...period is 88 earth days and its ration time is 59 days. Mercury is made up of core-iron-nickel alloy, mantle, and then the crust which is silicate. During the day mercury’s temperature reaches 800°F and at night it goes down to -279°F. Mercury looks similar to earth’s moon; it is covered with craters which are made from meteors, asteroids, and comets and it covers 70% of mercury. Its diameter is 3,031 miles, its mass is 5% of earth’s mass, and the sun is 6.3 times brighter. Mercury was named by the Greeks, after the messenger of their g-d. Mariner 10 visited mercury, it mapped 45% of it, and it was the only one which visited more than one planet during its mission. It went up from Cape Canaveral, Florida on November, 1973 and went to Venus in February of 1974. Never attempt to observe Mercury or anything close to the sun with a naked eye because it can cause permanent damage. And with binoculars or telescope it is even more dangerous. VENUS Venus is the second planet from the sun it is called the evening star because it can be seen by sunset and also by sunrise. Venus is made up of molten metal core, mantle, and crust of various rocks and 98% of carbon dioxide with traces of nitrogen and other gases. It is the only planet that the day is longer then it’s year, it’s year is 225 earth days, and its day is 243 earth days. Venus is known as earth’s twin because of the similarity, it’s 82% of earth’s mass, and 91% of earth’s gravity. Venus is on a 178%...
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...very rocky planet, its surface is like the Earths moon. It lacks an atmosphere, but experiences extreme temperature anywhere between 90 to 700 Kelvin. It is geologically dead, however it does have a magnetic field which is generated inside the planets core, it magnetic field is only around one 500th of Earths. Mercury is dominated by its core, it has a radius of around 1800 Kilometres and has a less dense mantle which has a depth of 500-600 kilometres. 60 percent of Mercury's mass in inside it's iron core, the ratio of mercury's core volume to the total planet volume is the greatest in the solar system. Mercury always has one side facing the sun so not only is Mercury and the moons surface alike, but they both have one side always...
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...Imagine this scenario set in the future. We know that a decently large rogue planet will be crashing into Earth in a certain number of years and we cannot do anything to stop this from happening. However, we do have the ability to terraform a planet. If we could also move humanity to either Mars or Venus, which one should we go for and why? Hi Jessica! Interesting question. To start off, I will define what terraforming is for those who do not know what it means. Terraforming refers to the hypothetical process of modifying a planet or other heavenly body in order to make it habitable by humans. This outcome can be achieved by changing the atmosphere’s competition, the body’s temperature, the surface topography or the planet’s ecology. In order for terraforming to be successful and the planet to be able to sustain life, NASA has defined that such a body must have extended regions of liquid water, favourable living conditions and enough energy sources to sustain metabolism (). Mars is generally understood to be the planet that is closest to fulfilling these criteria because in many respects it is the most Earth-like planet in the Solar System(). It is generally accepted by scientists that Mars once had an Earth-like characteristic including a thicker atmosphere and abundant sources of water. These characteristics have diminished over the course of hundreds of millions of years due to carbon dioxide/carbonates reactions, a lack of magnetosphere and numerous asteroid impacts. The...
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... | | |A Scottish geologists named James Hutton gave geology the name uniformitarianism. Uniformitarianism is the study of rock formations | | |structure, and the distinctive patterns. Sand dunes near Yuma Arizona contains sand grains that are deposited by wind grains. The | | |earth has tectonic plates that can move, this movement is called Tectonic activity. When the plates shift, the movement can cause | | |volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. The earth has received two kinds of crust due to tectonic activities, the thick granitic | | |continental crust, and the thin basaltic oceanic crust. The theory that the earth is not one solid shell of rock sitting on a magma | | |core is called the lithosphere theory. The shifting plate theory seems to help explain the formations of mountains, volcanoes | | |eruption, and the occurrence of earthquakes. The earth contains several plates that float around on the softer upper mantle of the | | |earth. Scientist can study the cause and effect of past catastrophic events by looking at their cause and effect they have a better | | |idea of how to read the signals of the earth today. | | | | | |...
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...Chapter 1 3. Uniformitarianism has scientifically proven that geological processes have been nearly unchanged from the past. Catastrophic events that once impacted the Earth still have the potential to repeat itself due to the observable geological features and geological processes that still act in the same manner. Since natural events that have been proven to repeat themselves, the tendency for ongoing natural disasters will always be a major concern. 5. Geological processes still maintain the ability to affect daily life due to the nature of the Earth’s surface and the natural effects that coincide with each other. Erosion, natural weathering, and tectonics are all processes that could act in a manner to drastically affect daily life. Chapter 2 2. Because igneous rocks are solidified from magma or lava, I believe that when ash is released it is consider igneous. Volcanic ash, by origin, is inconsiderably igneous. The point in which volcanic ash may be considered a sedimentary rock is when the ash has fallen to the floor and undergoes a cementation process. Behaviorally, once volcanic ash is shot into the air, the after effects closely resemble sediments. 3. Water does not qualify to be considered a mineral because it fails to meet the requirement of being a solid. Beach sand is not considered to be a mineral because it contains organic materials. Diamonds are classified as minerals. They contain a crystalline structure and are a solid. Wood is not...
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...Teacher’s NAme Chapter 1: Critical and Creative Thinking Questions 3 & 5 3. How do you think the principle of uniformitarianism accounts for occasional catastrophic events such as meteorite impacts, huge volcanic eruptions, or great earthquakes? Uniformitarianism is a theory that states that past events are happening today and will happen in the future. What we do today has an effect on the geologic formation and structure and can lead to natural disasters. 5. In what ways do geologic processes affect your daily life? Daily life can be interrupted by flooding, tornadoes, earthquakes and wildfires destroying communities and resources that provide stability. Chapter 2: Critical and Creative Thinking Questions 1 & 3 1. When astronauts brought back rock samples from the Moon, the minerals present were mostly the same as those found on Earth. Can you think of reasons why this might be so? Would you expect minerals on Mars or Venus to be the same, or at least very similar, to those on Earth? Moon and Earth are close neighbors so some of the similarities are to be expected. Mars, Venus and Earth are inner planets and similar because they are small and made up of solid rock like materials. 3. Which of the following materials are minerals, and why (or why not)? Water; beach sand; diamond; wood; vitamin pill; gold nugget; fishbone; emerald. Water is not a mineral because it is a liquid. Beach sand, diamond, gold nugget and emerald are all minerals because they form naturally...
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...are created. The material process that occurs on earth has not changed; although the objective conditions have changed radically the principle of uniformitarianism accounts for the outcome of the catastrophe or natural calamity. 4. In this chapter we have suggested that Earth is a close approximation of a natural closed system, and we have hinted at some of the ways that living in a closed system effects each of us. Can you think of some other ways? Mainly a closed system is a system which is isolated from a larger system or environment. Closed systems, are detained to be isolated from their environment. The effect that changes in a reservoir, like CO2 levels have a close system effect on us. 5. In what ways do geologic process affect your daily life? There are several ways that Geologic Processes affect our lives. By description a geologic process is a normal way of modifying the face of the Earth. With this significance, the processes such as withering, desertification, stratification, soil erosion,and alluvion. These processes can sometimes take form in natural disasters such as Tsunami and Earthquake. It is then obvious that changes in the face of the Earth can be negative or valuable to us. It is in Human nature to be adaptive to these changes. I believe that it affects our way of survival. The geological process affects or lives through weathering, erosion and plate tectonic changes, even earth quakes.The geological process affects or lives through...
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...cost of human life is not at stake…” However, it has already been stated that the Hinode poses a risk of plummeting into Earth’s atmosphere as a projectile. If this happens there is a significant chance of human endangerment depending on from where it descends. Opponents conclude that “the Hinode mission would be able to collect data from the sun, its sunspots, solar flare, and CME’s and then be able to help us calculate how it affects the climate on earth.” In recent studies it has been determined that while such solar activity as sunspots and solar flares do increase the amounts of radiation given off by the...
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...addition to planets, the Solar System also consists of moons, comets, asteroids, minor planets, dust and gas. The inner solar system contains the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The main asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The planets of the outer solar system are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune (Pluto is now classified as a dwarf planet). Everything in the Solar System orbits or revolves around the Sun. The Sun contains around 98% of all the material in the Solar System. The larger an object is, the more gravity it has. Because the Sun is so large, its powerful gravity attracts all the other objects in the Solar System towards it. At the same time, these objects, which are moving very rapidly, try to fly away from the Sun, outward into the emptiness of outer space. The result of the planets trying to fly away, at the same time that the Sun is trying to pull them inward is that they become trapped half-way in between. Balanced between flying towards the Sun and escaping into space, they spend eternity orbiting around their parent star. Introduction: Humans live on a small planet in a tiny part of a vast universe. This part of the universe is called the solar system, and is dominated by a single brilliant star-the sun. The solar system is the earth’s neighborhood and the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are the Earth’s neighbors. They all have the same stars in the sky and orbit the same sun. Scientists believe...
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...of Universal Gravitation is: Two bodies attracted to each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This means that the further apart these two attracting bodies are from each other, the less the gravitational force between them is. The force of gravity depends on the product of the mass of the two attracting bodies. If the distance between the two bodies doubles, the force between them becomes one quarter of the force it was before. The Law of Universal Gravitation is vital because it mathematically proves Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion. The Planets follow the same laws of motion as objects on the surface of the earth. (B) Newton discovered other types of orbits that have circular of elliptical paths. However, if the velocity of an orbiting body were increased, its orbital path would change to a parabola or hyperbola and it would escape the gravitational pull of the sun. It would then leave the solar system. Parabolas are the orbital paths of objects in the form of an open curve. If one cuts out an angle in a circular cone, it would follow this path parallel to the sides of the cone. Hyperbolas occur when a plane cuts across two parallels half-cones. Kepler’s laws applies to any situation where two bodies in the universe orbit each other due to their mutual gravitational attraction, not just two planets. For example: Moon’s that orbit planets...
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...HTML, RTF and plain text). Essay Topics — Choose one of the following 1. History of Radio Telescopes Describe the development of single dish radio telescopes and advantages of radio interferometers. Discuss major discoveries that were possible after detection of radio waves from space and how they changed our understanding of Universe. 2. The Earliest Evidence for Life Review the earliest evidence for life on Earth. What form does the evidence take and where is it found. Discuss the controversies relating to some of this evidence and give your conclusion on the earliest date at which we can be confident that life was present on Earth. 3. Atmosphere Evolution on Rocky Planets Compare evolution of atmosphere on Earth, Venus and Mars, and explain differences in current atmospheric conditions on these planets. Describe how the Earth’s atmosphere helped life to originate, survive and develop, and how has life affected the atmosphere over time. 4. Life in Extreme Conditions Explain what extremophile life forms are and where they are found on Earth. In view of what we have learnt about extremophiles discuss the possibility of extraterrestrial life in different places of our Solar system. 5. Key Space Missions Choose ONE of the following space missions and give an account of the mission describing the challenges it had to overcome and the mission’s achievements. Describe in particular how it has influenced our understanding of the possibilities of past or...
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...English Oral Topic: Big Bang Theory What is the big bang theory? The big bang theory is how some people think the universe came to be after a sudden burst, at about 14 billion years ago. At that time, the entire Universe was inside a bubble that was thousands of times smaller than a pinhead. It was really hot and dense. It was contained of different matters clustered together. Then it suddenly exploded. The Universe that we know was born. What has the big bang granted us? Time, space and matter all began with the Big Bang. In a fraction of a second, the Universe grew from smaller than a single atom to bigger than a galaxy. All along, the particles kept on growing at a fantastic rate and formed elements like hydrogen and helium, which formed the planets, stars and galaxies. It is still expanding today. Space and the Solar System What is the solar system? The Solar System is made up of all the planets that orbit our Sun. In addition to planets, the Solar System also consists of moons, comets, asteroids, minor planets, and dust and gas. Everything in the Solar System orbits or revolves around the Sun. The Sun contains around 98% of all the material in the Solar System. The larger an object is, the more gravity it has. Because the Sun is so large, its powerful gravity attracts all the other objects in the Solar System towards it. At the same time, these objects, which are moving very rapidly, try to fly away from the Sun, outward into the emptiness of outer...
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...GLG/220 David Santeck November 23, 2015 Critical and Creative Thinking Questions Chapter 1. 3. How do you think the principle of uniformitarianism accounts for occasional catastrophic events such as meteorite impacts, huge volcanic eruptions, or great earthquakes? Principle of Uniformitarianism is defined as the concept that the Processes governing the Earth system today have operated in a similar manner throughout geologic time. Throughout history we have seen that there have been other similar CA strophic events such as meteorite impact that has been said to have wiped out the age of Dinosaurs along with Huge Volcanic Eruptions. The earth is changing as year goes by, however the earths geology stays the same or similar as the past. 5. In what ways do geologic processes affect your daily life? There are many ways that the Geologic Processes affect my daily life, for example, for the past couple of months we have seen non-stop rain, which increases flooding chances, which could result is landslides, and cause catastrophic events to happen. This could impact travel conditions cause major roads to be closed. Other things that could affect daily life is an eruptions of volcanoes or even earthquakes, because this could results is mass chaos and/or death. Chapter 2 2. When a volcano erupts, spewing forth a column of hot volcanic ash, the ash particles are tiny fragments of solidified magma that slowly fall to Earth’s surface, forming a layer of sediment. Would...
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...lines pierce the surface of the Sun. Sunspots can be the source of solar flares and coronal mass ejections. core The Earth core is the innermost, hottest part of the planet that has been detected by seismological study. It is a primarily solid sphere about 1,220 km in radius. It is thought to be made up of an iron-nickel alloy with a temperature similar to the surface of the Sun (5,778 K). The make-up of the inner core can be deduced from the abundant chemical elements in the solar system. There are two layers to the core * Inner unconnected * Outer The existence of an inner core distinct from the liquid outer core was discovered in 1936 using observations of seismic waves that partly reflect from its boundary. The outer core was believed to be liquid due to its inability to transmit elastic shear waves. It only allows compressional waves to pass through it. The solidity of the inner core has been difficult to establish, because the elastic shear waves that are expected to pass through it are very weak and difficult to detect. Mercury is the innermost and smallest planet in the Solar System,[a] orbiting the Sun once every 87.969 Earth days. The orbit of Mercury has the highest eccentricity of all the Solar System planets, and it has the smallest axial tilt. It completes three rotations about its axis for every two orbits. Venus is a dim world of...
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...Astronomy Notes: People & Accomplishments: Plato (428/7 B.C.E. – 328/7 B.C.E.) – Greek Philosopher, a student of Socrates, and teacher of Aristotle. Taught of the “World of Forms;” the idea that the material world (the earth) is made of nothing but imperfect copies of what was imagined to be perfect. Also, the perfect World of Forms (heavens) was where ideas, thoughts, concepts, imagination, reason, etc. exists. The seven planets ((in order; Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn) were intangible gods; therefore, they were part of the World of Forms. Plato taught that when people acted on perfect ideas (i.e., built stuff), the outcome, in the material world, must be imperfect. [Socrates taught of metaphysics, the study of what is real versus what we think is real but isn’t.] Aristotle (384 B.C.E. – 322 B.C.E.) – Greek philosopher and mathematician and a student of Plato. Credited when the early teaching of the scientific method (questioning, predicting outcomes, classifying/ organizing data, drawing conclusions founded in logic). Aristotle taught of the Universe existing in two realms. The Terrestrial Realm consisted of all material objects. All material objects, or matter, were made of combinations of the four elements (earth, air, fire, and water). Matter was classified by common physical properties (density, hot vs. cold, wet vs. dry). Comets were thought to be atmospheric phenomena, and part of the Terrestrial Realm (changes in the tail of a comet...
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