...writing modes; by using complex writing styles, it seems like he has greatly shaped the many ideals and morals of a successful like. Franklin exemplifies his capability to use different modes in his letter commonly reprinted as The Morals of Chess. In this short passage, Franklin uses three complex modes of writing to convey his ideas—analogy, definition, and example. Using these three strategies, Franklin is able to reveal his own deeper interpretation of the simple board game chess. The primary strategy Franklin uses is the mode of analogy; in paragraph two he writes, “For life is like a game...
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...word that not so many people know much about it. Juxtaposition is when two things like objects, words, ideas, or even alive beings are put together in comparison. This process is done to help the viewer finding the similarities between the two compared subjects. That way, and through this comparison, the idea that was meant for the viewer to understand will be easily delivered to them easily in a simpler way. It’s usually turning something less familiar to familiar. An analogy creates a relationship between two ideas. By establishing this relationship, the new idea is introduced through a familiar comparison, thus making the new concept easier to grasp. This is done in an effort to create similarities between the two subjects in order to give the reader an image and a point of comparison. Analogy plays a big role in problem solving, creativity, decision making, explanation, cognition, and communication. Some analogies consists of examples, comparisons, metaphors, and many other forms of cognition. Analogy consists of two categories; metaphor and similes. A metaphor is a figure of speech that uses one thing to mean another and makes a comparison between the two. The key words here are “one thing to mean another.” So, when someone says “He’s become a shell of a man,” we know not to take this literally, even though it’s stated directly as if this person had actually lost his internal substance. Whereas a simile compares two different things in order to create a new meaning...
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...Figurative language may involve analogy to similar concepts or other contexts, and may involve aggrandizements. These alterations result in figures of speech. According to (Webster’s.com), an idiom was first utilized in 1588 and can be defined as “an expression in the use of a language that is peculiar to itself either grammatically in having a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements”. Idioms are utilized to make language richer and more colorful. Idioms are often used to supersede a literal word or expression, as the idiom better describes the full nuance of meaning. Example: “Jumping the gun” means a person acted hastily or made a snap decision predicated on inadequate information. By reason of assumption a person can often “jump the gun” and assume the best or worst in any situation. This kind of anticipatory action can have a positive result, but most of the time someone who jump the gun eventually makes an erroneous or misinformed decision based on inaccurate early information. Analogy inference that if two or more things accede with one another in some respects they will probably accede in others. Analogies are often used to simplify or explain a complex subject or situation by comparing it to something with similar features. The phrase, “ She has a velvet voice,” is an analogy used to parallel the singer’s voices to the smoothness of velvet. Analogies are a good way of getting your point across. But if the analogy is obscure, it hinders...
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...South Australia City West Campus, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia T: +61 8 8302 9097 F: +61 8 8302 0709 kesten.green@unisa.edu.au # words in body 10,053 (requested range was 6,000 to 9,000) ABSTRACT We reviewed the evidence-based literature related to the relative accuracy of alternative methods for forecasting demand. The findings yield conclusions that differ substantially from current practice. For problems where there are insufficient data, where one must rely on judgment. The key with judgment is to impose structure with methods such as surveys of intentions or expectations, judgmental bootstrapping, structured analogies, and simulated interaction. Avoid methods that lack evidence on efficacy such as intuition, unstructured meetings, and focus groups. Given ample data, use quantitative methods including extrapolation, quantitative analogies, rule-based forecasting, and causal methods. Among causal methods, econometric methods are useful given good theory, and few key variables. Index models are useful for selection problems when there are many variables and much knowledge about the situation. Use structured procedures to incorporate managers’ domain knowledge into forecasts from quantitative methods where the knowledge would otherwise be overlooked, but avoid unstructured revisions. Methods for combining forecasts, including prediction markets and Delphi,...
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...Chapter 01 An Introduction to Assurance and Financial Statement Auditing True / False Questions 1. | Independence standards are required for audits of public companies, but not for audits of private companies. True False | 2. | Decision makers demand reliable information that is provided by accountants. True False | 3. | Information asymmetry seldom occurs. True False | 4. | Conflicts of interest often occur between absentee owners and managers. True False | 5. | Auditing services and attestation services are the same. True False | 6. | Auditing is a type of attest service. True False | 7. | Testing all transactions that occurred during the period is cost prohibitive. True False | Multiple Choice Questions 8. | Why do auditors generally use a sampling approach to evidence gathering? A. | Auditors are experts and do not need to look at much to know whether the financial statements are correct or not. | B. | Auditors must balance the cost of the audit with the need for precision. | C. | Auditors must limit their exposure to their auditee to maintain independence. | D. | The auditor's relationship with the auditee is generally adversarial, so the auditor will not have access to all of the financial information of the company. | | 9. | Which of the following statements best describes a relationship between sample size and other elements of auditing? A. | If materiality increases, so will...
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...Running Head: Conflict, Decision Making, and Organizational Design Conflict, Decision Making, and Organizational Design Strayer University BUS 520 1. Discuss how you could apply negotiation strategies to address potential conflicts in the workplace. The primary focus at Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is patient/Veteran care and establishing new Veteran enrollees. This is done by direct marketing among other forms of outreach. For VA, negotiation will be important in not only establishing a new enrollee, but keeping that enrollee as well. According to Hellriegel and Slocum, integrative negotiations are used to “achieve results that benefit both parties” (2011, p.397). By consistently explaining and showing Veterans the benefits, they gain by maintaining their health care through VA, and how the outcome will benefit them, VA will continue to receive the federal funding to continue sustained operations for the coming years. According to Hellriegel and Slocum in order for integrative negotiations to be successful, VA should follow these principles: * Separate the people from the problem- VA’s staff must not allow their personal issues with Veterans to interfere with the negotiation process instead focus on the issue at hand. * Focus on interests, not positions – Understand the needs and interests of the clients instead of being concerned about title. * Invent options for mutual gains- This is where creative decision making comes into play. By presenting the client...
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...com/q/psy-360-week-5-quiz-psy-360-week-5-quiz-all-correc/13278 http://workbank247.com/q/psy-360-week-5-quiz-psy-360-week-5-quiz-all-correc/13278 Question 1 Think of 10 animal names that begin with the letter R. This problem would probably be solved using a ______ technique. • A. means-end analysis • B. reasoning-by-analogy • C. gestalt restructuring • D. generate-and-test • E. productive-thinking Question 2 The problem-solving technique of ______ involves comparing the goal with the starting point, thinking of possible ways to overcome the distance between them, and choosing the best one. • A. generate-and-test • B. means-end analysis • C. reasoning by analogy • D. mental set • E. introspection Question 3 When one recalls the solution to an old problem and uses it to solve a new, similarly structured problem, one has reasoned by: • A. introspection • B. analysis • C. analogy • D. backtracking • E. working memory Question 4 When you adopt a certain framework or strategy for solving a series of problems, you may fail to see other, more efficient ways of solving some of the problems. This is referred to as: • A. functional fixedness • B. procrastination • C. a heuristic • D. mental set • E. reasoning by analogy Question 5 Study of chess masters indicate that masters: • A. consider more possible moves than novices do • B. choose the best move only after lengthy consideration • C. extract more information from a brief exposure...
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...| Conflict, Decision Making, and Organizational Design | | 1. Discuss how you could apply negotiation strategies to address potential conflicts in the workplace. The first step to any business transaction at Winston is gaining the client’s account, whether through a proposal or direct client contact. For Winston, negotiation will be important in not only gaining the initial contract, but during the renewal periods as well. During this phase intergroup conflict may arise as the client may make demands that are unreasonable for the price they are offering to pay. In this instance the best strategy for Winston to employ is integrative negotiations. According to Hellriegel and Slocum, integrative negotiations are used to “achieve results that benefit both parties” (2011, p.397). By explaining to clients why certain tasks require a certain investments, and how the outcome will benefit the client whether in an increase in brand awareness or financial gains, Winston can find a way to negotiate fair compensation for their work. According to Hellriegel and Slocum in order for integrative negotiations to be successful, Winston should follow these principles: * Separate the people from the problem- Winston’s staff must not allow their personal issues with client representatives to interfere with the negotiation process instead focus on the issue at hand. * Focus on interests, not positions – Understand the needs and interests of the clients instead of being...
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...Competension ANALOGY Hello Aspirants!!! As these kind of questions are frequently asked in competitions it is important to practice them as much as you can so this is our first ANALOGY assignment for you people. The explanation to all questions are mentioned after completion of 50 questions. 1. ‘Bank’ is related to ‘Money’ in the same way as ‘Transport’ is related to a. Goods b. Road c. Movement d. Traffic e. Speed 2.’Fan’ is related to ‘Wings’ in the same way as ‘Wheel’ is related to a. Round b. Cars c. Spokes d. Moves e. Air 3.’Captain’ is related to ‘Soldier’ in the same way as ‘Leader’ is related to a. Chair b. Follower c. Party d. Minister e. Vote 4.’Skirmish’ is related to ‘War’ in the same way as ‘Disease’ is related to a. Infection b. Epidemic c. patient d. Medicine e. Death 5.’Tree’ is related to ‘Root’ in the same way as ‘Smoke’ is related to. a. Cigarette b. Fire c. Heat d. Chimney e. Wood 6.’Good’ is related to ‘Bad’ in the same way as ‘Smoke’ is related to a. Wall b. Pillar c. Terrace d. Window e. Floor 7.’Oval’ is related to ‘Circle’ in the same way as ‘Rectangle’ is related to a. Triangle b. Square c. Periphery d. Diagonal e. Pentagon 8.’Umpire’ is related to ‘March’ in the same way as ‘Judge’ is related to a. Court b. Lawyer c. Judgment d. Witness e. Law Suit 9.’Video’ is related to ’Cassettes’ in the same way as ‘Computer’ is related to 1|Page Competension ANALOGY a. Reels b. Recording c...
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...| Chapter 1 | | Autonomous Action | Action taken by lower-level managers who, on their own initiative, formulate new strategies and work to persuade top-level managers to alter the strategic priorities of a company. | Business Unit | A self-contained division that provides a product or service for a particular market. | Cognitive Biases | Systematic errors in human decision making that arise from the way people process information. | Competitive Advantage | The advantage over rivals achieved when a company’s profitability is greater than the average profitability of all firms in its industry. | Devil’s Advocacy | A technique in which one member of a decision-making group acts as a devil’s advocate, bringing out all the considerations that might make the proposal unacceptable. | Dialectic Inquiry | The generation of a plan (a thesis) and a counterplan (an antithesis) that reflect plausible but conflicting courses of action. | Emergent Strategies | Strategies that “emerge” in the absence of planning. | Escalating Commitment | A cognitive bias that occurs when decision makers, having already committed significant resources to a project, commit even more resources after receiving feedback that the project is failing. | Functional Managers | Managers responsible for supervising a particular function—that is, a task, activity, or operation, like accounting, marketing, Research & Development, information technology, or logistics. | General...
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...Problem Solving Paper Psych. 560 June 24, 2013 Prof. Pitt Problem Solving Paper Problem solving skills are a necessity in order to make effective decisions and manage a team. Without problem solving skills it is impossible for one to be credible and make reliable decisions each and every time. Problem-solving is a mental process that is used to discover, analyze, and solve problems. When problem solving, the ultimate goal is to conquer hurdles and come up with the best solution. Discovering and identifying the Problem can be complicated process. When individuals mistakenly identify the source of a problem incorrectly it will most often lead to inefficient or useless attempts to solve it. The aim of this paper is to identify the approaches to the study of problem-solving and inform the role of insight and creativity in the process of problem solving. The paper also seeks to examine issues with representation and solution. As well as examining the role of reasoning, judgment, and decision making in the process of problem-solving. Approaches to the Study of Problem-Solving The approaches to the study of problem solving include Behaviorism, Gestalt psychology and Cognitive Psychology. Behaviorism concentrates on what goes on in minds and solemnly focuses on general behavior. Discovered in the early twenties by John Watson but made popular by B.F Skinner, behaviorism concentrates on what goes on in minds and solemnly focuses on general behavior. They came up with a principle...
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...A Critical Review Of Crafting Strategy - Henry Mintzberg Table Of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................. 2 Wider Debate Of Strategy .................................................................. 2 Placing The Article In The Wider Debate.................................... 4 Strengths & Weaknesses of the article......................................... 4 Conclusion................................................................................................. 6 References................................................................................................. 7 1 Introduction This essay will critically evaluate the article “Crafting Strategy “ written by Henry Mintzberg. The essay will evaluate the difference between deliberate and emergent strategies and will compare the article against wider debate about processes of strategy. Strengths and weaknesses of the article will be critically reviewed by comparing with previous academic journals and conclusions will be made upon findings. Wider Debate Of Strategy Mintzberg (1984, pp. 69) argues that “strategies can form as well as be formulated” he believes they can emerge due to an ever changing environment” In contrast Porter (1987) takes a more deliberate strategy approach he believes there are 3 types of strategies, low cost, differentiated or focus. “Strategy is the creation of a unique and valuable position involving a different...
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...College Email：fhuanginusa@hotmail.com Office Hours：By appointment 【Course Description】 This course is designed to familiarize the student with the basic concepts of management in diverse business environments; emphasis is placed on the functional approach including planning, organizing, staffing, coordinating, directing, leading, and controlling. Additional selected topics of interest to managers such as ethical issues and decisions will also be discussed. 【Prerequisites】None 【Learning Objectives】 ➢ To Review existing literature and theory in the management field and help participants to understand the theoretical foundation of management as applied to a variety of settings within organizations and with relation to the environment of the 21st century. ➢ To help participants to recognize and analyze management issues and get an overview of relevant management activities. ➢ To provide an understanding of both the social and economic consequences of managerial styles. ➢ To enable students to understand and analyze management decisions by using case studies and experiential exercises. 【Course Proceedings】 ➢ Lecture ➢ In-class discussion ➢ Quizzes ➢ Project presentation 【Grading Scheme】 |Attendance, attitude, class activities, & participation |25% | |Written assignments (homework, cases, exercises) |20% | |Quizzes ...
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...does Jonah define "productivity"? 5. How does Jonah define "Throughput", "Inventory", and "Operating Expense"? How are these definitions different from traditional definitions? 6. Using the robots as an example, explain: (1) How the standard cost system defines "efficiency" (2) How high efficiency could lead to local optimum 7. What are those three questions that Jonah asked Alex about the productivity of the robots? 8. Using the analogy between the hiking and a manufacturing operation, explain the phenomena of “dependent events” and “statistical fluctuations”. Explain what a “balanced plant” is and explain why it would not work. 9. Using the dice game to explain the phenomena of “dependent events” and “statistical fluctuations”. Explain why a “balanced plant” would not work. 10. Explain another real-life example to describe the phenomena of “dependent events” and “statistical fluctuations”? 11. The hiking did not go very well first, why? What did Alex do to improve the pace of the hiking? Why did he ask Herbie to lead the hiking? Did it work? 12. Explain the analogy between the hiking troop and a manufacturing operation in terms of Throughput, Inventory, OE, Dependent Events, Statistical Fluctuations, and Balanced Plant. 1 Discussion Questions (Week 7) THE GOAL Chap 16-30 1. 2. 3. Using the robot as an example, explain the effects of statistical fluctuations and dependent events...
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...set of measurement: Throughput, Inventory, OE? 4. How is "productivity" defined traditionally? How does Jonah define "productivity"? 5. How does Jonah define "Throughput", "Inventory", and "Operating Expense"? How are these definitions different from traditional definitions? 6. Using the robots as an example, explain: (1) How the standard cost system defines "efficiency" (2) How high efficiency could lead to local optimum 7. What are those three questions that Jonah asked Alex about the productivity of the robots? 8. Using the analogy between the hiking and a manufacturing operation, explain the phenomena of “dependent events” and “statistical fluctuations”. Explain what a “balanced plant” is and explain why it would not work. 9. Using the dice game to explain the phenomena of “dependent events” and “statistical fluctuations”. Explain why a “balanced plant” would not work. 10. Explain another real-life example to describe the phenomena of “dependent events” and “statistical fluctuations”? 11. The hiking did not go very well first, why? What did Alex do to improve the pace of the hiking? Why did he ask Herbie to lead the hiking? Did it work? 12. Explain the analogy between the hiking troop and a manufacturing operation in terms of Throughput, Inventory, OE, Dependent Events, Statistical Fluctuations, and Balanced Plant. OM, Anderson, Fall 2014 2 Discussion Questions (Week 7) THE GOAL Chap 16-30 1....
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