...Compare and contrast the pre and post 9/11 law enforcement response to terrorism. What strategies could be implemented to increase future law enforcement capability in countering terrorism? Andrew McAdam Student Number: Word Count: “Things will never be the same.” (Miller, Stone & Mitchell, 2002, p. 3) Law enforcement has undergone dramatic changes as a result of the devastating events in the United States on 11 September 2001 (9/11). This essay will examine how law enforcement, specifically within Australia, has shifted its policies and strategies to fight the post-9/11 terrorist threat. An analysis of police actions towards terrorist related incidents since 9/11, displays how law enforcement agencies have demonstrated their ability to respond to the various threats of terrorism as they arise. “Since 2001, numerous terrorist attacks have been thwarted in Australia. Thirty-eight people have been prosecuted as a result of counter-terrorism operations and 20 people have been convicted of terrorism offences under the Criminal Code.” (Counter-Terrorism White Paper, 2010, p. ii) Australia’s State and Federal policing agencies have ‘a long tradition of reactive patrol’ (White, 2012, p. 487) However, uniformed policing plays an important role in counter-terrorism operations. Due to their knowledge and close working relationships within the local community, police are in the best position to detect and prevent terrorist actions from occurring. “So far, terrorist attempts in...
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...Local Law Enforcement Intelligence The world of local law enforcement intelligence has changed significantly since September 11, 2001. State, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies have been given a variety of new responsibilities to handle including intelligence as just one. The intelligence discipline has evolved significantly in recent years since 9/11. As these various trends have merged, increasing numbers of American law enforcement agencies have begun to explore, and sometimes embrace, the intelligence function. Law enforcement agencies should consider many new techniques in bettering their intelligence functions. This research paper will discuss law enforcement intelligence history, methods to integrate intelligence into their agency and resources to help with their departments function. To begin this research the first question to be asked should be that of what is law enforcement intelligence? “Law enforcement intelligence is the product of an analytical process that provides an integrated perspective to disparate information about crime, crime trends, crime and security threats and conditions associated with criminality” (Carter). In my opinion the term “law enforcement intelligence” is used and viewed improperly. The majority of people will take this term out of its context and confuse it with national intelligence. Law enforcement intelligence is often viewed as pieces of information about people, places, or events that can be used to provide insight about...
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...influence of intelligence and information on law enforcement | | Question 1 Origin of Intelligence and Information Introduction Like the map which can t be concluded as the as the terrain, the fact is there is a difference of dimensions between the information and intelligence. Information comprises of two dimensions, it can be shaped as the intelligence when you add a third dimension like politics or ethics. The acquisition of knowledge or observation is only limited within the context of information and when you run the hypothesis and it’s proved to be valid information then it has become the intelligence. Intelligence involves the range of activities after considering the information and doing analysis to take further reactions, which are proceeded in secrecy and aimed towards the national security. The information involves, the warning related to the threats to national security and timely decisions are taken towards it. The resulting actions are taken in the preceding s of information concerning the hostile scenarios and promising operations. The context of intelligence has shaped throughout the time span, from the beginning of its origination. The brief application of intelligence is divided into three basic timelines. The past, present and the future; which we hold with the intelligence. The past comprises of tangible and intangible form of intelligence, after being inconsequence for a long time it developed a shape of intangible or verbal intelligence. The present...
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...comprehensive roles of crime and intelligence analysis they relate to the future of policing and homeland security. The role of the criminal intelligence analyst is to help predict and prevent crimes and also monitor ongoing criminal activity. Analysts do this by gathering information from surveillance, databases, technology (such as GIS geographic information systems), informants, financial records, telephone and other communication records and public information sources. A criminal intelligence analyst takes all of this information, evaluates it, verifies its accuracy and transforms it into viable intelligence to assist law enforcement officers in preventing crime, making arrests or gathering essential evidence for prosecution down the road. Law enforcement intelligence analysts must be capable of finding relationships among the information they are analyzing; at the same time they must understand the criminal mind to create suspect profiles and also discover connections between several suspects. Thus criminal intelligence analysts must have logical, technical, investigative and criminology skills. Intelligence analysts assist with a variety of cases included those related to terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, auto theft rings, narcotics, gangs, money laundering, child pornography rings and other organized crimes, as well as homicides, sexual assaults, burglaries, and so forth. Criminal intelligence, as a process, offers the law enforcement a coherent, rational, and is ...
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...Police Roles and Functions Adrian Royals CJS/210 05-31-2015 Jacqueline Smith-Haines Police Roles and Functions There are various functions and roles of a police agency. The police are responsible for maintaining public order and the prevention of crimes along with the detection of them within the jurisdiction that they are responsible for keeping order. The policing agencies are also charged with protecting life, liberty, and property of the people. On a daily basis, the crimes increase and so does the complexity of the crimes that are committed, and the complexity of the investigations that go along with solving the crimes. Without the police, the society would live in a state of chaos where people would live in a state of solitude, afraid to go out due to the crimes around them. The police agencies play an important role in the direction of justice. Some of the ways that the police agencies execute these functions is to execute all orders and warrants lawfully issued to the officer by authority. They also collect intelligence and communicate the intelligence that affects the public peace. They are also responsible for the prevention of the acts of crime or public annoyance and apprehend offenders and bringing them to justice. This is just to name a few of the functions of the policing agencies. There are mainly three different types of policing agencies. They are federal policing agencies, state policing agencies, and local policing agencies. Each type of police agency...
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...April 20, 2013 Michael S. Hudson Policing Function The policing functions vary between the levels, in law enforcement. The levels include the local, state, and federal police functions. Local, state, and federal vary because each observes a variety of functions in their jurisdiction that has been assigned to them. Discussion of police functions as well their viewpoint and the possibility of future changes in laws that will influence law enforcements. The police function in various attributes to protect, and serve the people; the policing functions existent through various organizations to continue protecting, and serving the people, and the nation. The employment of racial and ethnic minority officers increased slowly but steadily as well as hiring women for the force, they are on the frontline not just handling juveniles and woman prisoners. The law enforcement functions are better with the increase of officers, this give them the help they all need. The law enforcement agencies are starting to recruit college students; this includes all the law enforcement agencies. There are many roles in which local law enforcement agencies take part in everyday (Gil, 2009). The local law enforcement agencies are in place to provide routine patrol of the communities within their jurisdictions provide emergency services, maintain records, uphold traffic enforcement laws, conduct criminal investigations, planning and analysis, maintain property, They also handle crime prevention...
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...happened in the United States. It is of importance that different agencies has communication with each other so that if one receives information then everyone else can be aware of the information too. Interagency Collaboration The importance of fusion centers is that they develop and distribute products that utilizes the assistance of local entities leading up national-level information by sharing critical state and local intelligence and information with the federal government and amongst each other. This became very important after 9/11. The tragic incident that occurred on 9/11 is a pivotal point in the changes that have come into existence due to the national security of the United States. This incident allowed the agencies to become more forthcoming about information that may have been acquired that would have benefitted everyone as a whole if all the agencies had access to the information. Federal mechanisms that have contributed to the interagency collaboration and efforts, include the President, appointing a coordinator and the various agencies. They have the mechanisms that are used and are addressed as range of purpose including policy and development programs, such as the “Joint Terrorism Task Forces”. Fusion Centers A Fusion Center Focus Group was created as part of the U.S. Department of Justice's (DOJ) Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative's (Global) efforts to develop fusion center guidelines, the...
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...(HIDTA) program. This program is established with a purpose of enhancing Anti-Drug Abuse policies by providing assistance to Federal, local, state, and the tribal law enforcement organizations working in regions speculated to be critical drug-trafficking areas of the United States. The program's ultimate aim is to minimize drug trafficking in United States of America by offering an environment that allows federal, states, local and tribal law enforcing agencies cooperate in order to facilitate efficient information sharing, as well as effective implantation of law enforcement. The other objectives of this program include; promoting reliable law enforcement intelligence to agencies with this responsibility and to offer assistance in coming up with coordinated law enforcement techniques which maximize utilization of existing resources to minimize the delivery of illegal substances in affected areas and in the United States region at large (Thomas and Kathyrn, 2000). The Director, in consultation with the Attorney, the Secretary of Homeland Security, heads of the National Drug Control Program agencies, General, the Secretary of the Treasury and the Governor of the state concerned, have the mandate to identify and name any specified area of the United States as a high intensity drug trafficking area. The director plays various roles in the program such as determining the amount of money to run the program, and guiding temporary reassignment of federal personnel to the affected regions...
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...Law Enforcement Today Paper Chelsea Berry Foundations of the Criminal Justice System June 2, 2013 Gary Lair Many police departments are facing budget problems, forcing them to cut their police force down. Many officers are being asked to do things they normally don't do such as patrolling. Police departments are also facing increasing crimes due to the poor economy. More people are engaging in criminal activities. Local and small agencies interact with the communities that they patrol on a daily basis. Sharing information between agencies are important not only for Home Land Security but for the public’s safety as well. Law enforcement agencies are using The Home Land Security Information Network which allows them to securely collaborate with partners across the country. Law enforcement professionals also use HSIN to share information including Be on the Lookouts (BOLOs), Requests for Information (RFIs), For Your Information (FYIs), Intelligence Reports, and other Law Enforcement Sensitive documents. HSIN allows users to create and distribute messages to large, mission-specific contact lists. This rapid, secure information exchange provides law enforcement professionals with critical intelligence as they conduct work in the field ("Homeland Security Information Network - Law Enforcement Mission", n.d.). The purpose of this State and...
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...Future of Policing Future of Policing With the new trends and issues currently facing policing, changes are needed in order to effectively address these critical issues. Intelligence- led policing is a philosophy where data analysis and crime intelligence are central to an objective which is to aid in crime and problem reduction, disruption, and prevention through both strategic management and effective enforcement strategies that target serious offenders. This tactic emphasizes the gathering of information through the use of confidential informants, offender interviews, analysis of recorded crime and calls for service, surveillance of suspects, and community sources of information. After analyzing these sources, law enforcement officials can determine effective policing tactics in regards to enforcement targets, prevention activities, and further intelligence gathering operations. (Ratcliffe, 2008) In the last few years, the meaning and interpretation of intelligence-led policing has changed. It is evolving into a management philosophy that places greater emphasis on information-sharing and strategic solutions to crime problems at the local and regional level. (Ratcliffe, 2008) Another trend that will impact policing in America is the changing cultural dynamics of our nation. We will see fewer younger violent criminals, and more white-collar criminals committing identity fraud, Internet-facilitated fraud, money laundering, and other financial crimes...
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...The Roles of Local Law Enforcement in Homeland Security Ever since the Terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001in New York City, the role of local law enforcement has drastically changed. On November 25, 2002 the Homeland Security Act (HSA) was signed into law by President George W Bush.” What the Homeland Security Act did was it helped to restructure law enforcement in the United States on the Federal level. Before the Homeland Security Act, the Federal law enforcement fell under the Department of Justice. After HSA was enacted into law it split the Department of Justice into the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Under the Department of Homeland Security umbrella "there are twenty two agencies and about 170,000 employees, all with functions related to homeland security." (Katz) While the development of this new Department of Homeland Security was a great goal, they just didn't have the available manpower to be able to distribute the men and women to protect all the trouble areas. This is one of the reasons why the role of local law enforcement is so vital to homeland security. The Federal agents and the local police departments work hand in hand to help each other cover the blind spots. One way that the Federal and local agencies work together is through the sharing of information. Through investigations and the cyber crimes divisions, any information that is gathered is available to the organizations to help with any...
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...the half past century, four policing models of law enforcement have been employed in order to prevent and reduce crime rates. The four policing models are called professional-policing era model, community policing model, intelligence-led policing (ILP), and predictive-policing model. Professional era model started in the 1960s where the strategy focus was on random patrol, rapid response, and reactive investigation. The highest priority was on rapid response time. Although this model was considered successful, there were major drawbacks. The social interaction between law officials and citizens was non-existent. Law enforcement agents had become totally dependent on technology rather than involving citizens to assist with problem solving. This model was replaced with the community policing model. This model began around the 1990s where it focused on partnership, problem solving, and prevention. The goal was to reestablish ties between law enforcement agencies and their respective communities. Together the two parties could implement strategies that would examine and resolve any major issues or concerns in the community, but most importantly regain the trust between the two entities. The 9/11 terrorist attack on the United States led to the emergence of the ILP. The Patriot Act in combination with the forming of the Homeland Security Agency was a direct result of the attacks. The ILP centered on the usage of criminal intelligence in support of joint approaches to crime deterrence;...
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...Information Technology is the methodology of utilizing computer hardware and software applications to store, manipulate, retrieve, and transmit data. IT is an essential part of any organization in today’s society, including entertainment, retail, manufacturing, healthcare, even law enforcement agencies. Information Technology is used to aid in storing, retrieving, analyzing raw data and transforming it into information in a timely and efficient manner. This paper focuses on law enforcement agencies and the implementation of Information Technology to optimize their ability to predict and reduce crime through predictive policing. Predictive policing is the usage of statistical information and analytical techniques used to identify potential offenders and crime hot spots and aid in crime prevention. Predictive policing allows law enforcement agencies to become less reactive and more proactive by predicting and preventing crime before it happens. Predictive policing is attracting increasing attention from law enforcement agencies around the country as departments struggle to fight crime at a time when budgets are being slashed (Goode, 2011). An innovation technology in predictive policing is a computer statistic or comparative statistic model known as COMPSTAT. COMPSTAT is a multifaceted dynamic approach to crime prevention, quality of life improvement, and personnel and resource management. COMPSTAT is an information system that identifies established and emerging crime trends...
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...There are many various functions of police agencies. Patron, traffic, juvenile services, intelligence and undercover, and special operations are just some of the various functions of police agencies. There are many differences between the functions of the police agencies and the federal, state, and the local levels. There are reasons of why you need to have various functions and roles of policing in any community. There are a few various functions of police agencies such as patrol, traffic, juvenile services, intelligence and undercover, and special functions. There are many functions of the patrol and consists of protecting the lives of people and their property, repression of criminal and delinquent behavior, identification, apprehension and conviction of offenders, traffic flow, collision reduction, maintenance of order and public safety. Patrol functions are a major part of policing agencies. Traffic functions consist of identifying potential traffic problems and hazards, arresting offenders, investigation property damage and personal injury automobile accidents, regulating parking on the streets and municipal buildings (Grant & Terry, 2008). Traffic functions keep the roads safer and make things flow better for traffic. Juvenile services are there to help juvenile offenders go to counseling and counseling for the juvenile’s families. There are also programs that can help juveniles learn about drugs, alcohol, abuse and gangs. There is a program called (D...
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...page 3 Introduction – page 3 Current State of Affairs as by the law – page 5 Impact on computing – page 6 Surveillance on Businesses – page 9 Penalty on non-compliance – page 10 Internet Service Providers – page 10 Conclusion – page 12 References – page 13 Abstract The Patriot Act was written into law just a mere 45 days after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States. The Patriot Act was intended to counter terrorism by providing law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies with an easier means to target those connected to terrorism. The Patriot Act has had a great impact on corporations, how they are surveilled and monitored, and huge penalties on noncompliance of the Patriot Act. This paper will further discuss the Patriot Act and its effects on Corporations. Introduction The terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001 shook the foundation of the faith that America had in her security. This prompted congressional action on counteractive action to avoid a repeat occurrence of the terrorist attack on US soil. Measures that were taken included the passage of a Congressional Act referred to as the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001, hereby referred to as the Patriot Act. The passing of the Patriot Act was intended to provide comprehensive anti-terrorism laws that would enhance national security against terrorism, improve...
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