...JOINT VENTURES AND THE U.S. AUTO INDUSTRY Darwin Wassink Robert Carbaugh In 1983 General Motors Inc. and Toyota Inc. formed a joint venture, the New United Motor Manufacturing Inc., to assemble auios in the United States. For Toyota, the venture was a first attempt to locate production in America. General Motors viewed the venture as a means of learning how to produce low-cost, high quality, small vehicles. Facing an onslaught of anti-union Japanese firms, the United Auto Workers had to demonstrate that unions would not be an impediment to Japanese production in the United States. By 1986 the venture was termed a success. This paper considers the welfare effects of international joint ventures among compettng manufacturers, as applied to the U.S. auto industry. Darwin Wassink is Professor of Economics at the University of WisconsinEau Claire. Previously he served as an economist in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. Robert Carbaugh is Associate Professor of Economics at Central Washington University. He is author of International Economics and coauthor of The International Monetary System. ISSN: 088i~390H. THE iNTERNATlONAL TRADEJOVRNAL,Volu>ne I No. I. hall 1986 47 48 THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE JOURNAL The American auto industry is undergoing an evolution in which the "all American car" is rapidly becoming a thing of the past. Although American automakers will continue to develop and build their own mid-size and large autos in the United States, they...
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...UNITED STATES AUTO INDUSTRY BACK ON TOP . . . OF CEO PAY Valerie Lieber MGT 2500 Human Resource Management February 11, 2015 INTRODUCTION Executive compensation has been at the forefront of discussion for a long period of time. Analyzed by academics, highlighted by the media, questioned by Congress, and scrutinized by the general public, the topic warrants much debate. In the 1990’s, total executive compensation increased substantially as companies began offering stock option programs; CEO’s of S&P 500 saw an average increase of 150%. While many top U.S. executives continued to receive enormous compensation options throughout the economic downturns of 2001 and 2008, none was more apparent than those in the automotive industry. While the big three, comprising of General Motors, Ford and Chrysler, were facing insurmountable debt and possibly bankruptcy, top executives were receiving some of the highest reparations ever experienced by directors of the companies. The case study presented in Managing Human Resources, Sixteenth Edition by Snell and Bohlander brings to mind the fact that during 2011, Ford CEO, Alan Mulally, received $53.5 million in stock awards. Many discussions can be derived from this statement. However, a basic understanding of modern corporate compensation structures must first be realized. Along with understanding these compensation structures, knowledge of the views on economic rent and optimal contracting must also be developed. Corporate...
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...Assessing the Environment In The US Automobile Industry US automobile industry started booming after the recession and became an important part of the US economy. Low interest rate, cheap gas price, and new technologies of car influence buyers to get a new car. The US automobile industry consists of almost 200 companies and their annual revenue is about 280 billion (Automobile Manufacturing, n.d.). Last year US automobile industry sold record 17.5 million cars and trucks, which is a 5.7% increase from 2014 fiscal year (Spector, Bennett, & Stoll, 2016). The top four US automobile manufacturers are General motors, Toyota, Ford, and Chrysler, who account for about 70% of the total automobile sales. US based automakers face rivalry problems with foreign companies such as Toyota, Honda, and Nissan because of their cheap labor cost and no union problem. However, these companies also have their assembly lines in US, and hold around 45% of the US auto industry. US automakers are also taking advantage of NAFTA by assembling autoes in Mexico and Canada with lower labor costs (Automobile Manufacturing, n.d.). Usually 75% of the materials account for the selling price of a US made car. US companies have also increased importation of parts from abroad which helps them increase their profitability. Features like extended warranty, extended service plan, safety features, and fuel efficiency help attract consumers and increase sales. US retail sales have increased 7.00% in 2015...
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...INDIAN AUTO COMPONENT INDUSTRY AN OVERVIEW 1 Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 About ACMA Indian Economy Automotive Industry Auto Component Industry of India Vision 2020 Capabilities & Challenges of Component Suppliers The Way Forward 7 2 Introduction Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India Role An apex agency of the Indian Automotive Industry auto component output in the organized sector 600+ companies forming majority of the Members Quality System ACMA operates on Quality System based on ISO 9001:2000 As Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India in the year 1982 Re-Christened Inception In the year 1959 as The All India Automobile & Ancillary Industries Association (AIA & AIA) 3 ACMA and Its Services Promotes Indian Automotive Component Industry Trade Promotion Technology Up-gradation Quality Enhancement Collection & Dissemination of Information Vital Catalyst for Industrial Development 4 International Business Development Promote India Promote India as a Brand as a Brand Organize Business Organize Business Development Delegation Development Delegation Overseas Overseas Undertake Export Undertake Export Promotional Promotional Projects Projects Organize Participation Organize Participation in Overseas in Overseas Automobile Automobile Exhibitions & Fairs Exhibitions & Fairs Global Interaction Global Interaction through through Counterpart Association Counterpart Association ...
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...Alex Bernauer Block 2/3 World Studies Since the automotive industry constitutes more than 40% of North American trade, NAFTA saves the automotive industry immense amounts of money. The North America Free Trade Agreement is a trilateral agreement that encourages free trade between Mexico, Canada, and United States. The NAFTA agreement has affected the automotive industry by increasing the amount of U.S. automotive imports. It has also increased the amount of U.S. automotive exports to NAFTA partners and it has caused outsourcing in the automotive industry. The North American Free Trade Agreement came into effect on January 1, 1994. The president of Mexico, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, the prime minister of Canada, Brian Mulroney, and the president of the U.S., George H. W. Bush, signed NAFTA in 1992, which then required the legislatures of the three countries to approve it before it went into effect. After the legislatures passed the NAFTA agreement, it became in effect on January 1, 1994. Under NAFTA, the partnering countries agreed to eliminate and reduce most barriers to trade freely between the countries. Most of the United States automotive trade is done with Mexico. This is because the United States and Canada were already highly integrated following the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement and a U.S.-Canada Auto Pact in 1965. Before the NAFTA agreement, Mexico had strict automotive decrees on foreign automotive production in Mexico. After NAFTA was signed...
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...Global Automobile Industry: Changing with Times By Chithra Gopal R.S., M.Sc (Agri) Executive Summary From a humble origin as a ‘horseless carriage’ manufacturing industry dating back to 1890s, the global automobile industry of 2006 has come a long way emerging as market leader in manufacturing activity, providing employment to one in seven people, either directly or indirectly. Hailed as the ‘industry of industries’ by the Management Specialist, Peter Drucker, the automobile industry (US) set standards in manufacturing activity by contributing mass production techniques during early 1910s. The Japanese soon followed by offering lean production techniques in the 1970s. Riding high on economical revival in many developing countries in Asia and Europe, the industry’s global output touched 64.6 million vehicles in 2005. But with a downward slide in market share, the Big Three was fast losing their dominant position to Toyota, Honda, and Nissan, thereby setting the ground for the emergence of New Six. Meanwhile UK, served as the single largest customer for European auto-makers. Japanese players were the leaders in the light vehicle market and hybrid market. China and India attracted the attention of global auto-makers, vying for setting up a cost-effective export base for meeting the demand from Asian markets. Despite government controls, Chinese market boasted of sales of more than 2.7 million commercial vehicles in 2004. With reports of highest growth in mobility in the world at...
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...FCjhANALYZING CHINA’S AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH PORTER’S DIAMOND MODEL DI WU Bachelor of Management, University of Lethbridge, 2004 A Research Project Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT Faculty of Management University of Lethbridge LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA, CANADA © Di Wu, 2006 (Approval/ Signature page) ii Abstract This paper incorporates Porter’s diamond model to analyze China’s automobile industry. Besides looking at the four determinants of competitiveness in the original model, this study specifically examines the impact of government on industry competitiveness. This study retrieves archival data on multi-measurements used in prior studies. The author incorporates one case study of a Chinese auto firm to illustrate the specific impact of government policy and the responses of auto assemblers and component suppliers. Interviews with experts in auto-related industries are conducted to triangulate the findings. Results show that the Chinese auto industry is still in its early stages of development, whereas product quality and economies of scale of domestic automakers are approaching global standards; thus Chinese auto firms aim at becoming major players in the international market. The government plays an active role in assisting the industry development as the nation transitions from a planned economy to a free...
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...storm. The gale-forces our economy now faces are the result of a lengthy series of events that have effectively frozen consumer lending and generated an extraordinary global lack of trust across all investor categories. Attempts by the international market to hedge the crisis, through US currency devaluation, have only accelerated problems. The doubling of fuel prices had an immediate impact on the US consumer goods market, perhaps most visible in the automotive industry. This dramatically affected consumer buying habits, whose interest has shifted away from operationally expensive SUVs and resulted in substantially devalued new and used gas guzzlers. Automotive demand has now fallen to the lowest levels in 20 years, and had irreplaceable impact on the largest profit category of the industry. While we have seen a huge direct impact on the market’s perception of the auto industry’s viability, an even deeper crisis looms: Leased vehicles, a large proportion of which fall into the SUV & lower fuel-economy categories, are still on the industry books. These vehicles will be entering a redefined market with substantially lowered demand, and therefore require significant price discounts. Auto Inventory and Demand: Vehicle production has been cut, of course, yet the length of the global automotive supply chain is so long that reaction time to market conditions takes a seeming eternity to resolve. During this period, the international community has experienced a growing reduction...
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...The automotive industry comprises 3% of gross global product. In many Western countries this number is higher (3.6% in the US)1 . Millions of workers worldwide are employed in auto manufacturing, auto parts, and supplies manufacturing as well as service and after sales care and other derivative industries. The auto industry produces more than 800 million cars globally. More than 250 million vehicles are produced in the United States. Despite the numbers, the level of interdependence caused by globalization is hard to quantify. Suppliers and clients are spread around the world in a web of relationships and obligations to one another. The economic crisis of the mid to late 2000’s did not have an equal impact across countries, companies, and employees. For example, in 2009, the dramatic impact of the recession followed by a restructuring in the US automotive industry was not fully mirrored in other mature markets in Europe or Japan. In the meantime, a very different trend was observed in major emerging economies with large domestic markets such as China, India, and Brazil, which experienced rising output as well as increased sales of motor vehicles. Many opportunities for mergers and acquisitions were present around the world. The crisis may have been a chance for Indian and Chinese auto manufacturers to expand their markets and become world players. Chinese auto manufacturers, for example,have since cut into the markets of US car manufacturers...
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...www.businessmonitor.com Q1 2012 VIeTNAM AUTOS RepORT INCLUDES BMI'S FORECASTS ISSN 1749-0286 published by Business Monitor International Ltd. VIETNAM AUTOS REPORT Q1 2012 INCLUDING 5-YEAR FORECASTS TO 2016 Part of BMI’s Industry Report & Forecasts Series Published by: Business Monitor International Copy deadline: October 2011 Business Monitor International 85 Queen Victoria Street London, EC4V 4AB UK Tel: +44 (0) 20 7248 0468 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7248 0467 Email: subs@businessmonitor.com Web: http://www.businessmonitor.com © 2011 Business Monitor International. All rights reserved. All information contained in this publication is copyrighted in the name of Business Monitor International, and as such no part of this publication may be reproduced, repackaged, redistributed, resold in whole or in any part, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or by information storage or retrieval, or by any other means, without the express written consent of the publisher. DISCLAIMER All information contained in this publication has been researched and compiled from sources believed to be accurate and reliable at the time of publishing. However, in view of the natural scope for human and/or mechanical error, either at source or during production, Business Monitor International accepts no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage resulting from errors, inaccuracies or omissions affecting any...
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...A BRIEF REPORT AUTO AND AUTO ANCILARIES IN INDIA March, 2012 1. OVERVIEW OF AUTO INDUSTRY 1.1 Current Status One of the major industrial sectors in India is the automobile sector. Subsequent to the liberalization, the automobile sector has been aptly described as the sunrise sector of the Indian economy as this sector has witnessed tremendous growth. Automobile Industry was delicensed in July 1991 with the announcement of the New Industrial Policy. The passenger car industry was, however, delicensed in 1993. No industrial licence is required for setting up of any unit for manufacture of automobiles except in some special cases. The norms for Foreign Investment and import of technology have also been progressively liberalized over the years for manufacture of vehicles including passenger cars in order to make this sector globally competitive. At present 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permissible under automatic route in this sector including passenger car segment. The import of technology/technological upgradation on the royalty payment of 5% without any duration limit and lump sum payment of USD 2 million is also allowed under automatic route in this sector. With the gradual liberalization of the automobile sector since 1991, the number of manufacturing facilities in India has grown progressively. The cumulative production of automobile for April-December 2011 registered a growth of 14.94 per cent over same period in 2010. Production in December...
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...S. auto manufacturers are also designed a lot of beautiful cars for the Chinese market. However, U.S. carmakers know that the most important market is not China, for whom the most important market is the United States. American car companies made cars sold in the U.S. and only a part of the vast majority of exports, although it was noted that Japanese cars are very popular in the U.S; however, most Americans still choose the American car. Why? Because Americans think that the U.S. auto industry is very important, and to buy American cars means provide a support to the automotive industry. Began in the 2008, the financial crisis brought the U.S. economy a lot of negative effects, and most of American people put their hopes of economic recovery on the automotive industry. Because they believe that recovery in the automotive industry will drive the revitalization of other industries. There is no doubt that the U.S. auto industry and economic development are closely linked, and is very important for the U.S. auto industry. Why the automobile industry is so important to U.S economic development? The United States is one of the world’s most developed and richest countries, and the U.S. auto industry has long been an important support to the country’s development. Automobile manufacturing industry in the United States has a long history, and the lives of every American may be associated with the automotive industry. Why Americans cannot live without car manufacturing industries? Obviously...
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...Cause and Effect of Out Sourcing Auto Parts Jim Banta Strayer University English 115 Professor Daniel Burrello November 25, 2012 An increase in foreign auto parts supplier has cause grave concerns amongst some American suppliers the protectionists have set their sights on eliminating these new competitors: The foreign manufacturers, especially Japanese auto parts makers that have built plants and limited distribution in the United States and according to some are having an adverse effect on the U.S. economy. A small but politically vocal coalition of American auto parts manufacturers and their unions is complaining that the Japanese auto parts suppliers located in the United States do not supply the quality of parts for their cars. By purchasing auto parts from Japanese suppliers located in Japan and in the United States, automakers are accused of nothing less than a conspiracy to "colonize" American industry. The increased competition provided by Japanese auto parts manufacturers provides significant benefits to the auto industry and workers and to consumers. Consequently, any legislative action that restricted such competition would have harmful effects on the economy. As with all protectionist legislation, such actions would provide short-lived benefits to a small segment of the auto parts industry but would be harmful to the industry in the long run by reducing its incentives to produce better products. An estimated 15,000 parts and accessories...
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...R e se a rc h a n d Stat i s t i c s B r a n c h working paper 16/2009 Impact of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis over the Automotive Industry in Developing Countries UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION RESEARCH AND STATISTICS BRANCH WORKING PAPER 16/2009 Impact of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis over the Automotive Industry in Developing Countries Peter Wad Copenhagen Business School UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna, 2010 This paper was prepared by Peter Wad, UNIDO consultant and backstopped by Nobuya Haraguchi, UNIDO staff member, Research and Statistics Branch, Programme Coordination and Field Operations Division. Iguaraya Saavedra provided administrative support. The designations employed, descriptions and classifications of countries, and the presentation of the material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Secretariat of the UNIDO. The responsibility for opinions expressed rests solely with the authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. Although great care has...
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...Company Background Clutch Auto, established in 1971, is India's largest clutch manufacturer and exporter with over threedecades of undisputed leadership. Its production facility is located at Faridabad. The company enjoys over60% market share in tractors and commercial vehicles (CVs). Its clientele includes Tata Motors, AshokLeyland, Maruti Udyog, Mahindra & Mahindra, Bajaj Auto, TAFE, Toyota, BEML, Escorts and State-runtransport undertakings. In CVs, it is a major supplier to Tata Motors with a 60% market share. It hasdominant market share of 80% in tractors and supplies to all manufacturers in India. CAL is growing both organically and inorganically. In FY05, it expanded clutch plate capacity by 122% to2 millions pieces and trebled clutch cover capacity to 1.5 millions pieces at capital expenditure (capex) ofover Rs 5 crore. It acquired the clutch division of Pioneer Inc, US, in March 2006, which was renamedPioneer Clutch Inc. Thrust on exports CAL is targeting the US heavy-duty clutch market (estimated at $550 million) with its patented products.The acquisition of the clutch division of Pioneer Inc will strengthen its foothold in the US. Pioneer is aquasi manufacturing and distribution company in the US with a warehouse facility of over 55,000 squarefeet, access to 7 warehouses, 20 marketing networks, sales force of over 100 people, and most importantlya client base of 500 companies in the replacement market. Pioneer's established distribution would helpCAL acquire...
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