...With reference to examples, evaluate the success or otherwise of urban regeneration schemes in combating the causes and consequences of urban decline. (40 marks) Urban decline is the deterioration of the inner city often caused by lack of investment and maintenance. It is often but not exclusively accompanied by a decline in population numbers, decreasing economic performance and unemployment. There are many reasons for urban decline such as loss of industry through changing market conditions or a lack of withdrawal of government support, Political decisions – governments can favour some cities over others, and encourage the development of some areas over others. Outmigration of wealthier and more skilled people leaves a lesser qualified population behind, which means less skilled workers are taking the jobs, and not doing them right linking back to a loss of industry, really urban decline is one big cycle, and it’s very hard to escape. This is where urban regeneration schemes come into play, urban regeneration schemes are used to improve the appearance of our towns and cities and to regenerate the area by restoring confidence and attracting new investment. In most cases they are used to improve the appearance of public open spaces in the centres of our cities, towns and villages. There are various government led schemes to regenerate cities, I am going to write about three such schemes, in London, Bradford and Southampton, and evaluate the overall effectiveness of whether they...
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...With reference to examples, evaluate the success or otherwise of urban regeneration schemes in combating the causes and consequences of urban decline (40) Urban decline was a problem faced by many inner city areas in the UK from the 1970’s onwards, and occurs when people move out of an areas because of factors such as deindustrialisation and depleting job availability. This leads to areas becoming unsightly, dangerous places to live which this government has tried to reverse in the past 40 years, with varying levels of success. In this essay I will be investigating the varying levels of success that different decision making governments have had at regenerating Hulme in Manchester, the city centre of Birmingham and Greenwich in London. Hulme is located 1½ kilometres from the central business district (CBD) of Manchester. It reached what could be said to be its lowest point of decline in the 70’s, shortly before conservative leader John Major introduced the Hulme City Challenge Partnership. At this point in time, 98% of the 5500 dwelling in Hulme were council owned; half of these were part of a deck access system which were very unsafe and the layout helped to facilitate crime. As well as this, many of these dwellings housed single parents or people with social problems, which provided evidence for the idea that the local authority had used the area to ‘dump’ some of its more unfortunate residents. The Hulme City Challenge Partnership was introduced in 1992, where plans were...
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...Participation: A theoretical context Introduction Theories of community participation have received considerable academic attention particularly since the early 1990’s but have been a source of debate since at least the 1960s. This paper is intended to provide a brief overview of some of the most prominent theories which have been put forward as a means of understanding and appraising participation structures and practices. It has been prepared in order to provide a theoretical context within which the appropriateness of different approaches to community participation in rural transport in Wiltshire can be assessed. The note begins by providing a simple definition of participation. Two of the more prominent frameworks for community participation are then summarised and explored. In recognition that such frameworks represent simplifications of a far more complex reality, a number of these complexities are then explored, namely: • dimensions of power; • issues of process and capacity; and • the nature of ‘community’. The note concludes by describing an evaluation tool for community participation, which has sought to address many of these complexities. 1. A definition of participation For the purposes of this note a useful definition of public or community participation is that adopted by Stoker (1997) for ‘political participation’ (following Parry et al, 1992): members of the public ‘taking part in any of the processes of formulation, passage and implementation of public...
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...What is the relationship between rebranding and regeneration? Though the two concepts are often confused or used synonymously, rebranding and regeneration refer to two very different (but intrinsically linked) aspects of creating a new identity or “fresh start” for something, or somewhere. Regeneration typically refers to encouraging growth and restoration in an area that has previously displayed symptoms of decline, primarily the economy but also relating to other social, economic and environmental aspects of an area. Nonetheless, it is an essential aspect of creating a new beginning for an area because without a stable economic foundation, an area can struggle to grow and strive as it lacks the financial capability to continue expanding. Regeneration is seen as a long and continuous process that transforms a depleting area (in terms of economy and physical features) into a growing, stable area. Rebranding, however, refers to a much more varied and inclusive type of change – instead focussing on developing a place to change or improve its image and public opinion. This usually consists of two different actions: regeneration and reimaging. Rebranding as a concept usually includes regeneration as one of the two fundamental steps to positively transform or rebrand an area. Unlike regeneration, rebranding focuses on improving the actual physical infrastructure and environment of an area – the “inside” – as well as improving the public opinion towards the area and making...
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...Regeneration Strayer University SCI 115 Spring 2015 May 8, 2015 Regeneration in biology refers to the process of renewing, restoring, and growing that makes cells, organisms, ecosystems and genomes resilient to damage. “Grow your own... heart, limb, or organ" is about research that is being conducted on the flatworm known as planaria. They have the ability to regrow their head or tail in as little as one week when damaged or cut off. Scientists are studying these worms in an effort to learn how to grow a new pancreas, new neurons, and other body parts. The researcher hopes this research will be an effective way to combat diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and many other diseases that plague human beings. "This promising possibilities of tissue regeneration are being explored in the labs of molecular biologists like Peter Reddien. Reddien's lab at MIT seeks to answer two fundamental questions about planarian regeneration. First: Which cells have the ability to regenerate tissue? And second: How are they instructed to do so" (Garcia, 2014)? Reddien and his group found that clonogenic neoblasts can give rise to new tissue. Clonogenic neoblasts are adult stem cells found in planaria bodies. Their bodies are loaded with these stem cells and are ready to regenerate promptly practically any missing body part. Reddien's lab is also studying how the planaria know which part to regenerate, the head or the tail. One of the researchers, Christian Petersen found that one particular...
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...Explore the ways in which the three texts present the suffering of soldiers in the war. World War One is known as “the war to end all wars”[1]. The war cultured “extreme suffering” which inspired many writers. The war also aided the advancement of attitudes towards the emotionality of men. Individual suffering is manipulated to intensify the pain by isolating singular characters. Sacrifices of the men force the reader into an uncomfortable atmosphere. Sebastian Faulks’ Bildungsroman Birdsong highlights the suffering of individual to understate that of the masses. Regeneration, written by Pat Barker in 1991, uses factual occurrences of Sassoon and Owen’s lives in Craiglockhart to detail historic experiences of suffering. The poetry features both pro and anti-war perspectives from historical figures featured within Regeneration. Birdsong emotively persuades readers that individual anguish has detrimental effects on soldier’s lives intensifying their suffering. The texts use third person narrative to create emotive circumstances which manipulate the reader into understanding the suffering as either mass or individual. The writers’ portrayal of individual suffering was the most poignant compared to the subversion of widespread suffering. The texts expose the stigmatization of physical disability as a cause of individual suffering. Historically, the dependence of disabled life reflects the burden faced by soldiers of returning to normality. Wilfred Owen’s poem Disabled explores the...
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...Urban Regeneration. The Dockland scheme is an example of Re-generation. This involves partnership and the rebirth of an area. With the aid of labelled maps and satellite images, locate London’s Docklands London's Docklands is the name for an area that lies in the south east of the City of London in England. The area covered by the London Docklands Redevelopment Corporation stretches from Wapping and Tower Bridge in the west to The City Airport and Becckton in the east, and is built on the legacy of the trading power of the British Empire. Explain why the “East End” (Docklands area!) fell into decline After World War 2 London experienced net outward migration where people moved out of the city into surrounding towns and villages. This is known as counter-urbanisation. It was caused by the clearances of slums and bomb damaged areas. It was also down to the green belt, an area of land around London where development was banned or restricted, this meant people had to move further away. It was then found that there was a rapid increase in the amount of people moving to towns and villages around London, mainly commuters and there families. Following on from this came De-industrialisation. Most of the factories being in and round the docks due to materials passing through the docks themselves. After the 1980’s Thatcher’s government shut down most of the mines as it was too costly, therefore factories that relied on materials from mines and other sources no longer got them, so...
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...discuss the overall effectiveness of urban regeneration schemes (40) Many inner cities have suffered from urban decline in the past 30 years due to many reasons. Urban decline is generally defined as when an area starts losing businesses, people lose their jobs, people move away from the area as the local economy shrinks meaning the desirability of the area as a whole also falls. In response to this urban decline, many local governments have introduced urban regeneration schemes. Urban regeneration is the attempt to reverse that decline by both improving the physical structure, and, more importantly and elusively, the economy of those areas. Re-urbanisation is the movement of people back to live in old city centres and inner city areas that have been redeveloped. The four different processes that drive re-urbanisation are Gentrification (Notting Hill), through partnerships (Sheffield City Centre and Park Hill Flats), property led regeneration schemes (Sheffield Development Cooperation in the Lower Don Valley) and Urban Re-Generation in Mumbai. One partnership scheme which aimed to achieve urban regeneration was the Urban Splash scheme in Sheffield which focused on the regeneration of the Park Hill flats just outside the city’s CBD. The flats were built in 1957 to ease the problem of developing slums in the area. However over time the flats have become an eyesore. They were rundown and crime and vandalism became a problem. The regeneration scheme worked towards improving the...
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...Version 1.0 General Certificate of Education June 2011 Sociology 1191 SCLY2 Education with Research Methods; Health with Research Methods Unit 2 Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of candidates’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available...
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...With reference to examples, evaluate the success or otherwise of urban regeneration schemes in combating the causes and consequences of urban decline (40) Urban decline is defined as the deterioration of the inner city. It is normally caused by a lack of investment and maintenance as well as social reasons and government policy and these declining areas are characterised by the low economic status, social and environmental decline and problems. Even with this decline, there are ways of regenerating the inner city, such as Urban Development Corporations and City Partnerships. The de-industrialisation of UK inner cities led to unemployment in the area, meaning there was a lack of disposable income and therefore and therefore a lack of expenditure in the local economy. This decreased income and expenditure means that rent prices would be lowered in the area and therefore landlords would not be motivated to carry out repairs and refurbishments, leading to a decline in the standard of living as well. The lack of expenditure meant that mass disinvestment from local businesses occurred as they decided to move to more prosperous areas to further their business ventures. This in turn creates more unemployment and a further lack in expenditure and more disinvestment; and the cycle continues. The local government collect less tax, while in turn having to shell out more in unemployment benefits, leading to further economic decline in the area, as well as a physical decline. This pushes...
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.... Light flashes against my eyes, the truth reveals a blinding present and an unforgiving past. My attempt to understand the contrast of my trip, questions boundaries and time. During this short transition of time and space, where does the city stop being a city and becomes a suburb, a second best? Where does the city stop and when does it start to grow again? Can a momunent be the founder of the city? Urbanizing the Urban: regenerating our city timing Walking along the banks of river Thames the constant changing background of the piers and its buildings are some what homogeneous because they are submerged in the deep philosophy of structural design which are constantly embedded and altered through times and regeneration of civilization. The city was built with a purpose, architecture was entitled to describe function, meaning went beyond beauty, but what are the rules of city? what are the guidelines of architecture in the urban context today? what are the boundaries of the urban and suburban areas? when does architecture become suburban and urban? Characteristics such as height, materials, function, and use divide the city in sectors, these are ways to...
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...World Cities The global pattern of urbanisation: millionaire cities, mega cities and world cities • At a global scale, rapid urbanisation has occurred over the last 50 years. • Almost 50% of the world’s population lives in towns and cities. 19% of the world’s population lives in cities of more than 1 million people. • The most urbanised continents are Europe, North and South America and Oceania and the least urbanised continents are Asia and Africa. • The number of urban dwellers is by far largest in Asia, with 1.4 billion people living in towns and cities (40% of the population). • Urbanisation is increasing most rapidly in Africa and Asia. • This trend is expected to continue so that by 2025 almost half the population of these continents will live in urban areas and 80% of urban dwellers will live in developing countries. • Increased global urbanisation has resulted in the development of many millionaire cities. • There is also a significant number of enormous megacities, some of which are classed as world cities. ❖ Millionaire cities are those with more than 1 million people. India and China have the most millionaire cities in the world. ❖ Megacities are those with more than 10 million people, of which there are 20 (15 in the developing world) ❖ World cities are those which have great influence on a global scale, because of their financial status and worldwide commercial power....
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...GGR124 Assignment 3: Analyze urban change Section 1: Background and Observations The King-Spadina area, often referred to as one of the “Kings” is situated in the downtown core, surrounded by Simcoe St. to the East, Front St. to the South, Bathurst St. to the West and Queen St. to the North. The area is bisected by King St. and Spadina St., and is adjacent to Toronto’s financial district. Historically, the King-Spadina Area was one of the City’s primary manufacturing and industrial areas, however the area fell into a long period of decline because of several factors including changes in the manufacturing processes, an increase in interactions between international markets allowing many companies shifted operations elsewhere . A period...
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...World Cities The global pattern of urbanisation: millionaire cities, mega cities and world cities • At a global scale, rapid urbanisation has occurred over the last 50 years. • Almost 50% of the world’s population lives in towns and cities. 19% of the world’s population lives in cities of more than 1 million people. • The most urbanised continents are Europe, North and South America and Oceania and the least urbanised continents are Asia and Africa. • The number of urban dwellers is by far largest in Asia, with 1.4 billion people living in towns and cities (40% of the population). • Urbanisation is increasing most rapidly in Africa and Asia. • This trend is expected to continue so that by 2025 almost half the population of these continents will live in urban areas and 80% of urban dwellers will live in developing countries. • Increased global urbanisation has resulted in the development of many millionaire cities. • There is also a significant number of enormous megacities, some of which are classed as world cities. ❖ Millionaire cities are those with more than 1 million people. India and China have the most millionaire cities in the world. ❖ Megacities are those with more than 10 million people, of which there are 20 (15 in the developing world) ❖ World cities are those which have great influence on a global scale, because of their financial status and worldwide commercial power....
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...development and change related to urbanisation. Contemporary urbanisation processes Urbanisation: characteristics, causes and effects. Suburbanisation: characteristics, causes and effects. Counter-urbanisation: characteristics, causes and effects. Re-urbanisation: characteristics, causes and effects. Planning and management issues. Contrasting case studies within countries at different levels of economic development to demonstrate the above. Urban decline and regeneration within urban areas Characteristics and causes of urban decline. Urban regeneration: gentrification, property-led regeneration schemes, partnership schemes between local and national governments and the private sector. Retailing and other services The decentralisation of retailing and other services – causes and impacts. One case study of an out-of-town centre retailing area. The redevelopment of urban centres – impacts and responses, including one case study of an urban centre that has undergone redevelopment. Contemporary sustainability issues in urban areas Waste management: recycling and its alternatives. Transport and its management: the development of integrated, efficient and sustainable systems. |Topic: World Cities - Economic development and change related to |Unit 3 –World Cities– Contemporary geographical issues | |urbanisation | ...
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