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Vide

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Submitted By mgav690
Words 503
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Le vide est ordinairement défini comme l'absence de matière dans une zone spatiale.
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Au quotidien
Dans le sens commun, lorsque l'on dit qu'un contenant est vide, il est en fait rempli d'air. Un verre vide, une bouteille vide, un carton vide… contiennent en fait environ 2·1015 molécules par millimètre cube. Un vide très poussé, un milliardième de l'atmosphère par exemple, laisse encore plusieurs millions de molécules par millimètre cube.
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En philosophie
La notion de vide est intimement liée à la notion d'être. Le vide est l'absence de matière, l'absence d'être. Mais peut-on parler du vide comme d'une entité en soi, ou uniquement comme une absence ? Parménide disait « l'être est, le non-être n'est pas » ; le vide était pour lui un non-être, et ne pouvait donc exister.
Leucippe et Démocrite, contre Parménide, admirent l'existence du vide et en firent avec l'atome le principe de toute chose ; le vide, lieu dépourvu de matière, a donc reçu une certaine forme d'être et devint le doublet indispensable et inséparable de l'être.
Aristote, dans sa Physique, au livre IV, nie l'existence du vide et affirme son incompatibilité avec le mouvement. C'est une conception de l'univers comme d'un « espace clos », organisé, ordonné et harmonique.
Descartes niait l'existence de l'atome comme celle du vide, concepts auxquels il opposait les théories géométriques, réduisant l'espace à une pure et simple étendue, la matière n'étant qu'une modification de la forme. Gassendi l'a lourdement contredit sur ce point (5e objection des Méditations métaphysiques). En effet, le vide et l'atome composent bel et bien la matière, et ces caractéristiques lui confèrent une nature intrinsèquement différente de l'étendue.
La découverte, ou plutôt l'admission du vide dans la nature est une étape décisive de l'histoire des sciences, la polémique agita fortement les milieux savants durant la révolution scientifique du xviie siècle. Les expériences sur le vide sont rendues difficiles par l'absence de tubes en verre de dimension suffisante pour voir si un vivant peut y vivre. Mersenne par ailleurs a tenté l'expérience sur des petits animaux, souris et mouches dont la survie était compromise par l'utilisation de classiques tubes en verre remplis de mercure. En 1660, Robert Boyle est l'un des premiers à pouvoir réaliser une expérience de ce type1. Torricelli met en évidence la pression atmosphérique en faisant une expérience hydraulique, travaux que Pascal complète. La découverte de la pression atmosphérique vient balayer l'idée que si l'eau monte lorsqu'elle est pompée, c'est que « la nature a horreur du vide »2.
Ainsi, lorsque quelqu'un voit un verre, il voit d'abord la matière, sa forme ; un taoïste y verrait d'abord le vide qui le rend utile (qui permet d'être rempli).
Le vide taoïste est conçu comme un potentiel, quelque chose qui attend d'être rempli, et par extension d'être réalisé : c'est l'esprit vide de pensée dans lequel peuvent naître les idées, c'est le blanc de la feuille qui attend d'être dessiné (voir Taoïsme : Plénitude du vide et autres paradoxes).
Dans le bouddhisme, le vide désigne l'absence de nature propre de toute chose, la vacuité.

Référence : wikipedia

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