...INTRODUCTION The principal aim of this paper is to trace and analyze the development of victimology. Firstly this paper will be concerned with defining the concept of victimology and the concept of victim before explaining the origins of the study of victimology. Furthermore, this paper will explain and evaluate the development of victimology as a field of study, in a broad sense this paper aims to acknowledge where the field of victimology originated and how it has developed and in addition this paper involves a general overview of the victim’s role in various systems of justice throughout history. Defining the concept “victimology” Defining the concept victimology is tricky because different people define victiomology in different ways, there is no universally accepted definition of victiomology, however for the purpose of this paper one broad definition of victimology will be used but not necessarily meaning that this paper does not acknowledge that other definitions do exist. Victimology refers generally to the scientific study of victims and victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, investigators, courts, corrections, media, and social movements ( Karmen 1990 ). Defining the concept “victim” The origin of victimology The origin of victimology can be traced back to several articles, books, and research projects initiated by criminologists during the 1940s and 1950s. According to Walklate (2007) victimology's roots are often attributed...
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...Violence can be tied to many reasons behind it and as well as the theories that are closely associated with the reasoning’s behind violence. With Intergenerational transmission of violence being one of the theories, we can get a better understanding if and why violence is in turn carried within families from generation to generation. Can aggression within a household eventually be carried out in violence with future relationships? How is one to tell the boundaries for aggression have gone too far? When a father releases his frustration on his children they are paying the price in the future. After all the father is molding them into the adults they are to become later in life. Many roles are transmitted from generation to generation. Skills such as being honest, wise, confident and being money suave, but with good there is always bad. Bad trait such as lying, cheating, and above all abuse. After watching the film on demand, “Breaking the Cycle of violence”, I could relate to where the father was coming from when he wasn’t sure how to hold back his aggression but opted to trying a different ways to control his son instead of showing force towards him. Raising kids is no easy task, but when we as parents cross the boundaries on enforcing discipline. Relating this to Morris & Gibson and their article on the influence of corporal punishment on children helps us distinguish the many rights and wrongs when it comes to disciplining children. It may help them or ultimately teach...
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...What is Victimology? Tysheena Draten American InterContinental University March 25, 2012 CRJS 310-1202A-01 Abstract In this paper, the writer gives the definition of victimology along with its history and how it was developed. The writer also explains how it is different from criminology, sociology, and psychology. The writer also discusses who established the first safe houses for battered women as well as where and when those safe houses were established. The writer then goes on to tell who established the first rape crisis centers as well as when and where they were established. Next, the writer discusses how the civil rights movement contributed to anti-discrimination efforts and the establishment of hate crime legislation and policy. The writer also tells the role children’s rights groups have played in highlighting the problems child victims face in the criminal justice system. Finally, the writer provide the organizations that an individual can contact if he/she has been victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse, and homicide along with what services are not provided by government crime compensation programs. What is Victimology? Victimololgy is a sub-discipline of criminology concerned with understanding and explaining the patterning of criminal victimization (Victimology, 2008). Victimology draws together academics, activists, and policymakers from all different type of backgrounds. There are three different types of victimological thoughts...
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...Trends and Issues in Victimology Trends and Issues in Victimology Edited by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon Trends and Issues in Victimology, Edited by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon This book first published 2008 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2008 by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-0069-4, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-0069-3 TO THE VICTIMS OF TERRORISM AND VIOLENCE. LET US PRAY THAT EXPANDING THE RIGHT KNOWLEDGE INTO THE RIGHT HANDS WILL CONTRIBUTE TO THE ATTENUATION OF HUMAN EVIL AND CONSEQUENT SUFFERING. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ..................................................................................................... x Gerd F. Kirchhoff Editors’ Introduction ................................................................................... 1 Between perception and victimization: Trends and issues in victimology Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar & Moshe Bensimon Part I: Justice for victims Chapter One.....................
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...Crime Reporting and Victimization Paper Christian Viejo CJS/239 September 12th, 2012 Bob Young Crime Reporting and Victimization Paper Imagine living in a world where there is nothing that is tracked. We would have no way of knowing our history as we do now and will only have what someone makes up. In order to know our history and the history around, it is important to take notes and keep a record of all events. The same goes for keeping track of other items such as crimes. It is important to keep track of this information so that we can pick up and trends that may be caught on and help prevent the crimes in the future. In order to keep track of this information, there are certain tools that help keep track of it. We will discuss those tools and the differences of them. We will also discuss the impact of victimization and how the data can help prevent crimes against someone in the future. Common Sources of Crime Reporting Data According to the “National Institute of Justice” (2009), there are two major reports that are used to collect data on crimes within our country. The first of these reports is called the Uniform Crime Reports, also known as UCR. The second of these is called the National Incident-Based Reporting System. Someone may ask why there are two different sources being used and the answer is simple. Each report although collects similar information, collect different information and is used by different agencies. The Uniform Crime...
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...Victim Typologies Primary Victimization: One person targeted: - consists of a situation with personalized or individual form of victimization whereby an individual or group selects a specific person to target for victimization. A typical victim of this could be a hate crime where a specific person is picked out for victimization on the basis of their race or skin color. Domestic abuse case is also an example where the husband or boyfriend targets his wife or girlfriend. Domestic violence typically occurs within the household involving spouses or former spouses or some people in a current relationship. This is even possible among blood relatives. Regarding hate crime, this could be directed at a person or even property, the motivation stemming from the offender’s bias towards the victim. Secondary Victimization: Impersonal Target – involves an impersonal target being victimized. This could consist of a business or corporation victimizing an individual. An example of this could be a customer using their credit card in a department store only to find out that their personal information was sold out to a third party. Also, a person could use their social security number in applying for a loan only to find out that such information was sold to a third part and the customer is now being harassed to pay a loan that they may not have received to begin with. Secondary victimization involves an indirect act stemming from an organization to the victim. Tertiary Victimization: Public...
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...VICTIM RIGHTS ARE ALSO HUMAN RIGHTS ------------------------------------------------- Dr. Beulah Shekhar, Faculty, Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, The present system does not adequately focus on justice to the victims. The formal criminal justice system directs its attention primarily toward the offender, first with regard to guilt or innocence and second with regard to appropriate punishment, treatment, or monitoring. The informal justice system is often an abstract and distant concern. So, the victims have been repeatedly neglected as stakeholders in both formal and informal justice approaches, it is important to give special attention to their role in the criminal justice system. Presenting the report to Deputy Prime Minister L.K.Advani, who held the home portfolio. Malimath said the changes were proposed for the first time in 150 years. He also recommended that from now on, criminal laws be reviewed every 15 years so that they are in tune with the “changing times”. The “Criminal justice system is virtually collapsing under its own weight as it is slow, inefficient and ineffective” due to which “people are losing confidence in the system”, the report said. The present system of the prosecution have to prove the guilt of an accused “places a very unreasonable burden on the prosecution”, the committee said in its report and recommended that in India, like in the continental countries...
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...Victomology Victims of Crimes and the Media Violent crime, gangs, and drugs are tearing our families apart. Violent crime and victims have become an issue in America and the rest of world. The negative effects of television, Movie Theater or any kind of media is affecting our children and teenagers. Statistics indicate a decline in violent crimes in our country and an increase in our national population in prisons. It is indisputable that our families are the victims in these drugs, gangs and organized crime issues in our communities. Nobody can discussed or argue that we need to stop this malicious act of violence. In addition, nobody can disagree that this violent crime is hard to fight. Gangs are born in impoverished sections of major cities. However, gangs and drugs activities are not limited to inner cities. Gangs and drugs are in suburbs and rural communities and in communities of great economic diversity. Gangs do not recruit certain type of race, economy or cultural status. Exist in every level and every kind of community. (Stewart, 1989). Therefore, our problem is everywhere and anywhere. The lack of parental supervision, employment, recreational opportunity and breakdown in family structure are the main reasons why our children are joining the ranks of these organized criminal institutions. It could be wrong to say it, but the truth is these gangs provide them (our children) with enough companionship, protection...
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...Child sex trafficking rescue FBI saves 105 victims in operation cross country. 7/29/2013 Internet. Sex trafficking is one of the oldest crime, where there is tyranny and power. To rule the weak and control their lives. In United States just like any other country there is sex trafficking, with the difference that United Sates has one of the highest in human trafficking. Most of the people are women especially immigrants promise to have a better future or simple they are slaves. In many cases is not just the women that suffers and being torture also the children suffer to. This article is about child sex trafficking, including women. In the desperate situations children and young girls are forced to enter this scene of sex trafficking. Because the mother cannot provide enough food or shelter. The young little girls need to start doing prostitution to provide shelter and food for herself. The FBI have being monitoring this chains of pimps and mobsters and did a breakdown in their organized crime. This operation is called cross country that is shutting down this centers where they have prostitutes and children. For families that can’t provide shelter and food etc. they are being relocated to shelters until they get their lives back. I agree with this action FBI is doing mainly because is helping the children that has no one to turn and get help. The rediscovery of crime victims sometimes are forgotten in this case they could it have just arrest the pimps and head of the...
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...Special People/Special Needs V. Lester BSHS421 January 7, 2013 Special People/Special Needs There are various groups of special people with special needs when it comes to seeking and receiving services in the human services field. One of those groups of special people is women. Down through the years, women have had to face many issues of inequality and discrimination, but have come a significantly long way in achieving equal rights and non-discrimination in some areas of their lives. Atkinson (2004) stated “Americans are condescendingly sure that women in this country are much better off than women anywhere else” (page 97). Although this statement holds some truth today, there are still areas of improvement concerning and relating to women when it comes to being treated fair and receiving appropriate care and services. One of the problems women face and often seek services for is depression. Depression does not discriminate by culture, race, value, or economic status in women. Although depression can affect men as well, women are more prone to be depressed than men. Also, because of the difference in the physical and biological makeup of women, their signs and symptoms can sometimes be different from those of men. Some of the reasons women experience depression can result from hormonal changes in a woman such as, premenstrual problems, pregnancy and infertility issues, post partum depression, and menopause. When these changes in a woman have a...
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...The Top 10 Steps to Making Major Life Changes 1. Identify the payoffs and price of staying where you are. There are certainly good reasons you have for not already having made a transition. Do some soul searching with trusted allies or through journaling to uncover what payoffs you're receiving for not making the change. At the same time, identify the price you are paying for maintaining the status quo. When your conscious mind gets that the price is greater than the payoff, you'll be much clearer whether it's in your best interest to keep things the same or to make a change. 2. Begin developing a reserve of everything. A difficult transition can be made much easier when you have reserves in many areas of your life. Develop a plan to put away enough money to support yourself for the next year or two. Seek out trusted friends and associates for your personal support team who are excited and committed to supporting you. Simplify your life in terms of time and clutter to free up the space for something more in alignment with what you want. Look at other life areas such as relationships, recreation, family, etc. that you can beef up to help you through the transition. Keep in mind that it's better to be over prepared and succeed than to fail because you were under prepared. 3. Develop a vision of what's possible to pull you through the transition. Not knowing what might happen if you change careers or leave a long-standing relationship can be very frightening. Fear of the unknown...
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...Victimization Amira Shade Professor Robert Roth CRJ 105 Crime and Criminal Behavior November 1 , 2014 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss when a criminal attacks a victim whether it may be physical or not it can cause harm to the victim in different ways. Many situations can lead to a person becoming a victim of a crime and this paper will discuss some theories of victimization. Also, there researched can be used to obtain data on crimes that were not reported to law enforcement from victims. 1. Introduction Over the past several decades the tendency was to blame the victim when it came to the psychology and the dynamics of victimhood. Although, in past years blaming the victim was common, more recently this has changed. It is politically incorrect to exploit the role of victims in instances of crime cases. No matter what the circumstances or the case the victim does not deserve to be blamed for their own victimization. Many may feel that due to their particular lifestyle or where the victim may live precipitates causes for someone to become victimized. In many instances it has been thought that the victim’s behavior precipitates why they may be victimized. They are said to put these criminal acts in motion by exhibiting provocative or risky behavior. This may include picking arguments or even possibly using other gestures. (Miethe, 1993) Even though victims should not be blames for their own victimization, criminologist...
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...Abstract This paper will provide a definition and history of victimology as well as give examples of real life victims. Second, this paper will discuss how victimology is different from criminology, sociology and psychology. This paper will also discuss hate crimes, the first safe house for battered women, children’s rights groups. Finally, this paper will also discuss organizations that provide advocacy for victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse and homicides. Introduction to Victimology Victimology is the study of victims of crime and the interactions between the victim and the perpetrator (victimology, 2006). Victimology is to investigate the victims role in the commission of crimes and sometimes the psychological effect those crimes have on the victims (victimology, 2007). Today’s criminal justice system is a fairly new appearance, in the middle ages victims themselves were responsible for dealing with criminals on their own as there were no authorities to enforce the law. Murder has always been unacceptable behavior, but it was always up to the victims or their survivors to determine the course of action to be taken against the person committing the crime. In 2200 B.C.E. was when Law of Moses, the Code of Hammurabi and Roman law all consisted of elements to individual responsibility for harms committed against others (Doerner & Lab, 2008). It was until the 1940’s that the criminal justice system decided to not only focus their time in...
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...VICTIMISATION Name Institution Introduction People do not bear responsibility of becoming victims by virtue of their lifestyles or any other thing that may make them to be victims. Some of the things that can make one to be vulnerable to victimization is engaging in practices that are usually dangerous especially illegal drugs, prostitution, bullying, and consumption of alcohol among many other vices. Perpetrators of victimization usually go to certain extents to get their victims and some of the reasons may include the risk factors that consist of things that the victim does that make him or her vulnerable. For example, a robber may scrutinize a person to see if they are careless in carrying something valuable and strategize on how they are going to steal it. The victim may not have knowledge of what is being planned against him or her and innocently carries on with his duties on to become a victim of a crime later. An example is an assault on a prostitute in the car, lodging or the home of a person. The society may think that it is because of her job venture but someone took advantage of the situation and the prostitute was either assaulted or murdered. In such a crime, the prostitute is victimized for something that she was involved in or is doing. Therefore, her lifestyle should not be used as a scapegoat for her being a victim...
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...Marcus Rose ADED 6388 Week Three Assignment Continuous improvement is an ongoing process that is established within a group in an attempt to enhance how it functions. In order to make this process work effectively, a vision for the group must first be developed. There has to be a clear direction with goals and objectives in which the group is trying to accomplish. Once you have set your goals and objectives and your group has a clear vision, you can begin to create norms and behaviors that are traditionally practiced. These norms are put in place to help the group accomplish its goals (Gershenfeld, 2004). These norms can either stay the same or be changed as the goals of the group change. You can also have norms that are acquired from new members. A clear vision for the group must be set. It will be difficult to assess the function of the group without a vision. The vision gives each member the guidance on how to perform their tasks and deliver quality results toward their goals. With an established vision, the group will have support from each member as well as outsiders. People on the outside looking in will also have an idea of what the group stands for. They could soon join and become members if they have common goals with the group. The vision can also help the group measure their success. The group’s measuring stick for process improvement is spawned from the vision. You have to be aligned with the group’s vision in order to be successful (Gershenfeld...
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