...Re: A Self-Serving Leak San Francisco Chronicle reporters Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance Williams were investigating sports figures involved with steroids. A lawyer with clients in the BALCO investigation, an inquiry into the use of performance-enhancing substances by star athletes, used this as an opportunity to leak self-serving information. In confidence, Attorney Troy Ellerman showed the reporters transcripts of the grand jury testimony in hopes that the case would be dismissed on the grounds that grand jury information had been leaked. Fainaru-Wada and Williams continued to keep their promise of confidentiality when a judge ordered they spend time in jail. They refused to talk about the case even after Ellerman admitted to leaking...
Words: 665 - Pages: 3
...the legal and administrative structure created, in WADA, to combat the ever prevalent issue of doping in an elite sporting environment. Of particular scrutiny will be the fairness, interpretation and implementation of the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) with regard to recent anti-doping cases. Further, the numerous methods and substances of doping will be thoroughly assessed. 2.0 Background Information ‘Doping’ is a term that is often associated...
Words: 1537 - Pages: 7
...• WADA- world anti-doping agency When there is reason to believe that some one is using drugs you can inform agencies like WADA and they can choose to investigate. • Prohibited drugs that are banned in the use of sports • WADA is responsible to update (updated annually) & maintain this list • Some are only banned during the sports but are allowed after such as an inhaler • In order for a drug to be prohibited, the substance has to meet at least two of these three criteria: - the potential for enhanced performance - the potential for being detrimental to health - violation of the spirit of the sport • in some cases the athlete could have pre existing medical conditions. In this case they can apply to their International Federation for a Therapeutic Use Exemption, which must be verified by their physician. In order to be accepted the following must be true: - the athlete would suffer significant health problems if they do not take the medication - there is no suitable alternative which is not listed - there are no considerable performance enhancing benefits • substances that are banned at ALL times (including training and during): - anabolic steroids (increase protein to build up cellular tissue) including THG—why? To make them stronger. It will give strength to a certain point then after that they are building not making more, they are no longer making strength but just building size. - Hormones (a chemical released by one or more cells that affects cells in...
Words: 402 - Pages: 2
...to learn about the potential benefits, the health risks and the many unknowns regarding so-called performance-enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids, androstenedione, human growth hormone, erythropoietin, diuretics, creatine and stimulants. You may decide that the benefits aren't worth the risks. What is a drug? | A drug is a chemical substance that, when absorbed into the body, can alter normal bodily function. Many drugs have been banned in sport if they are deemed to provide an unfair advantage, pose a health risk, or are seen to violate the ‘spirit of sport’. The use of banned drugs by athletes is referred to as ‘doping’. The International Olympic Committee (IOC), and more recently, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) have been leading the way in the battle against drugs in sport. | Why do some athletes use drugs? | Most athletes take drugs to enhance their physical performance in an attempt to prevent them falling behind other competitors, even if it does mean damaging their health and risking their sports careers. Other athletes may use drugs to help them wind down and relax, to cope with the pressures and stress associated with a constant battle to win all the time, to boost their own self-esteem and confidence, to mask the pain of certain sports injuries, to control and reduce weight, and to hide the use of any other banned substances. | What types of drugs and methods are used by athletes...
Words: 2991 - Pages: 12
...Running head: DOPING IN CYCLING 25 June 2014 Utrecht School of Economics The Economics of Doping: policy advices to create a level-playing field in professional cycling. Authors: Danilo Fattorini (3790215) Orkhan Hajizada (3773663) Supervisors: Drs. Erwin van Sas (USE) Dr. Tineke Lambooy (RGL) Group Supervisor: Drs. Erwin van Sas Table of Contents Abstract3 Introduction4 1. Institutional Framework7 1.1. Embeddedness7 1.2. Institutional Environment9 1.2.1. Formal Institutions9 1.2.2. Informal institution – the doping market112 1.3. Governance14 1.4. Resource Allocation and Employment16 2. Decision-making process16 2.1. Prize money and Doping17 2.2. Health and Doping22 2.3. Size of Punishment and Probability of Detection 23 2.3.1. Doping game: introduction26 2.3.2. Theoretical example using real numbers 30 2.4. Number of participants and Doping 34 2.5. Conclusion 37 3. Policy advices38 3.1. Efficiency Comparison 38 3.2. Application of Criminal Law 41 Conclusion42 Bibliography44 Appendix A: Interview with Filippo Simeoni49 Appendix B: Interview with Axel Dekker55 Abstract Sports victories are often strived to at the cost of sportsmen’s integrity, reputation, health, security, or even life. The tendency to use performance-enhancing drugs is shaped by factors characterizing the institutional framework. In particular, the prize money, health costs, severity and frequency of punishment, and number of participants are...
Words: 19471 - Pages: 78
...include His Heirs, Personal Representatives & Assigns] of the one part. AND MUSA SULEIMAN of Masakan Makafi Bolewa A Ward Potiskum, Potiskum Local Government Area, Yobe State [hereinafter referred to as ‘THE PURCHASER’ which expression shall include his Heirs, Personal Representatives & Assigns] of the other part. WHEREAS 1] The Vendor is the owner of all that developed residential house measuring 450sqm, covered by Customary Right of Occupancy No. 002023 dated 19/3/2008 issued by Potiskum Local Government Counsel in favor of the vendor. The house is hereinafter referred to as ‘’THE PROPERTY’’. 2] The property is fenced containing a four bedroom flat, a fish pond, a single room and a gate, lying and situate at Malo Garba Street, Tudun Wada layout Potiskum, Yobe State. 3} The Purchaser, under power of attorney donated him by the heirs of late Alhaji Malinta Mohammed dated 24|11|2014 is willing to purchase the property for the sole benefit of the heirs named in the power of attorney. 3] Now the vendor desires to sell the property to the purchaser for a consideration of Two Million and Three Hundred Thousand Naira [#2,300,000:00] only free from any encumbrance. NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED AS FOLLOWS;- a] The property is free from any encumbrance, b] The vendor has a good title to transfer in the property, c] The vendor undertakes to assist the purchaser or sign any document that may be brought by the purchaser to perfect the purchaser’s title over the property. c] The vendor further...
Words: 545 - Pages: 3
...1. Introduction As the Olympics and other sports events have raised people’s interest, the doping problem in sports has aroused wide attention of the international community. There is an increasing number of unregulated doping events detected in some important international sports events. Most people think performance enhancing drugs should not be allowed in sports; however, actually, doping should be advocated on the basis of safety. In this essay, the reason why athletes dope and why society disapproves of this phenomenon will be explained. Then the situation of the inevitability of doping will be discussed. Finally, the reason why doping should be allowed will be illustrated. 2. Reason of doping and disapproval of society Doping in sports is regarded to be against the rules and the athletes who doping in their competitions are considered that they are cheating. Although there is public opinion in society, some athletes still would like to take risks in doping. Why do athletes determine to dope in sports regardless of all consequences? And why do the society so oppose this phenomenon? 2.1 Reason of doping Athletes, especially elite athletes, desire great perfomance in competition and honor of win. Moreover, once they win the championship, they start to attach to maintain the title and break the record. These benefits and glory make the idea of doping grow in some athletes’ heart. Recently, the whole world was shocked by the news that the most famous cycling champion...
Words: 1300 - Pages: 6
...in demand for the new product (“DuraBear”). Two factors have led to the company not employing any formal forecasting techniques. One of these is the sudden change in product mix, the other is the rapid growth has focused their attention on building capacity. The President of the company, Mr. Ralph Wada, has recognized the need for a more formal forecasting process as the company matures. He has expressed an opinion that forecasting should be as simple as possible and yet still meet the needs of the business. Mr. Wada wants to use the start of the new fiscal year (May 1) to initiate a more formal forecasting system. He has decided to focus on the two main bearing products which comprise 90% of their revenue. With no existing expertise in demand forecasting he has turned to a small consulting firm to recommend appropriate forecasting techniques, prepare a forecast for the next four months, and provide advice and training to an identified NCC employee in the Operations organization. Ms Ronnie Havens has exhibited an interest in statistical applications and has taken some courses in college which will serve as a foundation for taking on this new responsibility. Mr. Wada has also asked other staff members to assist in developing the forecasts. Mr. Jonathan Nguyen, Vice President of Marketing, has been able to provide external sales demand for the two products for the...
Words: 1295 - Pages: 6
...Is Baseball Still the American National Pastime? Although baseball has been and may still be considered America’s national pastime, it has not happened without incident. The game of baseball was initially racially segregated, only completing the final desegregation in 1959, twelve years after the signing of Jackie Robinson. It withstood the devastating gambling scandals of the 1920’s Chicago White Sox and the 1980’s Pete Rose scandal. The institution has survived and may have even been made stronger with the steroid and drug scandal of the 1990’s and recent years. Baseball has had difficulties in maintaining a loyal following since the 1994 strike, having to rebuild the fans confidence and or switching the fan base from Anglo to a more diverse ethnicity. Writer George Plimpton, summarized baseball with this passage in Ken Burns Ninth Inning, “It’s always been our great game. Pastime is a funny word for it is not a pastime it has to do with the spirit of the people.” From inception, the great American game of baseball was deemed America’s national pastime. It basically is the same game as earlier versions in the eighteen century and Americans can still claim it as their own, although it is going global with major league teams doing business and recruiting in the Dominican Republic, Japan, Venezuela, South Africa and other locations. Baseball also has to compete with fans of golf, football, basketball, soccer and NASCAR for the attention of fans. Baseball may not be...
Words: 1576 - Pages: 7
...The internet has changed how organizations conduct business. Within moments information exchange occurs and a profit is made. It has changed how crimes are investigated and solved by law enforcement agencies. Unfortunately, it has also changed how criminals conduct their crimes- through cyberspace. President Obama, Sony executives, Target organization and many of its’ customers have all been victims of some form of cyber crimes. This writer will provide a brief overview of the six types of cybercrimes and the economic loss as it affects America’s businesses. TYPES OF CYBER CRIME The growth and availability of technology has resulted in cyber attacks becoming a major concern for governments worldwide (Dzielinski, 2014). Small companies along with the larger corporations are now being targeted. A recent survey reported that more than one-third of small companies have been victims of some form of cyber attacks (Dzielinski, 2014). Approximately 75 percent of these companies were unable to recover their stolen data. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has classified cyber crimes into six categories; fraud, computer trespassing, hardware hijacking, bullying-harassment-stalking, spam, and cyber warfare. Financial fraud is considered to be the most common of the six cyber attacks. The Target Corporation, the third largest U.S. retailer, and its customers were affected in 2013 (Target Corporation, 2013). Despite in place security measures, Target failed to detect...
Words: 1600 - Pages: 7
...Hamada K, Sasaki T, Koni PA, Natsui M, Kishimoto H, Sasaki J, Yajima N, Horie, Y, Hasegawa G, Naito M, Miyazaki J, Suda T, Itoh H, Nakao K, Wah Mak T, Nakano T, Suzuki A. 2005. The Pten/pI3k pathway governs normal vascular development and tumor angiogenesis. Genes Dev. 19:2054-2065. Jennifer Y. 2002. Genetic Variation in a Population. Animal Sciences. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. Lee CS, Orci L, Hamamoto S, Futal E, Ravazzola M, Schekman R. 2005. Sar1p n-terminal helix initiates membrane curvature and completes the fission of a copii vesicle. Cell. 122(4):605-617 Robinson R. 2003. Genetics. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. Wilmoth B, Lerner K. 2003. World of microbiology and immunology. Detroit: Gale. Yachie1 A, NiidaY, Wada T, Igarashi N, Kaneda H, Toma T, Ohta K, Kasahara Y, Koizumi S. 1999. Oxidative stress causes enhanced endothelial cell injury in human heme oxygenase-1 deficiency. J. Clin. Invest....
Words: 256 - Pages: 2
...Ethical issues regarding the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports In the history of 20th century sports, specifically in the post World War 2 era, there has been an ever increasing use of performance enhancing drugs in all avenues of sport. Sports have become money making machine for both athletes and big business and the “win at all costs” attitude which has permeated itself into all aspects of professional and college level athletics. Winners make money, losers don’t. The temptation of fame, notoriety and million dollar contracts in all venues of sport is a lure for many athletes. Elite professional athletes are worshiped in today’s society. This paper will elaborate on the use of performance enhancing drugs in the sporting world and the associated sports ethical issues. It is a majority belief in all sporting circles that the “true” spirit of sportsmanship does not allow any aspect of performance enhancing drugs. There are several arguments both in favor and against the use of performance enhancing drugs which will be presented and discussed in this paper. While addressing this ethical issue, we need to define the term ethics. Ethics can be defined as the socially accepted norms and values. These norms and values are varied from society to society and are based on culture and tradition. Ethics also could be defined as the unsaid, un-written and understood laws that prevail in a society. Ethics also cover what is right and what is wrong in society and teaches...
Words: 4511 - Pages: 19
...Term Paper Object Oriented Programming CSE202 Topic: Fast Food Automation system. Submitted to: Submitted by: Er. Jaspreet Kaur Diksha Keshri K1001A08 11007015 Introduction This is a mini project of object oriented programming named as “Fast Food Automation”. In this project I have used many header files like <iostream.h>, <stdlib.h>, <process.h>.This project offers many cuisine option like Southindian, Chinese, Italian. Various Classes have been made in this project that contains various type of food, the number of food ordered, the display function that shows pricelist of the respective cuisine ,it’s member function offers option for user to select food ,and after selecting a food ,the function ask whether the user wish to continue the respective cuisine or wish to go to the main menu that controls the whole program. The main menu contains the various option like 1.Place an order. 2Billing. 3Quit. In order section there are various cuisine option like southindian,Punjabi,italain,Chinese,etc.This option offers a great variety for the customers . This program helps the shopkeeper to show various menu available to the customer and can take order with the help of program and can also generate the bill of the various cuisines. This Project is made in Devc++ compiler. In this project I have used file handling to store the bill of every session. ...
Words: 2866 - Pages: 12
...To what extent is winning the motivation for athletes to take performance enhancing drugs despite the risks involved? Abstract Drugs in sport is an ongoing problem which I believe will never be completely abolished from the sporting world. We have definitely come a long way since the early days of drug use with the introduction of governing bodies such ad WADA to help control the testing of athletes and the detection of illegal substances, however I do not think we will be able to completely remove this ’drug culture’ from the sporting world. Therefore having experienced first-hand the drug testing practices involved in detection after competing in the world youth championships this year I was interested to look into the motivation behind athletes who choose to cheat and risk their future career both athletically and their career after retirement having been branded as a 'cheat’ within their sport. I will do this by looking into the history of drug use in sport and the enhancements the drugs provide to performance to try to understand why athletes risk their careers to simply win. Contents | | Abstract | 2 | Introduction | 2 | Drugs in sport; a modern problem? | 3 | Drugs in sport: what are they? * Amphetamines * Anabolic steroids * EPO * Diuretics * Caffeine | 3-6 | Drugs in sport: health...
Words: 3937 - Pages: 16
...people around them. During the tonic portion of the seizure, the person loses consciousness, they may collapse into whatever or whomever may be around. The stiffening of the muscles can cause the person to bite their tongue or lip. Muscle contractions can also cause the hand to squeeze down and crush whatever is in it. When the person wakes up, usually after one to three minutes, they will be lost and can even be embarrassed (Orrin, 2013). This is because a discharge in their brain has caused a malfunction. During 1975-76 Wada and Osawa induced seizures in a baboon. To observe what was happening in the brain, they used an electroencephalogram (EEG) machine to monitor the discharges and electrical activities in the brain. To start the grand mal seizure in the baboon, they stimulated the pyriform and orbital cortices in the amygdala (Speckmann, 1983). The amygdala is the area of the brain that processes fear and relates emotions to memories (Marieb, 2014). Wada and Osawa noticed that the surges in these frontal areas of the brain had rhythmic patterns. Discharges crept into the central areas of the cerebral cortex. As the convulsions started, the discharges moved towards the midbrain into the hippocampus and reticular formation (Speckmann, 1983). While the hippocampus deals with memory, the reticular formation is the area that arouses the brain and keeps the person in the state of being awake (Marieb, 2014). These discharges were also rhythmic with the jolts in the hippocampus...
Words: 1232 - Pages: 5
