...abstracted the key notion of mutual exclusion in his concepts of semaphores. Definition A semaphore is a protected variable whose value can be accessed and altered only by the operations P and V and initialization operation called 'Semaphoiinitislize'. Binary Semaphores can assume only the value 0 or the value 1 counting semaphores also called general semaphores can assume only nonnegative values. The P (or wait or sleep or down) operation on semaphores S, written as P(S) or wait (S), operates as follows: P(S): IF S > 0 THEN S := S - 1 ELSE (wait on S) The V (or signal or wakeup or up) operation on semaphore S, written as V(S) or signal (S), operates as follows: V(S): IF (one or more process are waiting on S) THEN (let one of these processes proceed) ELSE S := S +1 Operations P and V are done as single, indivisible, atomic action. It is guaranteed that once a semaphore operations has stared, no other process can access the semaphore until operation has completed. Mutual exclusion on the semaphore, S, is enforced within P(S) and V(S). If several processes attempt a P(S) simultaneously, only process will be allowed to proceed. The other processes will be kept waiting, but the implementation of P and V guarantees that processes will not suffer indefinite postponement. Semaphores solve the lost-wakeup problem. Producer-Consumer Problem Using Semaphores The Solution to producer-consumer...
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...20 Unified Power Flow Controllers Ali Feliachi West Virginia University Azra Hasanovic West Virginia University 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 Introduction Power Flow on a Transmission Line UPFC Description and Operation Series Converter: Four Modes of Operation • Automatic Power Control Karl Schoder West Virginia University UPFC Modeling UPFC Steady-State or Load Flow Model • UPFC Dynamic Model • Interfacing the UPFC with the Power Network Control Design UPFC Basic Control Design • Power System Damping Control through UPFC Using Fuzzy Control Case Study Test System • Tracking Real and Reactive Power Flows • Operation under Fault Conditions Conclusion 20.1 Introduction An electric power system is an interconnection of generating units to load centers through high-voltage electric transmission lines. It consists of generation, transmission, and distribution subsystems, which used to belong to the same electric utility in a given geographical area. But, currently, the electric power industry is in transition from large, vertically integrated utilities providing power at regulated rates to an industry that will incorporate competitive companies selling unbundled power at possibly lower rates. With this new structure, which will include separate generation, distribution, and transmission companies with an open-access policy, comes the need for tighter control strategies. The strategies must maintain the level of reliability that consumers not...
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...Homework Assignment G EOMETRIC A LGORITHMS 20 21 22 Plane-Sweep Delaunay Triangulations Alpha Shapes Sixth Homework Assignment NP-C OMPLETENESS 23 24 25 Easy and Hard Problems NP-Complete Problems Approximation Algorithms Seventh Homework Assignment 45 46 50 53 56 60 61 62 65 68 72 73 74 77 81 84 85 86 89 92 95 V II 6 7 8 9 Binary Search Trees Red-Black Trees Amortized Analysis Splay Trees Second Homework Assignment P RIORITIZING VI III 10 11 12 Heaps and Heapsort Fibonacci Heaps Solving Recurrence Relations Third Homework Assignment VII 2 1 Introduction Meetings. We meet twice a week, on Tuesdays and Thursdays, from 1:15 to 2:30pm, in room D106 LSRC. Communication. The course material will be delivered in the two weekly lectures. A written record of the lectures will be available on the web, usually a day after the lecture. The web also contains other information, such as homework assignments, solutions, useful links, etc. The main supporting text is TARJAN . Data Structures and Network Algorithms. SIAM, 1983. Overview. The main topics to be covered in this course are I Design Techniques; II Searching; III Prioritizing; IV Graph Algorithms; V Topological Algorithms; VI Geometric Algorithms; VII NP-completeness. The emphasis will be on...
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...Adjusted present value Wadia Haddaji February 20, 2008 • Topics: 1. Adjusted present value. • Readings: 1. Brealey, Myers and Allen, section 20.4. 1 The Adjusted-Present-Value Rule • Recall that we can write the value of a levered firm as the value of an otherwise identical all-equity firm and the value of its financing decisions: V = VU +NPV(financing decisions). • It is then obvious to define the APV of a project as the sum of its NPV to an all-equity firm and the PV of the associated financing decisions: APV = NPV(unlevered project) + NPV(financing decisions) • Separating the APV of a project into its NPV to an all-equity firm and the value of the associated financing decisions should be generally useful for the financial manager. 2 A Comparison of WACC and APV • Features/advantages of WACC. 1. WACC accounts for tax shield benefit of interest in discount rate. 2. WACC is widely adopted by practitioners and is easy to use. 3. WACC is applicable when D/E remains essentially constant through project life. 4. WACC is most appropriate when the project is “typical” of the firms traditional businesses (i.e., same risk), or “scale enhancing”. • Features/advantages of APV. 1. APV accounts for tax shield benefit of interest in cash flows (not discount rate). 2. APV was introduced by academics and is slowly being adopted in practice. 3. 11% of firms always or almost always use it. • APV often requires/accomodates knowledge of a particular debt repayment schedule. • APV (as opposed...
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...representing the arc length of the curve measured from a reference point. At s and s’, a particle moves from P to P’ and the displacement is dR (Fig. 1). If P and P’ is infinitesimally separated, i.e. ds= s’-s → 0, l dR l = ds, dR/ds = ut. ut is a unit vector (called unit tangent) tangent to the curve at P (Fig. 2). At P and P’, let ut and ut‘ be the unit vectors in the tangent direction. The lines normal to ut and ut‘ intersect at O (Fig. 2). With ds → 0, point O is the center of curvature and ds/dθ = ρ where ρ, called radius of curvature, is the length OP. In Fig. 3, one may observe that dut is normal to ut and since ut and ut’ are unit vectors, dut/dθ is a unit vector, designated as un. un is the unit vector (called unit normal) in the direction from P to O. That is, dut/ds =(dut/dθ)(dθ/ds) = (1/ρ) un or dut/ds = k un where k (= 1/ρ = dθ/ds) is the curvature at P. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 With a Cartesian coordinate system, the radius of curvature at (x, y) can be calculated as ρ = [1 + (dy/dx)2]3/2/ ld2y/dx2l or ρ= where the dots on x and y represent the first and second derivatives with respect to any independent parameter, such as t or s. In a circle, the center of curvature is the center of the circle and the radius of curvature is the radius of the circle. Let a particle move along a path R(s). Differentiating R with respect to time yields V = dR/dt = (dR/ds)(ds/dt) = ut where it again yields a = dV/dt = where = ut )dt = ut + (dut /ds)(ds/dt) = ut...
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...CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNANCE Raja Ram Pal v Hon’ble Speaker of Lok Sabha & Ors. (2007) 3 SCC 184 Presented to : Dr. Rangin P. Tripathy. Presented by : Soumyadeep Chakrabarti. Second Semester. 15/LLM/027. FACTS : 12/12/2005 - Aaj Tak – sting operation (Operation Duryadhana) -10 Lok Sabha M.P’s & 1 Rajya Sabha member – cash for query. 19/12/2005 – Star News – sting operation with Detective Intelligence Group – 1 M.P taking money in exchange for providing benefits under the MPLAD scheme. Enquiry committee formed – all found guilty – motion of expulsion initiated. PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS OF LAW : 1) Whether the writ petition is maintainable or not ? If yes then : 2) Whether the Supreme Court has the jurisdiction to decide matters relating to content & scope of powers, privileges, immunities of the legislature & its members ? 3) Whether parliament has a right to expel its members ? (Whether the internal procedures of the parliament are justifiable ?) Opposites Correlatives If P has a claim, then P lacks a If P has a claim, then J has a no-claim. duty. If P has a liberty, then P lacks If P has a liberty, then J has a duty. no-claim. If P has a power, then P lacks a If P has a power, then J has a disability. liability. If P has an immunity, then P If P has an immunity, then J lacks a liability. has a disability. Disqualification Disqualification impacts on the origin of the candidate’s ...
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... |L |T |P |C | |BA9101 |Statistics for Management |3 |1 |0 |4 | |BA9102 |Economic Analysis for Business |4 |0 |0 |4 | |BA9103 |Total Quality Management |3 |0 |0 |3 | |BA9104 |Organizational Behaviour |3 |0 |0 |3 | |BA9105 |Communication Skills |3 |0 |0 |3 | |BA9106 |Accounting for Management |3 |1 |0 |4 | |BA9107 |Legal Aspects of Business |3 |0 |0 |3 | |BA9108 |Seminar I – Management Concept |0 |0 |2 |1 | | |Total | | | |25 | SEMESTER – II |Code No. |Course Title |L |T |P |C | |BA9121 |Operations Management ...
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...characteristics, Gate drive, IGBT’s, Isolation of UNIT - 3 INTRODUCTION TO THYRISTORS: Principle of operation states anode-cathode characteristics, two transistor model. Turn-on Methods, Dynamic Turn-on and turn-off characteristics, Gate characteristics, Gate trigger circuits, di / dt and dv / dt protection, Thyristor firing circuits. 7 Hours CI TS UNIT - 4 CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS: Introduction, Principles of phase controlled converter operation, 1φ fully controlled converters, Duel converters, 1 φ semi converters (all converters 5 Hours with R & RL load). CITSTUDENTS.IN TU DE gate and base drives. NT S. IN UNIT - 1 6 Hours Page 1 Power Electronics 06EC73 PART –B UNIT - 5 COMMUTATION: Thyristor turn off methods, natural and forced commutation, self commutation, class A and class B types, Complementary commutation, auxiliary commutation, external pulse commutation, AC line commutation, numerical problems. 7 Hours UNIT - 6 AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS: Introduction, Principles of on and off control, Principles of phase control, Single phase controllers with restive loads and Inductive loads, numerical problems. 7 Hours UNIT - 7 chopper with RL loads, Chopper classification, Analysis of impulse commutated Thyristor chopper (only qualitative analysis). 8 Hours UNIT - 8 INVERTORS: Introduction, Principles of operation,...
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...SCHAUM’S outlines SCHAUM’S outlines Linear Algebra Fourth Edition Seymour Lipschutz, Ph.D. Temple University Marc Lars Lipson, Ph.D. University of Virginia Schaum’s Outline Series New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2009, 2001, 1991, 1968 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-154353-8 MHID: 0-07-154353-8 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-154352-1, MHID: 0-07-154352-X. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us at bulksales@mcgraw-hill.com. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies,...
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...601 Course - TERM PAPER Financial Statement Analysis & Valuation AMBEE PharmaceuticalsLtd. ENTERPRISE VALUATION & ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS AMBEE Pharmaceuticals Limited T able of Contents Chapter - 01 Chapter - 02 Chapter - 03 Chapter - 04 Chapter - 05 About the Company Strategy Analysis Valuation Conclusion Annexure ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… 01 03 11 21 A M B E E P H A R M A : V A L U A T I O N 1 Chapter About the Company The company’s operation & historical performances were moderate and they were not leading the market from their inception A MBEE PHARMACEUTICALS LTD., was established in 1976 in Bangladesh. This public limited company was registered under the companies Act, 1913 and was incorporated in Bangladesh on 4th February 1976. Ambee has a joint venture with a famous multinational company Medimpex of Hungary. Ambee started its operation with modest 17 joint ventured products and is now running in full swing with 76 products. They have Tablets, Capsules, Liquids, and Gel in tubes and Injectables. Its operational area covers all over Bangladesh with a large number of field forces who strive hard to establish the demand of products of the company in every corner of the country. The company maintains four outside Depots located at Khulna, Bogra, Chittagong and Sylhet besides its National Distribution Cell in Dhaka. When Ambee Pharmaceutical Ltd.(APL) was launched back in Feb’ 1976, Ambee had only 30 field forces...
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...PHYSICS HOMEWORK Institution Student name Introduction The homework is composed of discussions of the capacitor - voltage relationship (C-V characteristics) in MOS capacitors. Transistors are also part of the homework. The capacitor-voltage analysis is a technique that is widely used to determine wide range parameters of MOS capacitors. These parameters involve flat-band voltage, threshold voltage, substrate doping concentration and the thickness of the gate oxides. The MOS capacitance is characterized by its capacitance, Cox. It has two capacitors that are connected in series at the depletion layer. These two capacitors are depletion layer and oxide capacitors that is, Cdep and Coxrespectively. When the MOS-capacitor is supplied by AC voltage, the gap width increase and contracts with respect to the AC frequency (Huff, 2005, pg. 219). To maintain the reliability and the quality of MOS structures is a vital practice among the MOS capacitors. The C-V measurements are employed mostly to determine the details and quality of gate oxides. On the MOS capacitor, measurements are done at the absence of the drain and source. The test operations provide the process information and at the same time ensuring efficient devices. The interface charges and bulk charges are also part of the parameters that are determined. The capacitor voltage measurements are carried out using tools like the Keithley model. The Keithley model makes use of 4200-SCS apparatus. Parameters like capacitance...
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...CA-G.R. C.R. No. 00244 affirming the Judgment of the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 19, Naga City in Criminal Case No. 98-7182, convicting Antonio Nogra (appellant) of large scale illegal recruitment under Section 6(m) in relation to Section 7(b) of Republic Act No. 8042 (R.A. No. 8042),[2] otherwise known as the “Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995.”[3] The inculpatory portion of the Information charging one Lorna G. Orciga and appellant with large scale illegal recruitment reads as follows: That sometime during the period of March 1997 to November, 1997 in the City of Naga, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, being the General Manager and Operations Manager of LORAN INTERNATIONAL OVERSEAS RECRUITMENT CO., LTD., with office at Concepcion Grande, Naga City, conspiring, confederating together and mutually helping each other, representing themselves to have the capacity to contract, enlist, hire and transport Filipino workers for employment abroad, did then and...
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...economy which brought about the decline in building, Urbanaz’s profit margin dropped below the break-even point, The Company is also facing a legal suit with the state government which the outcome is unlikely going to favor them. So they are faced with options to either re-strategize the company or shutdown. * Assess the current environmental scan factors that are relevant to the decision making process. Determine the factors that will have the greatest impact on plant operations and management’s decision to continue or discontinue operations. Environmental scanning involves a process of gathering, analyzing, and dispensing information for tactical or strategic purposes. The Company’s macro environment can be expressed in terms of the following factors; Social Technological Economic Political When considering whether or not to continue operations, there are several factors to consider. First is to perform a market analysis to determine whether or not continuing operations is really feasible. For example, Aluminum roofing sheets may have been a product whose time has come and gone. Determining whether or not there is still a market for this product is the first step. Next would be to evaluate how manufacturing costs could be cut...
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...details Principle of operation and emf equation Equivalent circuit and voltage regulation Short-circuit and open-circuit tests Parallel operation Synchronizing procedures Chapter IV EPM1076 2 Introduction to Synchronous Machines A synchronous machine is an ac rotating machine whose speed under steady state condition is proportional to the frequency of the current in its armature. The magnetic field created by the armature currents rotates at the same speed as that created by the field current on the rotor, which is rotating at the synchronous speed and a steady torque. Synchronous machines are commonly used as generators especially for large power systems, such as turbine generators and hydroelectric generators in the grid power supply. Because the rotor speed is proportional to the frequency of excitation, synchronous motors can be used in situations where constant speed drive is required. Chapter IV EPM1076 3 Chapter IV EPM1076 4 Angle in Electrical and Mechanical Unit -For 2 pole machine, when the rotor rotates for one revolution, the induce emf varies for one cycle. i.e. θ = θm, (refer to figure 2) -Where θ is the angle in electrical degrees or radians and θm is the mechanical angle. - For a 4 pole machine, as the rotor rotates for one revolution (θm = 2π), the induced emf varies for two cycles (θ = 4π) (refer to figure 2) -Hence, θ = 2θm or in general, θ = (P/2) θm (Eqn 1) -Where P = number of pole. ...
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...------------------------------------------------- ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 15-1 a. Capital structure is the manner in which a firm’s assets are financed; that is, the right-hand side of the balance sheet. Capital structure is normally expressed as the percentage of each type of capital used by the firm--debt, preferred stock, and common equity. Business risk is the risk inherent in the operations of the firm, prior to the financing decision. Thus, business risk is the uncertainty inherent in a total risk sense, future operating income, or earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). Business risk is caused by many factors. Two of the most important are sales variability and operating leverage. Financial risk is the risk added by the use of debt financing. Debt financing increases the variability of earnings before taxes (but after interest); thus, along with business risk, it contributes to the uncertainty of net income and earnings per share. Business risk plus financial risk equals total corporate risk. b. Operating leverage is the extent to which fixed costs are used in a firm’s operations. If a high percentage of a firm’s total costs are fixed costs, then the firm is said to have a high degree of operating leverage. Operating leverage is a measure of one element of business risk, but does not include the second major element, sales variability. Financial leverage is the extent to which fixed-income securities (debt and preferred stock) are used in a firm’s capital...
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