...Policy Making and Policy Implementation Public policy refers to the actions taken by government — its decisions that are intended to solve problems and improve the quality of life for its citizens. At the federal level, public policies are enacted to regulate industry and business, to protect citizens at home and abroad, to aid state and city governments and people such as the poor through funding programs, and to encourage social goals. A policy established and carried out by the government goes through several stages from inception to conclusion. These are agenda building, formulation, adoption, implementation, evaluation, and termination. 1. Agenda building Before a policy can be created, a problem must exist that is called to the attention of the government. Illegal immigration, for example, has been going on for many years, but it was not until the 1990s that enough people considered it such a serious problem that it required increased government action. Another example is crime. American society tolerates a certain level of crime; however, when crime rises dramatically or is perceived to be rising dramatically, it becomes an issue for policymakers to address. Specific events can place a problem on the agenda. The flooding of a town near a river raises the question of whether homes should be allowed to be built in a floodplain. New legislation on combating terrorism (the USA Patriot Act, for example) was a response to the attacks...
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...Like it or not, we are connected with each other in many ways. Seeing our country progress economically is not the only basis for development. We need to educate every Filipino people. We need to increase employment rate. We need to lessen poverty rate. We need to raise the level of awareness during calamities, and urgently need to address issues in our government to gain trust from Filipinos. Taxes straight to pockets of greedy officials is discouraging magnified by the pork barrel scam the country is facing now. What is more heart breaking is that the empire of pork barrel scam is made possible by private individuals. Thus, rather than paying correct taxes for the development of the country, businessmen would opted to help in their own little ways. On the lighter note, according to anti-graft organization Transparency International's 2012 Corruption Perception Index (CPI), “The Philippines' ranking in the list of the most corrupt countries improved this year. While the country's ranking has improved, its actual CPI score shows the level of perceived corruption is still significant. The Philippines' CPI score was 34 out of 100, still among the lowest”. So, let’s try to pay taxes. Think of Philippine education, and other programs to be funded for nation building. Recently, we were struck with a number of devastating calamities – MILF rage in Zamboanga, Earthquake in Bohol and Cebu, and the strongest recorded typhoon in the world, Yolanda struck the whole Visayas region. Despite...
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...Diplomatic Agenda of Philippine Presidents Diplomacy is an important instrument of all sovereign states. It is the conduct of official relations between states by peaceful means. It sometimes extends to a state’s relationship with its vassal state. The Philippines as a sovereign state make use of diplomacy in dealing with other countries. As a state with presidential system of government, the diplomatic agenda and the policy foreign of the Philippines is the responsibility of the executive branch of government subject to the usual oversight functions of the legislative and judicial branches of government. The President, being the head of state, is primarily responsible in foreign policy and diplomacy which is being exercised through the Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the entire Foreign Service. Every Philippine President has their own diplomatic agenda that they pursued during their term in office. The Philippines was granted “independence” in 1946, right after the Second World War, the Philippines soon enters into diplomatic relations. Being the head of a new state born after the destructive war, then President Manuel Roxas faced tremendous tasks in diplomacy. There is the challenge of forming relations with other states and making them recognize the independence of the Philippines. One important achievement of this period is the involvement and participation of the Philippines in the formation and operation of the United Nations. The Philippines, as a former American...
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...Unit I Foreign Policy What is Foreign Policy? Foreign policy has many exegesis as there are internationalist who attempt to define this most intriguing subject of international relations. Initially, it has been define as a “ statement of national goals limited both absolutely and relatively by national power”. The Foreign Service Institute of the Philippines prefers to allude to it as “ set of guidelines articulated by the government to a country in order to promote its national interest through the conduct of its relations with other countries” The Foreign Service Institute of the Philippines has likewise quoted a dictum ascribed to President Ferdinand E. Marcos that: The foreign policy of a nation is the articulation of its fondest needs and aspiration, and in international affairs, it is its sole weapon for the promotion of national interest. Foreign Policy is a “part of the general program of government. It is furthermore an extension of its domestic policy”. The term “system” when used in the context of an organization, implies an entity composed of a set of parts and created to accomplish certain, objectives. The aim of the system is the coordination of human efforts and material resources to produce desired results in a dynamic organization. An organization, as social system, has certain inherent characteristics: 1) it has subsystem and, is part of a suprasystem in continual interaction with one another 2) It has define objectives...
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...years old, presently residing at Purok1 North Poblacion, Medina, Misamis Oriental. I am currently 3rd year student taking up Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Financial Management at Bukidnon State University-Medina External Studies. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We thank almighty God for successful completion of this Development Paper this would not be possible without him. I have taken efforts in this requirement. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. We are really grateful to our subject instructor MR. EDMUND P. VOSOTROS, for all kinds of informative information and valuable advice. To our preeminent head MA’AM FLORENCIA BAANG, to all our deans named; MA’AM MARIETTA T. ASPRIL, MA’AM LARSENEY OBEMIO, MA’AM CICILE ALLOYON let me extend our over whelming thanks giving and our deepest gratitude and appreciation. I would like also to express my gratitude towards to my parents who gave us a support, of giving us money to work on this assignment. Let me give my greatest and deepest gratitude to all of my Classmates, Sir, Ma’am, thank you very much. INTRODUCTION Why do we need to borrow money? There a numerous reasons for the borrowing of money but common ones are; home loans, purchasing of cars, insurance, purchasing of business companies etc. People borrow money...
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...Reaction Paper: A Roadmap to the Philippines' Future: Toward a Knowledge-Based Economy The presentation discussed basic information about the Philippines' plan on building the Knowledge-Based Economy (KBE) as part of the Medium Term Development Plan by the Arroyo administration. In the discussion, the author identified the four pillars of KBE which shall serve as the foundation for knowledge-driven development process. It was emphasized in the process that the key for relevant economic development for the country is when the people are able to acquire, create, disseminate and apply knowledge to uplift the status of their lives. It is seen as possible answer to the long-running problem of the country on poverty issues, necessary to enable Philippines to face new global challenges and trends specifically on economic development. In the presentation, the author also present the existing educational setup of the Philippines which gearing toward the attainment of the KBE. The Philippines created a trifocalized system of education system where the basic education, higher education and technical-vocational education are working together synchronously. Its objective is to develop educated and innovative workforce with relevant knowledge, skills and attitude which could be offered both in domestic and foreign job market. But this move and the present educational achievements (i.e. ladderization, student assistance program, ETEEAP) of the Philippine education system is not enough...
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...REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Public Administration Country Profile Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM) Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) United Nations February 2004 All papers, statistics and materials contained in the Country Profiles express entirely the opinion of the mentioned authors. They should not, unless otherwise mentioned, be attributed to the Secretariat of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of material on maps in the Country Profiles do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Table of Contents Table of Contents........................................................................................... 1 Philippines .................................................................................................... 2 1. General Information ................................................................................... 3 1.1 People.................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Economy .............................................................................................. 3 1.3 Public Spending ..................................................................................... 4 ...
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...Philippines – United States relations are bilateral relations between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America. As one of the oldest Asian partners and closest strategic major non-NATO allies of the United States, the Philippines has consistently been the most pro-American nation in the world, with 90% of Filipinos viewing the U.S. and 91% viewing Americans favorably in 2002, and 90% of Filipinos viewing U.S. influence positively in 2011. Pursuant to the 1947 Military Bases Agreement, the United States maintained and operated major facilities at Clark Air Base until November 1991, and at Subic Bay Naval Complex and several small subsidiary installations in the Philippines until November 1992. In July 1991, negotiators from the two countries reached agreement on a draft treaty providing for the clean-up and turnover of Clark to the Philippine government in 1992, and for the lease of Subic Bay Naval Base by the U.S. for 10 years. By 1991, operations at Clark had already been scaled back because of the end of the Cold War, with the last combat aircraft leaving in 1990, before the base was heavily damaged by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. On September 16, 1991, the Philippine Senate rejected the bases treaty by a slim margin, and despite further efforts to salvage the situation, the two sides could not reach an agreement. As a result, the Philippine Government informed the U.S. on December 6, 1991, that it would have one year to complete withdrawal....
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...incorporates in a unified document the major structural, functional and procedural principles and rules of governance; and WHEREAS, a new Administrative Code will be of optimum benefit to the people and Government officers and employees as it embodies changes in administrative structures and procedures designed to serve the people; NOW, THEREFORE, I, CORAZON C. AQUINO, President of the Philippines, by the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby promulgate the Administrative Code of 1987, as follows: INTRODUCTORY PROVISIONS SECTION 1. Title. — This “Administrative Code of 1987.” Act shall be known as the SECTION 2. General Terms Defined. — Unless the specific words of the text, or the context as a whole, or a particular statute, shall require a different meaning: (1) Government of the Republic of the Philippines refers to the corporate governmental entity through which the functions of government are exercised throughout the Philippines, including, save as the contrary appears from the context, the various arms through which political authority is made effective in the Philippines, whether pertaining to the autonomous regions, the provincial, city, municipal or barangay subdivisions or other forms of local government. (2) National Government refers to the entire machinery of...
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...reason why I chose this topic is because it somehow affects all of us. I want to know the reason why some people take PDAF for granted not only the politicians but also those who are pretending to organize projects, etc but instead they use it for their personal gains. Is pork barrel the real root of corruption? These questions are just some of the many subjects that are inclined with the topic. With all the commotion and protest over the pork barrel scam, there are still a number of Filipinos who have no idea what it is. This term paper aims to give information about the Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) or the pork barrel and some issues and controversies connected with it; thus enlightening the effect of the proposed abolition of the pork barrel. Generally, pork barrel refers to the appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representative's district. The usage originated in American English. In election campaigns, the term is used in derogatory fashion to attack opponents. Scholars, however, use it as a technical term regarding legislative control of local appropriations (Wikipedia.org) In the Philippines, "pork barrel" is the common term that refers to the Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) which is defined as a discretionary fund allocated to the members of the Congress - Philippine House of Representatives and the Philippine Senate - to spend as they see fit without going through the normal...
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...The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is a human development measure of the national government that provides conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor, to improve the health, nutrition, and the education of children aged 0-18. It is ...
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...Poverty Reduction Strategy and Poverty Monitoring: Philippine Case Study By Celia M. Reyes and Lani E. Valencia* I. Introduction The overarching goal of development efforts is the improvement in the quality of life of the people. The Philippines is no exception. Being one of the nations who participated in the Millenium Summit in September 2000, it has committed to achieve 48 targets including eradication of poverty. In addition to international commitments, the Philippines has been working toward poverty reduction for decades. It has even included targets on human development and poverty reduction in its medium-term development plans. The growing consensus is towards a comprehensive approach to poverty reduction. Rapid and sustained economic growth is needed to improve the quality of life of the population; at the same time targeted interventions aimed at reducing poverty are needed to reach the very poor and marginalized sectors of the economy. With poverty reduction as main goal of the government, the demand for poverty statistics has become more important. Several poverty monitoring systems are being conducted both at the national and community level providing income and non-income based measures of poverty. These have become the basis for social and economic development plans and programs of national and local governments. The objectives of this paper are to examine the poverty situation in the Philippines and to assess the country’s poverty reduction strategy and policy...
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...Narrowing the Development Gap (NDG) Narrowing the Development Gap Narrowing the Development Gap in ASEAN refers to reducing various forms of disparities among and within Member States where some pockets of underdevelopment persist. Measures in the ASEAN Political Security, Socio-Cultural and Economic Community Blueprints are targeted at policy reforms for narrowing the development divide to foster regional cooperation, greater social and economic integration, consistent with the objective of building an ASEAN Community in 2015. Initiative for ASEAN Integration The ASEAN Heads of State at their Summit in 2000 launched the Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) with the objectives of Narrowing the Development Gap (NDG) and accelerating economic integration of the newer members of ASEAN, namely Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Viet Nam (CLMV). IAI Work Plans The efforts to narrow the development gap will be driven mainly by the IAI Work Plan (IAI-WP). The six-year IAI-Work Plans have been developed to assist the CLMV countries as well as ASEAN's other sub-regions to ensure that the economic wheels of their economies move at an accelerated pace. The first phase of the Work Plan covered the years 2002 to 2008. The current Work Plan (IAI-WP II) is based on key programme areas in the three Blueprints for the ASEAN Community: ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint, ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint. IAI Development Cooperation...
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...THE EC-PHILIPPINES STRATEGY PAPER 2007-2013 i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................... 7 1. COUNTRY ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 9 1.1. Analysis of the political situation...................................................................... 9 1.2. Analysis of the economic situation.................................................................. 11 1.3. Trade structure ................................................................................................ 13 1.4. Analysis of social developments...................................................................... 14 1.5. Analysis of the environmental situation......................................................... 16 2. THE PHILIPPINES’ POLICY AGENDA ............................................................ 17 2.1. The Medium Term Philippine Development Plan ........................................ 17 2.2. Assessing the reform process .......................................................................... 17 2.3. Cross-cutting issues: human rights, gender, governance ............................. 19 3. OVERVIEW OF PAST AND ONGOING EC COOPERATION, COORDINATION AND COHERENCE ........................................
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...Pilipino Program (4Ps) is a poverty reduction strategy that provides grants to extremely poor households to improve their health, nutrition and education particularly of children aged 0-14 by providing incentives for poor families to invest in their future by ensuring that mothers and children can avail the free healthcare as well as the free education for children. As such, it is a human development program that invests in the health and education of children. It aims to provide monetary aid to poor beneficiaries with the hope that these investments in human capital would lessen the great financial divide among the haves and the have nots. GOALS: (1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (2) Achieve Universal Primary Education (3) Promote gender equality and empower women (4) Reduce child mortality, and (5) Improve maternal health and to promote Department’s commitment to United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Children OBJECTIVES #Social Assistance – to provide cash assistance to the poor, to alleviate their needs (short term poverty alleviation) #Social Development – to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty through investments in human capital (nutrition, health and education THE BENEFITS • Health and Nutrition Grant A household receives a total of P6,000 per year or P500 per month intended for health and nutrition needs of the family such as food, medicine, and vitamins. • Education Every household receives a total of P3,000...
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