...Delivery date: April 19th 2013 NPRE 101 – INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY SOURCES END OF TERM PAPER PROF. RUZIC HYDRAULIC FRACTURING AND THE EAGLE FORD SHALE Patricio Calles Almeida – UIN 651559726 Everyone knows that the urge to find an alternative to fossil fuels is one of the top priorities of technology researchers and scientists. We also know that the United States is becoming more and more dependable on foreign resources as the national ones are running low. However, fossil fuels are still the only cost-effective sources of them all. You could argue that hydroelectric and nuclear power are on the rise, but the first one does not produce large scale amounts of energy and the latter requires a huge initial investment with long waits until returns and profits; all the previous makes these sources not really convenient in developing countries, the ones that ironically need is the most. That’s why fossil fuel sources will continue to dominate the energy scene for the next decades, at least. In this context, I want to focus my paper on hydraulic fracturing, fracking. Actually, more specifically, the absolute focus will be to relate this modern method of oil and natural gas extraction with the Eagle Ford Shale, located in South Texas. Specifications and characteristics that make this shale so appealing for fracking will be a part of the following analysis. Overall, the shale is one that could be the biggest production center of oil and natural gas of the US and bring lots...
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...85 Hydraulic turbines—basic principles and state-of-theart computational fluid dynamics applications P Drtina* and M Sallaberger Sulzer Hydro AG, Zurich, Switzerland ¨ Abstract: The present paper discusses the basic principles of hydraulic turbines, with special emphasis on the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a tool which is being increasingly applied to gain insight into the complex three-dimensional (3D) phenomena occurring in these types of fluid machinery. The basic fluid mechanics is briefly treated for the three main types of hydraulic turbine: Pelton, Francis and axial turbines. From the vast number of applications where CFD has proven to be an important help to the design engineer, two examples have been chosen for a detailed discussion. The first example gives a comparison of experimental data and 3D Euler and 3D Navier–Stokes results for the flow in a Francis runner. The second example highlights the state-of-the-art of predicting the performance of an entire Francis turbine by means of numerical simulation. Keywords: hydraulic turbines, flow prediction, stage simulation, hill chart, Navier–Stokes and Euler computations NOTATION C, c E g h at h d H H s k K c K u K w n Q R, r T U, u W, w Z a b e f g absolute velocity (m/s) energy per unit mass (m2/s2) gravity (m/s2) atmospheric pressure head (m) vapour pressure head (m) turbine head (m) suction head (m) turbulent kinetic energy (m2/s2) normalized velocity normalized circumferential velocity normalized relative...
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...Appendix A…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7 Appendix B 10 Introduction The objective of this lab is to calculate the mass flow rates across an annubar by measuring the pressure losses through the straight length of pipe and various fittings at different gas flow rates. The gas used in this experiment is air. The elbow meter was also calibrated and the fanning friction factor across the pipe was calculated. The friction loss due to the velocity head through the straight pipe and other fittings was also calculated. Theory and Nomenclature To measure the gas flow in a pipe, an annubar is used. An annubar is a set of Pitot tubes mounted across a pipe. It measures the differential pressure between the static pressure and the full pressure of the stream. The Pitot tube’s full pressure chamber opening is facing against the stream so that is allows for conical aerodynamics. Applying Bernoulli’s principle and varying the pressure difference calculated the volumetric flow. The following equations were used to calculate the answer for the experimental objectives: Mass flowrate is calculated using the calibration constant where is the mass flow rate (kg/s), ρ is density (kg/m3), and ΔP is the pressure drop in cm of water across the annubar. The velocity of the airflow in the pipe can be calculated as where u is the velocity (m/s), is the...
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...Wind tunnel A wind tunnel is a tool used in aerodynamic research to study the effects of air moving past solid objects. A wind tunnel consists of a closed tubular passage with the object under test mounted in the middle. A powerful fan system moves air past the object; the fan must have straightening vanes to smooth the airflow. The test object is instrumented with a sensitive balance to measure the forces generated by airflow; or, the airflow may have smoke or other substances injected to make the flow lines around the object visible. Full-scale aircraft or vehicles are sometimes tested in large wind tunnels, but these facilities are expensive to operate and some of their functions have been taken over by computer modelling. In addition to vehicles, wind tunnels are used to study the airflow around large structures such as bridges or office buildings. The earliest enclosed wind tunnels were invented in 1871; large wind tunnels were built during the Second World War. Contents • 1 Theory of operation • 2 Measurement of aerodynamic forces • 3 History o 3.1 Origins o 3.2 World War Two o 3.3 Post World War Two • 4 How it works o 4.1 Pressure measurements o 4.2 Force and moment measurements • 5 Flow visualization o 5.1 Qualitative methods • 6 Classification o 6.1 Aeronautical wind tunnels 6.1.1 High Reynolds number tunnels 6.1.2 V/STOL tunnels 6.1.3 Spin tunnels o 6.2 Automobile tunnels o 6.3 Aeroacoustic tunnels • 7 List of wind tunnels o 7.1 Aquadynamic...
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...U.S. CHEMIC AL S AFETY AND H AZ ARD INVESTIG ATION BOARD INVESTIGATION REPORT LPG FIRE AT VALERO – MCKEE REFINERY (Four Injured, Total Refinery Evacuation, and Extended Shutdown) Photo: Associated Press VALERO ENERGY CORPORATION SUNRAY, TEXAS FEBRUARY 16, 2007 KEY ISSUES: • FREEZE PROTECTION OF DEAD-LEGS • EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF EQUIPMENT • FIREPROOFING OF SUPPORT STEEL • FIRE PROTECTION FOR HIGH PRESSURE LPG SERVICE • CHLORINE RELEASE REPORT NO. 2007-05-I-TX JULY 2008 Valero - Sunray July 2008 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................6 1.0 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................10 1.1 1.2 2.0 Background....................................................................................................................... 10 Investigative Process......................................................................................................... 10 VALERO ENERGY CORPORATION.........................................................................................11 2.1 2.2 McKee Refinery................................................................................................................ 11 2.3 3.0 Company History .......................................................................................
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...| | |INDEX TABLE | | | | | |SL.NO |CONTENTS |PAGE NO. | | | | | |1 |PART – I |2 TO 6 | | | | | | |EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | | | | | | |2 |PART – II |7 TO 14 | | | ...
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...INTERMEDIATE VOCATIONAL COURSE Second Year NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES For the Course of Rural Engineering Technician State Institute of Vocational Education Directorate of Intermediate Education Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. 2005 Author Sri Shali Habibulla M.Tech (Ref & A/c), Hons. C.H.E. M.I.S.T.E. Department of Rural Engineering Technician Govt. Junior College (Boys) New, Town, ANANTAPUR - 515 001. Editor Sri K. Jagadish Junior Lecturer in R.E.T. Govt. Junior College Vmedugula - 531027. Vizag (Dist.) PREFACE The main objective of vocational education is to train the students at +2 level for meeting the demands for the skilled manpower in both organised and unorganised sectors and also to provide an alternative channel for those who aimlessly persue higher education and to prepare them for self reliance. The State Institute of Vocational Education (SIVE) in collaboration with the Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh has developed curriculum for 43 vocational courses in the field of Engineering & Technology Agriculture Health & Paramedical Business & Commerce Home Science and Humanities Accordingly the text books have been developed by SIVE as per the restructured curriculum by utilizing the services of various professional teachers in the respective fields. I am sure that this book will be immensely useful to the vocational students and teachers in understanding the concepts. I wish to place my sincere thanks on record...
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...Final Report on the Investigation of the Macondo Well Blowout Deepwater Horizon Study Group March 1, 2011 The Deepwater Horizon Study Group (DHSG) was formed by members of the Center for Catastrophic Risk Management (CCRM) in May 2010 in response to the blowout of the Macondo well on April 20, 2010. A fundamental premise in the DHSG work is: we look back to understand the why‘s and how‘s of this disaster so we can better understand how best to go forward. The goal of the DHSG work is defining how to best move forward – assessing what major steps are needed to develop our national oil and gas resources in a reliable, responsible, and accountable manner. Deepwater Horizon Study Group Investigation of the Macondo Well Blowout Disaster This Page Intentionally Left Blank Deepwater Horizon Study Group Investigation of the Macondo Well Blowout Disaster In Memoriam Jason Anderson Senior tool pusher Dewey Revette Driller Stephen Curtis Assistant driller Donald Clark Assistant driller Dale Burkeen Crane operator Karl Kleppinger Roughneck Adam Weise Roughneck Shane Roshto Roughneck Wyatt Kemp Derrick man Gordon Jones Mud engineer Blair Manuel Mud engineer 1 Deepwater Horizon Study Group Investigation of the Macondo Well Blowout Disaster In Memoriam The Environment 2 Deepwater Horizon Study Group Investigation of the Macondo Well Blowout Disaster Table of Contents In Memoriam....................................................................
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...SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN TFD-HE13 - Shell & Tube Heat Exchager Design 1 Introduction q Shell & tube heat exchangers are the most versatile type of heat exchangers. § They are used in process industries, in conventional and nuclear power stations, steam generators, etc § They are used in many alternative energy applications including ocean, thermal and geothermal. q Shell & tube heat exchangers provide relatively large ratios of heat transfer area to volume. They can be easily cleaned. q TFD-HE13 - Shell & Tube Heat Exchager Design 2 Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers q Shell & tube type heat exchangers are built of tubes (round or rectangular in general) mounted in shells (cylindrical, rectangular or arbitrary shape). Many variations of this basic type is available. q § The differences lie mainly in the detailed features of construction and provisions for differential thermal expansion between the tubes and the shell. Shell inlet Tube inlet Tube outlet Shell outlet TFD-HE13 - Shell & Tube Heat Exchager Design 3 Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers U-Tube, baffled, single pass shell & tube heat exchanger Two pass tube, baffled single pass shell & tube heat exchanger Two pass tube, floating head, baffled single pass shell & tube heat exchanger TFD-HE13 - Shell & Tube Heat Exchager Design 4 Shell Types q q TEMA (the Tubular Exchangers Manufacturers Association) publishes standards defining how...
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...SENIOR SECONDARY COURSE PHYSICS 1 (CORE MODULES) Coordinators Dr. Oum Prakash Sharma Sh. R.S. Dass NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING A-25, INSTITUTIONAL AREA, SECTOR-62, NOIDA-201301 (UP) COURSE DESIGN COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN Prof. S.C. Garg Former Pro-Vice Chancellor IGNOU, Maidan Garhi, Delhi MEMBERS Prof. A.R. Verma Former Director, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi, 160, Deepali Enclave Pitampura, Delhi-34 Dr. Naresh Kumar Reader (Rtd.) Deptt. of Physics Hindu College, D.U. Dr. Oum Prakash Sharma Asstt. Director (Academic) NIOS, Delhi Prof. L.S. Kothari Prof. of Physics (Retd.) Delhi University 71, Vaishali, Delhi-11008 Dr. Vajayshree Prof. of Physics IGNOU, Maidan Garhi Delhi Sh. R.S. Dass Vice Principal (Rtd.) BRMVB, Sr. Sec. School Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi-110024 Dr. G.S. Singh Prof. of Physics IIT Roorkee Sh. K.S. Upadhyaya Principal Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Rohilla Mohammadabad (U.P.) Dr. V.B. Bhatia Prof. of Physics (Retd.) Delhi University 215, Sector-21, Faridabad COURSE DEVELOPMENT TEAM CHAIRMAN Prof. S.C. Garg Former Pro-Vice Chancellor IGNOU, Delhi MEMBERS Prof. V.B. Bhatia 215, Sector-21, Faridabad Prof. B.B. Tripathi Prof. of Physics (Retd.), IIT Delhi 9-A, Awadhpuri, Sarvodaya Nagar Lucknow-226016 Sh. K.S. Upadhyaya Principal Navodaya Vidyalaya Rohilla Mohammadabad, (U.P.) Dr. V.P. Shrivastava Reader (Physics) D.E.S.M., NCERT, Delhi EDITORS TEAM CHAIRMAN Prof. S.C. Garg Former Pro-Vice Chancellor IGNOU, Delhi MEMBERS Prof. B.B. Tripathi Prof...
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...Baker Hughes INTEQ Oil Field Familiarization Training Guide 80912 Rev. B May 1996 Copyright © 1994 Baker Hughes INTEQ Baker Hughes INTEQ Training & Development 2520 W.W. Thorne Houston, TX 77073 United States of America 713-625-4415 This material cannot be reproduced in any manner or otherwise used in any presentation without the express written permission of Baker Hughes INTEQ Preface i Preface At Baker Hughes INTEQ, we have always prided ourselves on our people and their level of professionalism, experience, responsiveness and adaptability at the wellsite. It is at the wellsite, where time, money and effective operations separate INTEQ from its competitors. To keep this competitive edge, the company has a system for training, development and professional advancement for operations-based field personnel - takes our good track record and makes it even better. The training development program (IN-FACTS) provides a standardized career development path which utilizes a progression of both formal and hands-on learning, to turn potential into competitive advantage. It is the tool that enables field personnel to embark on a successful career within Baker Hughes INTEQ, Baker Hughes, and the oil industry. The training system is structured to provide an easily understood, orderly flow of learning experiences. These may or may not be in the same speciality, and allow our people to either concentrate in one area or to branch out into...
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...This page intentionally left blank SEVENTH EDITION Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer THEODORE L. BERGMAN Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Connecticut ADRIENNE S. LAVINE Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles FRANK P. INCROPERA College of Engineering University of Notre Dame DAVID P. DEWITT School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University JOHN WILEY & SONS VICE PRESIDENT & PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION EDITOR DESIGNER EXECUTIVE MEDIA EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES Don Fowley Linda Ratts Renata Marchione Christopher Ruel Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Wendy Lai Thomas Kulesa MPS Ltd. This book was typeset in 10.5/12 Times Roman by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The cover was printed by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing...
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...Earthquakes I Earth’s composition Earth is a dense, stratified planet with many layers: core (inner and outer), mantle and crust Inner core: most dense material, solid iron and nickel Outer core: second most dense, liquid, iron and nickel Mantle: composed of oxygen, silicon, magnesium, aluminum Crust: composed of sodium and potassium rich silicate rocks Upper 100-350 km of upper mantle makes up asthenosphere: fluid layer due to heating from core Plate tectonics Earth’s uppermost layer, the lithosphere, broken up into 7 plates due to movement of asthenosphere underneath Plate tectonics- name for dynamic interactions of these plates Plate boundaries 3 types: divergent, covergent, and transform Divergent boundaries: tension from deep earth pulls two plates away from each other, allowing lava to upwell through the cracks and create new seafloor Covergent boundaries: two plates coming together as stress pushes plates toward each other- one plate forced under another in a subduction zone Transform boundaries: two plates slide past each other horizontally-frequent cause of destructive forces like earthquakes The nature of earthquakes Cause = abrupt movements on faults Fractures in earths lithosphere Normal fault- block above the fault has moved downward relative to the black below Reverse fault- upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the lower block (aka thrust fault) Right lateral strike slip fault- two blocks slide past one another Earths crustal...
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...ENERGY TECHNOLOGY S.JITENDRA PAL Department of Chemical Engineering National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal-Karnataka. Assistant Professor Fundamentals of energy and its impact on society and the environment. What is energy? • Energy :defined as the ability or capacity to do work. Energy is measured in BTU (British Thermal Unit) or Joule • According to Max Planck, energy is defined as the ability of a system to cause external action. • The term energy carrier – thus a carrier of the above defined energy – is a substance that could be used to produce useful energy, either directly or by one or several conversion processes • In this respect the following forms of energy are distinguished: mechanical energy (i.e. potential or kinetic energy), thermal, electric and chemical energy, nuclear energy and solar energy etc. Why Energy is needed ? • Think about how you use energy every day. You wake up to an alarm clock. You take a shower with water warmed by a hot water heater. You listen to music on the radio as you dress , u eat breakfast….. And so on……. • Food items, medicines, groceries, the accessories which we use, Cosmetics, electronic appliances, lighting, heating cooling, • Everything needs energy in direct or indirect way Why Energy is needed ? Various sectors of economy- Industry, residential, commercial, transport • Industry- Petroleum Refining , steel, cement, chemical, metal, paper, pharmaceuticals, mining etc • Transportation,-automobile...
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...ate Aptitude Test in Engineering GATE 2014 Brochure Table of Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................1 2. About GATE 2014 ......................................................................................................1 2.1. Financial Assistance ............................................................................................................................ 1 2.2 Employment ............................................................................................................................................ 2 2.3 Administration ....................................................................................................................................... 2 3.1 Changes Introduced in GATE 2013 that will continue to remain in force for GATE 2014 .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 4.1 Eligibility for GATE 2014 ................................................................................................................... 4 4.2 GATE Papers ............................................................................................................................................ 5 4.3 Zone-Wise List of Cities in which GATE 2014 will be Held ................................................... 6 4.4 Zone-Wise List of Cities for 3rd...
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