1.2. Case Description ........................................................................... 3 1.2.1. General Description ...................................................................... 3 1.2.2. Duration of the infringement ....................................................... 4 1.2.3. Geographical scope ....................................................................... 4 1.3. Decision ......................................................................................... 4 2. Analysis of the Case ....................................................................... 5 3. Additional Informations ............................................................. 10 4. Bibliography ................................................................................ 11 2 Assignment: Competition in the European Union: The legal framework 3 1. The Case 1.1. General Case: AT.40098...
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...circumstances which would bring the mentioned agreement in the given case under the prohibition of Article 101 or 102 requires providing some relevant definitions of basic concepts in the competition law area and explanation of the potential legal relationship between parties in this agreement. First of all, the held agreement between the parties is a typical example of the relationship between intellectual property rights (IPRs) and competition law. In fact, the agreement is a technology transfer one since it is about putting and licensing patents in a technological product (5Gmobile telephone platform). The process of setting up different patents together in order to produce one technological product is defined as a technology pooling. Second, there are some circumstances where patents pool can be caught in violation of EU Competition Law. In addition, there are some anticompetitive and precompetitive effects of such process as it will be explained. Relationship between intellectual property rights and competition law In this case the agreement is related to patents rights which is one of the main types of the intellectual property rights. In fact, understanding the circumstances in which an agreement as in this given case could be in violation with the European Competition law provision requires explaining the mechanism which both of them work together in one legal system. The relationship between IPRs and competition law could look as a contradictory or conflicting one from a superficial...
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...STUDENTS MUST REGISTER- Registration Codes will be distributed in class. REQUIRED READING: REQUIRED READING:A Guide to Case Analysis (Student Center section of the website for the text at http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073530301/student_view0/ RECOMMENDED READING MATERIAL: The Wall Street Journal, Fortune Magazine, & Business Week PRE-REQUISITES: Advanced Standing and Seniors only (preferably in last semester of program. COURSE DESCRIPTION: This is a capstone course for seniors covering the concepts of strategic management and developing perspective, judgment and facility in problem solving in interrelated areas of distribution, personnel, finance, control and the social aspects of business. COURSE OBJECTIVES: 1. To develop a holistic perspective of an organization which integrates the concepts, skills, and principles learned in previous functional area courses (e.g. Marketing, Finance, Accounting) 2. To develop an appreciation and understanding of the role of top management in dealing with complex and dynamic strategic questions. 3. To gain an understanding of the concepts of strategic management and business policy. 4. To be able to analyze business cases and to apply the knowledge gained from one case to a seemingly unrelated case. The objective of the course is not so much to accurately access an individual case as it is to begin to “think...
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...to promote economic competition through enforcing and providing guidance on antitrust laws and principles”. Antitrust laws have been developed to create the strong foundation of a free & open market of a vibrant economy. Market is so competitive now a days, there are so many options available for products & services, which is the result of antitrust laws. Antitrust is developed to help both consumers & business owners. “These laws promote vigorous competition and protect consumers from anticompetitive mergers and business practices” Antitrust laws are developed by the U.S. Government, also commonly known as "competition laws". Antitrust law was put in place by U.S. Government to protect consumers from being vulnerable to exploitery business practices. Government protects consumers by ensuring that the competition which exists in the market is fair, & would also ensure that enforcement leads to an open-market which is consumer friendly. ANTITRUST LAW-GOAL & HISTORY The goal set by government is to protect the end user, consumer, antitrust laws “is to protect economic freedom and opportunity by promoting free and fair competition in the marketplace”. Consider being in a market with one option, what it would offer to consumers, technically nothing, because there are no options. Antitrust law ensure that the “Competition in a free market benefits American consumers through lower prices, better quality and greater choice. Competition provides businesses...
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...oikos Case Writing Competition 2013 Social Entrepreneurship Track 3rd Place Ziqitza Health Care Limited: Responding to Corruption N. Craig Smith and Robert J. Crawford, INSEAD This is an Online Inspection Copy. Protected under Copyright Law. Reproduction Forbidden unless Authorized. Questions relating to permission should be directed to: craig.smith@insead.edu Copyright © 2013 by the Authors. All rights reserved. This case was prepared by N. Craig Smith and Robert J. Crawford as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate the effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form by any means without permission. oikos case collection http://www.oikos-international.org/academic/case-collection/ oikos Case Writing Competition 2013 3rd Prize Introduction After a monthly staff meeting, a young employee approached Sweta Mangal, CEO of Ziqitza Health Care Limited (ZHL). Sanjay Rafati 1 had been hired as a financial officer the previous month, in November 2011. In view of the company’s strict ethical code, he was nervous about expressing his point of view, which was why he wanted to see Ms. Mangal in private: “The situation in one of the states where ZHL operates is getting critical. Unless the government pays what it owes us immediately, we will not be able to make payroll. We won’t be able to service...
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...Larger companies can become big threats to other smaller companies that are in a given market due to their power and innovation. Sometimes this can become more than a threat, and it turns to no competition at all between the markets due to the monopolization of a company. A company becomes a monopoly when it gains the control of the industry and has obtained the ability to change the output prices in that specific industry. With such power this opposes a threat to other businesses. The government has set up specific regulations for monopolies to control what they sell, how they sell it, and what services are allowed for consumers. The importance of regulating monopolies is to keep the market alive, to allow freedom for other smaller businesses. This keeps up competition in the market, and also keeps the monopolies from doing anything unreasonable. This has led to numerous trials on major companies, one of the biggest cases would be the trial against Microsoft INC. Acts for Regulating Monopolies: In 1890 the Sherman Antitrust act was put into effect, named after the Senator of Ohio, John Sherman and was the first component for congress to prohibit trust.(General Records of the United States Government, Record number 11) The Sherman Act intended by congress to help keep up competition in markets. Unfortunately the act was written to vague there were loopholes to the act and in only five short years the Congress picked apart the act. The act was used again later down the road...
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...definition of what is a Trust, according to the Common Law, then I have explained how the corporate trusts were formed in America, and how and why the Antitrust Legislation was born, and how it has evolved. Therefore, I have discussed about the influence of the American Antitrust Law on the on the European Legislation covering this matter. In the second part, I have discussed about the Italian Antitrust Law, the monopoly of state and task of the Italian Competion Authority. In the third part, I have explained what is a conflict of interest and how the Italian Antitrust Law try to regulate it ( Frattini Law). At the conclusion I have mentioned some cases of conflict of interest in Italy, such as the one of the former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, and how the former has not yet been solved. Keywords Trust, Antitrust Law Competition Authority Conflict of interest Frattini law Introduction Overview on the Antitrust Law in America and Europe The trust，definition Originally, a trust, in the Common law, is a relationship whereby property is held by one party for the benefit of another. A trust is created by a settlor, who transfers property to a trustee. The trustee holds that property for the trust's beneficiaries. Similar systems existed since Roman times. An owner of property that places property into trust turns over part of his or her bundle of rights to the trustee, separating the property's legal ownership and control from its equitable...
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...integration as a contracting technique……………………………………..11 8. Private-public partnerships…………………………………………………………..12 Executive summary This guide acts as a replacement to the earlier Air Force Material Command FAR Supplement with the intention of making it better than its predecessor. The scope of this document is to provide information on the necessities of developing prices and then devising of mechanisms to determine the fairness of the prices. It is with this precedent that the document goes back all the way from the historical behavior of factors that affect the prices up to the final price. The Price Negotiation Memorandum is the legal document that is used officially to determine any price, which cannot be set based on competition. In any contract, this document becomes the legal, binding document for all parties. These properties of the PNM also apply to the Price Competition Memorandums reasonably. The role of this guide is to reconcile the two documents by...
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...Antitrust Laws After much research and investigations on Antitrust Laws, and reading up on individual cases, I think that overall Antitrust Laws are effective and good for the people. Without the Sherman, Clayton, and Federal Trade Commission Act, there would be a monopoly of every industry, trade, marketing, and services. This would in-turn lead to higher prices for the consumer, lower quality products, less innovation, and poor service. As I mentioned in my opening sentence, I will bring up two individual cases that the DOJ (Department of Justice) is pursuing when it comes to Antitrust Laws. I would like to begin by quoting the DOJ’s mission statement. Mission “The mission of the Antitrust Division is to promote economic competition through enforcing and providing guidance on antitrust laws and principles. Antitrust Laws The goal of the antitrust laws is to protect economic freedom and opportunity by promoting free and fair competition in the marketplace. Competition in a free market benefits American consumers through lower prices, better quality and greater choice. Competition provides businesses the opportunity to compete on price and quality, in an open market and on a level playing field, unhampered by anticompetitive restraints. Competition also tests and hardens American companies at home, the better to succeed abroad. Federal antitrust laws apply to virtually all industries and to every level of business, including manufacturing, transportation, distribution...
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...Why is academic competition needed in society? Academic competition is needed in society because the world is driven off of competition. Competition excites people. People love winning, and in order to win you have to have competition. Academic competition makes people want to engage more, see who can learn the most or answer the most questions. Competition is also is a good was of learning because you forces you to remember answers in case their brought up again. Dr. Tom Verhoeff said, “Just as with education, also some forms of competition became formalized long ago in human history. That is, competition is bound by rules and becomes organized by specialists. However, early historical records are much less explicit about this than in the case of education. At first, formal competition was restricted to sports. The role of formal competition in other areas is a much more recent phenomenon. Again, it should be noted that informal competition still plays an important role as well.” I agree with Dr. Verhoeff because I believe competition rules the world rather it’s academic, sports related, store competition and everything else. Competition is like the reason why people do things. And competition is part of the way society learns. Academic competition in society will set the curve for the cost of supply and demand. It force people to want to do better and want to be better to receive the recognition or advantages of the winner. It’s a fun way of retaining information...
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...goals for the upcoming season. Our main goal is keep on advancing in competition which can only be accomplished with help along the way and Empire would be one of best guidances to have. Our main-team goal is advance to the semifinals and achieve a position that would...
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