...INFORMATION SYSTEM STRATEGIC PLANNING Information System Strategic Planning, the Cost of Efficiency Student Name University Any Town, Virginia September 2010 Certification and Approval A Directed Research Project on Information System Strategic Planning the Cost of Efficiency: Is there a preferred approach to information systems planning, submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Strayer University in candidacy for the degree of Master’s of Science in Information Systems. Submitted by: _________________________Date: _______________ Approved by: ___________________________ Date: _______________ ABSTRACT Information systems’ planning is often costly to implement and maintain; however, sound planning practices may reduce expenses associated with the development processes. A Formal methodical approach to systems analysis, requirements engineering, systems design, development, and construction may offer a reduction in development and certain aspects of life cycle support expenses. Corporate expenses may reach approximately 5% of their gross income on information systems development and support. This equates to approximately $15,000,000 to $35,000,000 annually (Whitemarsh Information Systems Corp. 2008, p.). Information systems may cost significantly less. In comparison, information systems, contingent upon other factors such as size of the company, and complexity of the information system cost may range anywhere from $2,000,000 to $10,000,000 per system. Corporate...
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...Systems Analysis and Design, 9e (Kendall/Kendall) Chapter 1 Systems, Roles, and Development Methodologies 1.1 Multiple Choice 1) Which of these software packages are not open source software (OSS)? A) Microsoft Windows B) Mozilla Firefox Web browser C) Apache Web server D) a Linux operating system Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15 2) Which of these characteristics is most important to a systems analyst? A) communicator B) problem solver C) programmer D) project manager Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 3) Which of these statements concerning the systems development life cycle is true? A) Designing the system is the first step in the SDLC. B) No phase can occur until the previous phase is completed. C) Although each phase is presented discretely, it is never accomplished as a separate step. D) There is widespread agreement that the SDLC is composed of seven phases. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 4) System maintenance must be performed to: A) correct software errors. B) add new features that have never been requested before. C) remove features that none of the users are using. D) keep programmers employed. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9 5) Which of these is not used by analysts when adopting CASE tools? A) communicating more effectively with users B) expediting the local area network C) increasing productivity D) integrating the work done during life cycle stages Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 6) An encyclopedia...
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...INTRODUCTION Life cycle costing is an alternative approach to cost management which accumulates and manages cost over a product’s lie cycle (Adamany & Gonsalves, 1994; Artto, 1994; Susman, 1989). There are two important aspects to life cycle costing which is the focus on the product cost and the inclusion of upstream and downstream costs. Upstream cost is incurred when company prepares to start its production process. These upstream costs can range from raw materials to research and development to product design. Upstream costs can have a significant impact on the efficiency and profitability of the production process. If raw materials are too expensive or if the design of a new product takes too long, the upstream costs can limit a company's potential profits before a single unit becomes available for sale. While downstream cost is incurred after a company has completed its production process, it must still get that product to its customers. The process involved in delivering those products to the customers is the source of the company's downstream costs. These downstream costs can range from distribution expenses to marketing plans to sales channels. Downstream costs also act as a determining factor in the company's profitability. If distribution costs are too high or sales efforts are ineffective, the downstream costs will eat away at expected revenues. The product life cycle is most frequently understood to mean the life cycle of a particular product on the market...
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...System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) SDLC is a set of activities which are perform by analyst and developer to create the system for software. SDLC is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in information system development project from a preliminary study through maintenance of the complete application. SDLC follows six steps-: 1 Preliminary study 2 Determination of system requirement 3 System design 4 Software development 5 System testing 6 Implementation & Maintenance 1 Preliminary study -: Preliminary investigation is the first step in the system development life cycle. The preliminary investigation is a way of handling the user’s request to change, improve or enhance an existing system. The objective is to determine, whether the request is valid and feasible before any recommendation is made to do nothing, improve or modify the existing system, or build altogether a new one. Preliminary study divided into following 3 categories – A. Request Analysis B. Feasibility study C. Request Approval Request Analysis:- In this category, the users need is clearlyIdentify. Analyst identifies that what are the requirements of the user. Feasibility study:- The aim of the feasibility study is to access alternative systems and to propose the most feasible and desirable system for development. Thus, feasibility study provides an overview of the problem and acts as an important checkpoint that should be completed before committing more...
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...1.4 THE PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE Before get on to the phases of the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), come we make clear our-self on the definition of the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). System is a wide and a common term and is an exercise of mutually beneficial or interacting elements forming an integrated whole which a term that can be utilized in different industries. Hence, System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a constricted term that states the of six main stages to creating hardware system only, a software element only or that mixes with other software components to create the whole system of both to meet or exceed customer’s expected values. From the below figure 1 we can understand on the basic six phases...
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...SDLC Value Paper X.X. Xarris BSA/376 March XX, 20xx Professor B. Anders SDLC Value Paper A systems development life cycle (SDLC) is more or less the life of a business. An SDLC is one of the key elements that support an organization’s information system. According to Satinzer etal, 2009, “the life of an information system, it is first conceived as an idea; then it is designed, built, and deployed during a development project; and finally it is put into production and used to support the business.” There are numerous approaches used during the life cycle development. One approach is a more definitive method with risks that are relatively low, this approach is predictive. Meanwhile, on the other hand another approach that is more undefined, with risks that are much higher technically, because there is no well-defined understanding of what the user needs are, this approach is known as adaptive. There are many employees (project manager, system analyst, developer), as well as others (customers, investors, and even suppliers) who have a stake in and are involved in the SDLC process, their roles differ largely as well. The role of the Project Manager is central to the entire SDLC process, this individual is involved closely, and is very much needed, and without management being heavily involved it is likely the process will fall apart. Project managers ensure that there are no resource shortages, such as staff, budgetary requirements, and other necessary elements that...
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...1.8 Life Cycle Costing Purpose Life Cycle Costing (LCC) is an important economic analysis used in the selection of alternatives that impact both pending and future costs. It compares initial investment options and identifies the least cost alternatives for a twenty year period. As applied to building design energy conservation measures, the process is mandated by law and is defined in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 10, Part 436, Subpart A: Program Rules of the Federal Energy Management Program. The A/E shall contact local utility companies to determine available demand-side management programs and nocost assistance provided by these companies to designers and owners. Applications Basic applications of LCC are addressed within the individual chapters herein and may be further defined within an A-E’s design programming scope requirements. In general, LCC is expected to support selection of all building systems that impact energy use: thermal envelope, passive solar features, fenestration, HVAC, domestic hot water, building automation and lighting. However, LCC can also be applied to building features or involve costs related to occupant productivity, system maintenance, environmental impact and any other issue that impacts costs over time. It is very important to recognize the significance of integrated building systems design in the overall e iciency of the design. Methodology There are many established guidelines and computerbased tools that e ectively...
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...advantage thru differentiation, low cost, rapid response, or combination of these. PRODUCT STRATEGY OPTIONS: Product Selection- the choosing of good or service to provide customers or clients; Differentiation- by offering a distinctly unique and high quality product; Taco Bell- has developed a low cost and high value product line; Toyota- a rapid response to changing customer demand; PRODUCT LIFE CYCLES: Intro Phase- the product is being fine-tuned for market, negative cash flow due to research, product development, process modification, and supplier development; Growth Phase- product design is stabilizing, requires effective forecasting of capacity requirements; Maturity Phase- high sales revenue, competitors are established, improved cost control, reduction in options of product line necessary for profitability and market share; Decline Phase- Sales and profits decreasing, can invest to bring good products up, otherwise terminate; Strategies change as products move through life cycle and successful strategies determine best strategy for product on its life cycle stage. PRODUCT-BY-VALUE ANALYSIS- Pareto Principle- focus on critical few, not trivial many; Product by Value Analysis- lists products in descending order of their...
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...They also use new strategies and production techniques to make their product and service more competitive and satisfying to the customers. Product strategy defines the distance or length of the product line and links product decisions to investment and cash flow, market share and dynamics, product life cycle, and the organizations capabilities. GOODS AND SERVICES SELECTION Most companies concentrate or focus in selection of goods and services or product decision. They focus on creating a competitive advantage thru by differentiation in which companies’ can offer unique and high quality products, lower cost than their competitors, and rapid response to customers demand about executing rapid design and product development. Most of the companies give more attention or focus on product life cycle and strategy. Strategies change as product move through their life cycle. Product strategy involves selecting the best strategy for each product based on its position in the life cycle while product life cycle can be divided into four phases. In the introductory phase, product expenses are mostly high for Research and Development, process modification and enhancement, and supplier development. During the growth phase, effective capacity forecasting is necessary. In maturity phase, high volume, low cost, and innovative production is appropriate because competitors have entered or are entering the market. At the decline phase, investment needs to be minimized and resources need to be...
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...PRODUCT DESIGN Product Decision / Analysis / product Development Product Design 1) Product is anything that is capable of satisfying a felt need. A new product is the one which is truly innovative and is significantly different from other products. 2) Product Design specifies which materials are to be used, determines dimensions and tolerances define appearances of the product and sets standards of the performance. 3) Service Design specifies what physical items, sensual benefits and psychological benefits the customer is to receive from the service. Design has a tremendous impact on the quality of product or service. An Effective Design Process 1) Matches the product or service characteristics with customers requirement 2) Ensures customers requirements are met in simplest and least costly manner 3) Reduces the time required to design a new product or services 4) Minimize the revisions necessary to make a design workable. Product Design and Development 1) New Product Design 2) Improvement in the design of existing product due to life cycle of a product Product Decision: 1) the selection, definition and design of the products. The existing of the organization depends upon how well it provides goods and services to society. Since every product has life cycle the old product live for some time and die and hence new product are required for society this is due to changing societies, habits, tastes, liking etc. Thus operation...
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... Parliament Building (1963) National Mosque (1965) Federal Territory Mosque (2000) Malaysia Trade Centre (2006) Terengganu International Airport Terminal (2007) Kuala Lumpur International Airport (1998) SILK Kajang Interchange Sayong Bridge CIQ Complex, Johor (2007) Submarine Bay, Sepangar Bay, Kota Kinablu, Sabah We have progressed What do we want? Maximise value of investment Reference Model Competitive Tourism Highly respected SUSTAINABILITY Quality Environmental friendly Energy Efficiency Safety Issues, enablers and recommendations Issues 1. Clarity of outcomes 2. Strategic and integrated planning 3. Innovative Procurement 4. Life Cycle Costing Enablers 1. Human capital development 2. Construction technology 3. ICT Strategic map for improved project delivery in Malaysia Plans ONE MALAYSIA PEOPLE FIRST PERFORMANCE NOW Competitive Reference Model Sustainable Highly respected Safety Quality Tourism Clarity of outcome Strategic and integrated planning Innovative procurement Life Cycle Costing Enablers Human Capital Construction Technology ICT Cost and Impact vs time Impact/Cost Can make fundamental changes Effort not cost effective Less opportunity Consumes valuable time Influence Curve More work needed Little effort Limited to contract matters Effort Curve Not going to change anything Time Implementation Phase Outcome definition PLAN DESIGN...
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...Industry Life Cycle Paula Baldridge Midway College BUS 411 August 24, 2014 Dr. Marla Ashe Abstract The purpose of this summary is to understand the concept of the industry life cycle and explore the implications in the process of designing business strategies. The authors of the article “GRA Decision Making Model for the Integrated Strategies of Life Cycle with Industrial Value Chain” familiarizes readers with evaluation models and analysis that has contributed to the development of business strategies fitted to the industry life cycle. Key words: industry life cycle, business strategies What is industry life cycle? Industry life cycle is stages (introduction, growth, shakeout, maturity, and decline) through which industries are believed to pass (Parnell, 2014). In this article, the authors use the concept of industry life cycle with the industrial value chain to propose an evaluation model to develop integrated strategies. The analytic hierarchic process and grey relational analysis is what forms the model can help decision makers to assess their integration strategies. Because of the competitive environment it is a necessary strategy for survival and development. For organizations to have successful business strategies they must be aware of where the industry stands in the industry life cycle. According to Huang, Chu & Chen, (2009) The AHP and GRA based decision-making model to construct an evaluation method can provide decision makers in PC industry...
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...INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT Contents 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Methodology 1 1.3 Types of Software developing life cycles (SDLC) 2 1. Waterfall Model 2 2. V-Shaped Model 4 3. Evolutionary Prototyping Model 5 4. Spiral Method (SDM) 7 5. Iterative and Incremental Method 8 6. Extreme programming (Agile development) 10 1.4 CASE (computer-aided software engineering) 11 1.5 Conclusion 16 Introduction System development methodology is a standard process followed in an organization to conduct all the steps necessary to analyze, design, implement, and maintain information systems. Organizations use a standard set of steps, called system development methodology to develop and support their information systems. Like many processes, the development of information systems often follows a life cycle. For example, a commercial product such as a Nike sneaker or a Honda car follows a life cycle; it is created, tested and introduced to the market. Its sales increase, peak and decline. Finally, the product is removed from the market and is replaced with something else. Many options exist for developing information systems, but the most common methodology for system development in many organizations is system development life cycle. However, it is important to know other alternative development methodology available in order to maximize the development process. there are four important terminologies in information systems, namely methodology...
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...Chapter 8 – Approaches to System Development 1 Table of Contents ← Chapter Overview ← Learning Objectives ← Notes on Opening Case and EOC Cases ← Key Terms 2 Chapter Overview There are two closely related yet independent concepts in this chapter. The first important concept is that there are two types of Systems Development Life Cycle approaches—a predictive approach and an adaptive approach. The second important concept is that there are two types of development methodologies—a structured approach and an object-oriented approach. These are two separate concepts. Projects can be any mix of these two approaches, the approach to the life cycle and the approach to the methodology—predictive with structured, predictive with object-oriented, adaptive with structured, or adaptive with object-oriented. The chapter first presents and explains the differences in the life cycle approach—the predictive and the adaptive approaches. These two approaches are really a continuum and any give project may have elements of both approaches. The predictive approach to the SDLC is used for projects that are well understood and low risk. The adaptive approach to the SDLC is used for projects that are not well understood and are higher risk. Adaptive SDLCs are more iterative and allow the project team to adapt the project to changing circumstances. The other important concept that you should learn from this chapter are the difference between the two...
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...1.0 Life cycle costing (LCC) 1.1 Definition Life cycle costing is a cost management approach which includes all costs and ensures that all those costs are managed over the life cycle of the product. Product life cycle begins from conception of the product until its abandonment which can be referred as ‘from cradle to grave‘. Product life cycle has four stages: 1) Product planning and initial concept design It involves process of identifying any underlying conditions, assumption, limitations and constraints such as minimum asset performance, maximum capital costs that might restrict the range of acceptable options to be evaluated. It is a valuable reference for better decision whether the plan should be carried on. This includes the research and development cost market research costs. 2) Product design and development Starting from preparation of development contract until equipment is ready to be introduced to the business. It is also a stage where the factory trials take place. Cost of product design, prototyping, and market testing costs. 3) Production All the manufacturing costs related to producing the products such as direct material, labor, overhead and administrative costs will be incurred. 4) Distribution and customer (or logistical) support This stage is where product are sent to customers and ready to be used. All marketing, selling and distribution costs are incurred at this stage. As for logical support cost, it involves delivery and transportation...
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