...Running head: CRJ310A-1103A-02 Crime Victims Studies CRJS310-1103A-02 Crime Victim Studies AIU Online Instructor: Tony Gaskew Jacqueline Hunter IP# 4 The definition of domestic terrorism in the United States has changed over the years. It is believed that the act of domestic terrorism occurred long before any legal definition came into play. The FBI Terrorist Research defined domestic terrorism as “the unlawful use of force or violence committed by a group of two or more individuals, also against a person or property to intimidate or coerce a government. Under current Law in the United States the act of terrorism are those which involve human lives that are a violation of the criminal law of the United States or of any State, this was set forth by the USA Patriot Act. Terrorism has abruptly has moved to the center of the public and has become a household subject matter and also many levels of politics, law and criminal justice. The September 11, attack change the way law enforcement respond to the threat and reality of terrorism. The World Trade Center attack had a ripple affect that could be felt across the world and this led to major reorganization of counter- terrorism policing. The United States the most striking change in policing has been a sudden expansion of police powers, justified by the tragedy and devastation of the attack. This expansion brought about a new refocusing of resource and the restructure of the federal, state, and local police agencies. There...
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...Sample Paper Topic: Crime Victims in Kenya: An Investigation into the Neglect Of Victims of Crime. A Case Study of Bungoma Killings By Rotich Oliver Kangogo Date: 09/05/2014 Contacts: 0729 770 432 Email: oliver.rotich@yahoo.com CRIME VICTIMS IN KENYA: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE NEGLECT OF VICTIMS OF CRIME. A CASE STUDY OF BUNGOMA KILLINGS Victims of crime, especially murder are hugely and to a greater extent forgotten by the criminal justice system. By victims I stand to recognize the primary and the secondary victims of crime. Primary victims are those that are directly harmed by the criminal activity while the secondary victims are the family, friends and relatives of the deceased. The only ’justice’ provided to them is the incrimination and incarceration of the perpetrator and little or no reparation and neither sometimes. It is rather ignored that this victims suffer social, psychological and financial effects as a result of the crime which harms them even much more. There are no well-known or formal institutions that firmly stands for the needs of the victims. If they do exist, they are mainly part of the efforts by Non-Governmental Organizations. The Witness Protection established by the Constitution has not effectively turned up as there are constant cases of victimization both by the society and the institutions of criminal justice. The only effort by the government is the establishment of the popular commissions of inquiry which in most cases...
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...Victims and Crime Evaluation Paper Criminal Law/CJA/354 An alarming amount of innocent people become victims of crime every year, and the victim’s rights are every bit as important as the offender’s rights. There are certain tendencies that appear within patterns of crime and victimization, such as adolescents are most likely to be victimized, men become crime victims more often than women, and African Americans experience more crime than other racial groups (Newmark, 2008). Victims of crime suffer from physical, emotional, psychological, and financial issues. Some of the issues victims of crime face are physical injury, fear for personal safety, medical expenses, counseling expenses, feelings of fear, grief, shame, and anger, and lost income. Victims of crime needing assistance may believe they are overlooked or even revictimized by the criminal justice system, a system that may appear to be more concerned with the criminal’s rights than with the needs and rights of the victim. This paper will address the role the prosecutor, defense attorney, criminal, and victim play within the criminal justice system and how victimization affects each. The Prosecutor The prosecutor plays a critical role in the criminal justice system and serves many functions throughout the criminal justice process. Some of these functions are as follows: * Investigating * Helping the police build a case against the person(s) * Bringing charges against a person(s) * Arranging...
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...Victims and Crime Evaluation Paper Victims and Crime Evaluation Paper This paper will describe roles and functions of individuals in the criminal justice system and how victimization affects each role. The roles that will be discussed are prosecutor, defense attorney, criminal, and the victim. Then discuss the goals of sentencing associated with each role and alternative sanctions. Finally, identify any recommendations that regarding victims’ rights. The criminal justice system protects individuals and their property from harm. It allows governments to collect taxes and provides a peaceful way for individuals and institutions to resolve conflicts. The criminal justice system also punishes offenders and attempts to rehabilitate them. A prosecutor is responsible for representing legal actions in criminal proceedings. The prosecutor works for the state and the local community regarding complaints against criminal defendants. The prosecutor must convince the jury that the evidence being presented is enough to find the defendant guilty of the crimes he or she has committed. Prosecutors are searching to give the guilty a ruthless sentence that they try to find the defendant guilty after the evidence is presented to the courts and are able to drop or reduce charges during the case (Prosecutor, 2012). A defense attorney is an attorney that the defendant can hire to represent them in a criminal preceding or a lawsuit. They represent the defendant in his or her interest. What...
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...Hate crimes are devastating to communities that are on the receiving end of the hate (Gerstenfeld, 2013). Victims for hate crime include the African American, Muslims, gay individuals and Hispanic people among others (Muhammad, 2010). These individuals face major challenges as they live with people who express hate towards them in form of oppression and violent acts against them. An example is of an incident that led to the death of an African American individual attacked by white teenagers. The African American by the name James Craig Anderson was attacked in one early morning in June 2011 in the area of Jackson Mississippi. Jackson faced a severe beating after which he was run over by a car owned by the same teenagers responsible for beating...
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...Victim and Crime Evaluation Larry Fulse CJA /354 May 5, 2014 Joeseph Caulfield The Criminal Justice system today is our scale of judgment. It plays a major part in how we live and how we continue to live among all the dangers, evil and corruption that surrounds us. Without it there wouldn`t be the fine line of right and wrong, there wouldn`t be justice. Those that are considered victims in our criminal justice would turn and become the aggressors and the criminals if we didn`t have a Legal System, and we would live in a world of chaos. Many individuals each have a role to play in our Criminal Justice System; there are the criminal and the victims who create the unfortunate events to which justice has to be served and then there are the defense attorneys and the prosecutors who do their best to upload the justice system and make sure that justice is served. What are the goals of sentencing associated? A defense attorney is a hired contractor, charged with representing individuals or entities in criminal or civil matter. People and organization facing criminal charges or being sued civilly hire a defense attorney to ensure their legal rights are properly protected and guide them through the legal counsel, is ethically and professionally required to watch over only the interest of his clients, within the boundaries of the law. He is legally and morally considered an “officer of the court,” and is required to refrain from lying or misrepresenting the facts of the...
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...Victims and Crime Evaluation CJA 354 April 17, 2012 Instructor name Introduction This evaluation paper will discuss the concept of victim, the evaluation will also address and explain the history and significance of victims’ assistance programs and the purpose of their functions as it applies to the criminal justice system. Also addressed will be the evaluation of problem solving courts and restorative justice and their affect on the criminal justice system , society, and victims. The definition of victim is described as any individual against whom an offense has been committed (Schmallager, et al, 2010). The concept of a victim is foreign to civil law, which speaks instead in terms of people who have been injured or wronged. According to Schmallager (2010), the word victim denotes someone who has been harmed through the kind of activity proscribed by the criminal law (Schmallager, et al, 2010). During the AD 400 era, the time known as "Golden Age of the victim" organized law enforcement agencies, judicial systems, and formal legal procedures were nonexistent. Individuals who were victimized by offenders would retaliate against the offender with the assistance of family members and friends. Once the offender was apprehended, the victim would hand out a punishment believed to be suitable for the crime committed and this type of behavior was accepted by a vast majority of society (Schmallager, et al, 2010). ...
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...Chapter 3: The Crime Picture Offenders and Victims Vocabulary words * Civil law- the branch of dealing with the definition and enforcement of all private or public rights, as opposed to criminal matters * Plaintiff- the person or institution that initials a lawsuit in civil court proceedings by filing a complaint * Defendant- in a civil court, the person or institution against whom an action is brought. In a criminal court, the person or entity who has been formally accused of violating a criminal law * Liability- in a civil court, legal responsibility for one’s own or another’s actions * Beyond a Reasonable Doubt- the degree of proof required to find the defendant in a criminal trial guilty of committing the crime. The defendant’s guilt must be the only reasonable explanation for the criminal act before the court * Preponderance of the Evidence- the degree of proof required to decide in favor of one side or the other in a civil case. In general, this requirement is met when a plaintiff proves that a fact more likely than not is true * Felony- a serious crime, usually punishable by death or imprisonment for a year or longer * Misdemeanor- a criminal offense that is not a felony; usually punishable by a fine and/ or a jail term of less than one year * Infraction- in most jurisdictions, a noncriminal offense for which the penalty is a fine rather than incarceration * Mala in Se- a descriptive term for acts that are inherently wrong, regardless...
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...Sexual crime victims struggle with the obstacles faced after their assault, but the pressure of the media and the scrutiny of the public makes it that much harder to survive. Victims try their best to remain anonymous and get justice for themselves in the process. They must also defend themselves because most likely nobody else is going to do it for them. The media crushes the mental state of the victims they name, like Audrie and Daisy, while putting the livelihood of their family in peril. “Our society continues to condemn victims” of sexual assault and rape, and thus, an extraordinary amount of shame and silence follow the victim. which was the case for 15-year-old Audrie Pott (NAESV). Audrie went to a party with a friend, who later went...
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...victimization which includes connections between both victim and the offender as well as the interactions between the victim and our criminal justice system which can include the police, courts, and correction officials. It’s also important to know that victimology is not limited to the connection between the victim, offender, and the criminal justice system, but it can also involve connections between social movements and many forms of human rights violations (Stevens, 2003). Victimology was born in the 1940’s after two criminologist from Europe named Von Hentig and Mendelson, also known as the fathers of victimology began studying victims of crimes. Their theory was that the victim’s behavior as well as their attitude was the cause of the crime to be committed. During its birth, the focus of victimology was on how the victims were equally responsible for certain crimes with the offender (Carson, 2009). By the 1960’s the focus of victimology shifted towards the rights of victims due to movements such as the Civil Rights movements and the feminist movements. From the 1970’s to the 1990’s victimology turned towards ways to stop future crimes from happening, help victims of crimes to become organized and empowered, and to better understand the population of victims. Today, crime victims still remain the focus of victimology. However, victimology has drastically expanded to include victims in many areas such as terrorist attacks, hate crimes, discrimination, war, and genocides. Additionally...
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...Victims and Crime Evaluation Charlie Jones CJA/354 February 9, 2015 ANN PERRY Victims and Crime Evaluation In the United State the criminal justice system is comprised of agencies. The justice system is established to protect people and to impose penalties on those who violate laws. There are several different agencies within the criminal system in the United States. Agencies are similar but different, because each county, state and federal or military installation has their own jurisdiction. Each jurisdiction has different levels of managing criminal justice processes. Military has their own jurisdiction but depending on the crime they are still part of the two main systems: State criminal justice systems handle crimes committed within their state boundaries and Federal criminal justice system handles crimes committed on federal property or in more than one state. In the criminal justice system there are five components law enforcement officers, prosecution, defense attorneys, courts, and corrections. Each of the five components plays a key role in the criminal justice process. Far more importance is how victimization affects the roles of the prosecutor, defense attorney, criminal and victim. Prosecutor is to prosecute criminal within their jurisdiction. They are the administrator of justice, an advocate, and an officer of the court who representing the people in a trial. Prosecutor works with their local law enforcement agencies to prosecute criminals and...
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...immediate danger, also after you yourself became a victim of a crime. In the cases of a hate crime, in particular, you should call 911, before even trying to support, or assist a victim. For most counties when you call either 911 or 112, it is going to connect you with emergency services representative. While making a call, you do not need to identify yourself. Your priority in this case, becomes giving your exact location, explaining the situation and in case when someone needs medical attention – it should be mentioned in the call as well. After making the call you can finally focus on finding the safer place for yourself, or the other person who is with you. After the incident, and making a call to your best to write down all the details...
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...required to support your views by citing your sources in all assignments. Even if the question asks for your opinion, you are still expected to support your opinion with references to published works and other materials. APA Format is necessary for your assignments when citing references, and assistance on how to do so is available using the APA Citation Center. * Choose Library from the top navigation bar. * Choose APA Citation Center from the left navigation bar. * Click Example Sources. * Scroll down and click APA Documentation. For more information on citing your sources, please click on "About this Course" link in the classroom. Fraud is a crime that many criminal justice experts consider slippery in nature because of the obscure angles and forms it can take, and fraud is not identified until after the crime is committed. Identity theft is an example of how fraud can take the form of another person through the theft of information that makes the criminal obtain everything the person has in the form of assets, belongings, and money. Please answer the following questions listed below. As you answer each question, you must provide support or evidence that will enhance and empirically prove your answers. Academic criminal justice articles or real life criminal justice findings that are not found in journals or other academic sources must be cited in supporting your answers. Please use APA style for all cited sources including your reference page. * How would...
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...laws such as the Nuremberg Principles and the Genocide Convention to hold individual responsible for crimes against humanity. Countries have engaged in war crimes for thousands of years in violation of the established laws and customs of war. Torture, rape, massacres, genocide, and atrocities documented over centuries continue today. This paper will discuss some of the heinous crimes committed during War World II Holocaust and the Hutu massacre of the Tutsis. War Crimes the Executioners and the Victims of Genocide Military powers around the world inflict some of the most atrocious crimes against humanity, and in each case, there are executioners and victims of these crimes that never get fair justice. “ The German concentration camps of World War II, the horrors of the Vietnam War, the prolific rape and brutality during the break- up of the former Yugoslavia and the Hutu massacres of the Tutsis in Rwanda,” ("20th Century," n.d., p. 5) are just a few named conflicts that displayed devastating atrocities. The executioners in the World War II Holocaust and the Hutu Massacres in Rwanda caused terrible massacre to the human race more than any other conflict in history. These crimes all have a negative impact on the country and the citizens that live there. Every leader, citizen, and Soldier has a responsibility to report criminal acts committed in war. War crimes and atrocities will leave unshakable scares that will last for generations to come. World War II atrocities...
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...Victims and Crime Evaluation paper Juan Martinez CJA/354 Criminal Law November 6, 2013 Alin Sahagian Victims and Crime Evaluation paper There are many different roles that take place in the criminal justice system some of those roles from the prosecutor, defense attorney, the criminal and of course the victim. The prosecutor presents the case against an offender to the court on behalf of the state. The prosecutor has a duty to tell the court about all the circumstances of the case and the facts of the offence. He will stand in front of the court and present to the judge explanations of harm committed to any victim of an offence. He provides the court with assistance on the sentencing range, and then he will identify relevant case laws and legislations that may apply to the case. The prosecutor can make submissions on an appropriate sentence and try to do everything reasonable to ensure the court is acting only on truthful information, and to protect the judge from making an error in sentencing that could lead to an appeal. Defense Attorney are there to perform an important role in the criminal justice system which is to ensure that their clients accused of a crime receive due process of law and enjoy every possible benefit from their talent that justice allows. The key participant to a defense attorney is the public morality that plays an essential characteristic of the criminal trial. The natures of the role require defense attorneys to perform a number of sometimes...
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