...“Is The Gender Pay Difference Due Largely To Gender Or Are There Other Reasons? Introduction: Are men and women different in terms of workplace behavior, job performance, leadership style, or commitment? Are the differences significant? It’s generally accepted that from the moment of birth , boys and girls are treated differently. Some people still believe that there are creativity, reasoning, and learning ability differences between the sexes. Research has shown that “men and women are generally similar in terms of learning ability, memory, reasoning ability, creativity, and intelligence“. In a study of the preferred leadership style of male and female leaders in 27 countries, it was reported that female managers prefer participative, team oriented, and charismatic leadership dimensions more than males. (2) When society emphasized the difference between the sexes and treated them differently, there were some differences in social behavior. But as society places more emphasis on equal opportunity and treatment, many differences are likely to disappear. Men and women are becoming more alike in terms of workplace behavior. Discrimination against women manifests itself in various forms, including, job segregation, wage gap, denial of career development opportunities, and lack of promotion opportunities. There are some questions that both sides of the debate attempt to answer: whether gender is the main factor in pay differences? or women are not paid lower than men due to...
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...Discrimination in the labor market University of Minho, Braga, Portugal June 2012 SUMMARY This paper analyzes three types of discrimination (age, sexual orientation, gender and race) in the labor market in the different countries all over the world. The results show that the skin color discrimination is the most widespread type of discrimination followed by the sexual orientation discrimination. Unexpected result was about gender discrimination which is the least likely in the EU but the evidence indicates that sex discrimination remains a possible explanation of the unexplained gender pay gap between men and women. Key words: labor market, discrimination, women, skin color, sexual orientation. JEL: J71 Introduction It’s all about the money, isn’t it nowadays? We need to buy our food, pay our bills and educate our children. Money is the “necessity bad” today. But even in our modern, global, without barriers world, world in which they teach us that everything is possible, there is still big inequity. The chance for some people to achieve job and to feed their families is much lower than to the others. Even nowadays not only dream and ambitions are enough. When it comes for having a job and building career there is also comes the problem with discrimination in the labor market. This topic is one of the most difficult for researches and usually is hard to be proved that this still exists nowadays. In the following paper we will discuss discrimination in the labor...
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...Discrimination Over the last 60 years, women have seen their rights evolve and improve; however, many believe the separation between man and woman is still too great especially when it comes to discrimination in the workplace. Today, in the workplace, women face inequality in pay, ability to receive promotions, and ability to obtain a leadership or executive position. Women on average earn .77 to every $1 a man earns and face discrimination and are often overlooked for promotions. In addition, even successful women tend to hit a “glass ceiling” when it comes to receiving leadership roles and executive positions. Women in executive positions also, on average, earn less than men in comparable executive positions. While legislation has been put in place to eliminate workplace discrimination, many believe that it has not done enough and the inequality that exists is still too prevalent. Women saw their rights increase in 1964 when Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This Act is the most important piece of anti-discriminatory legislation in history, as it was a major starting point in ending discrimination. This Act ended discrimination on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, and gender and required equal access to employment with the creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The EEOC regulates workplace discrimination and “Made it unlawful for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate...
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...socially. There is no justification for this, but it happens. Feminism is the approach to issues of equality and equity based on gender, gender expression, gender identity, sex, and sexuality as seen through social theories and political activism. Through feminism and social change, our society has made a big impact on how we view women since the beginning of time. Only 23 percent of women and 16 percent of men consider themselves feminists even though 82 percent of both genders believe in equality. Issues such as pay wage gaps, rape culture and even gender stereotyping are still a big reoccurring problem in our day to day lives. Gender stereotypes are overgeneralizations...
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...Gender Inequality in Workplace In Partial Fulfillment of the Subject Gender and Development The Philippine Women’s University Submitted by: GINEZ, ZEL A. Table of Contents Title Page 1.1 Table of Contents 1.2 Introduction 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Related Literature and Studies 1.5 Conclusion 1.6 Recommendation 1.7 References 1.8 Introduction The researcher thought about something on how to have a new knowledge about on what’s happening in a work place if it has a gender inequality. Then the researcher conducted a research and found a lot of unfair treatment happens when a workplace has a gender inequality. This is to determine the significance of having a gender inequality in the work place. It can be also a way to open the minds of the others about having a gender inequality in the work place. Some of the other people really don’t have any idea about gender inequality towards the work place. Sometimes the other people just have a knowledge only when they see or hear it on the news. This research might help the other students or individuals to be more knowledgeable about this topic. It might help the other people who is facing the same problem on their workplaces. Though you’re just a student maybe someday it can make a very big difference towards it. Questions 1. Does the other student know about gender inequality towards in a work place? 2. Does the other people really...
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...65-82 ISSN 2152-1034 Gender Compensation Discrimination: An Exploration of Gender Compensation Gap and the Higher Education Connection Judith E. Grey-Bowen, Miami-Dade County Public Schools Donovan A. McFarlane, The Donovan Society LLC and Frederick Taylor University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the gender gap and the potential factors that contribute to income inequality. Since the passing of the equal pay act, the median weekly earnings of women is still just seventy eight cents on each dollar that men earn (Center for American Progress, 2010). To put this in context, the pay gap in 1970 was sixty two cents and in 1992 it was seventy five cents (Institute for Women’s Research, 1993). Undervaluation of women’s work, occupational gender segregation, and discriminatory treatment in the workplace continue to hamper efforts to reduce the gender pay gap. A pay check is women’s and men’s most important source of income. Therefore, it is surprising, discriminatory and unfair to know that after both genders have worked satisfactorily on the same job; they do not receive the same pay. The gender pay gap is the best way to measure pay inequality between men and women. The authors discuss Gender Compensation Discrimination and examine the historical trends in pay difference, the various causes and the methods and paths considered for closing the Gender Compensation Gap. Key words: Gender Compensation Discrimination, Gender Compensation Gap, Equality, Rights and...
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...Monroe Sherman Women and Gender in American Society Rough Draft 4/14/16 There’s a proven history of gender affecting differences in pay as well as promotions in America. With no concrete reason, I find myself confused about why for so long this fact has remained to be true; why gender stereotypes affect the business world. This topic sparked my interest really because I’m a student at the McGowan School of Business where both genders are oozing with potential to do great things after college. Despite us graduating from the same school, it’s safe to say that a good portion of my woman counterparts will face gender inequality at some point in their careers. The sources I found were those that I believe will help dig into the reason for gender inequality in the workplace. The article that sparked my research was by Ariel Smilowitz titled, “For U.S. Women, Inequality Takes Many Forms”. She points out how gender stereotypes have not only affected wage gaps but also the percentage of those living in poverty. The article lets us as Americans know that although yes, there have been strides towards a gender equal America, there’s still a long way to go. In a sense, you could say the article removes the blindfolds of us believing that everything is okay, shedding light on how the business world has been unfair for decades. Our generation and maybe the one following still won’t live to see true gender equality. Of my sources the most important one to me is Kerry Spalding’s, “Do Women...
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...speculations on why women make less money, some say it is because men are the providers for their family, or because many women don’t work full time because they have a family to take care of at home. There is also other research about racial discrimination playing a role in the pay gap as well. Every state is a little different and has developed a little bit differently. Some states still have racial problems, some still believe that it is a man’s job to bring home the money to support a household and some do feel that men and women are close to being equal. With that being said every state has a different pay gap between men and women. “The best place in the United States for pay equity is Washington, D.C., where women were paid 91 percent of what men were paid in 2013. At the other end of the spectrum is Louisiana, the worst state in the country for pay equity, where women were paid just 66 percent of what men were paid.” (Hill, 2015) This shows how the wage gap varies, and even though in Washington D.C. women make 91 cent to every dollar that a man makes that still adds up to quite a bit of money over a lifetime. “Over a 40-year working career, the average woman loses $431,000 as the result of the wage gap.” (Glynn, 2012) At this rate a woman misses out on over $10,000 a year strictly based off of the fact that she is a female. $10,000 may not seem like a huge amount, but think about it, an extra $850.00 per month would help out anyone, and that fact that is works out to over...
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...REFERENCES 1. Ashton, Deborah. "What HR Can Do to Fix the Gender Pay Gap." Harvard Business Review. Harvard Business Review, 02 Dec. 2014. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. 2. What We're Watching in the Gender Wage Gap. (2010, September 1). Retrieved October 8, 2015. 3. Neale, M. (2015, June 29). More Reasons Women Need to Negotiate Their Salaries. Retrieved October 8, 2015. 4. Maatz, L. (2014, April 5). The Awful Truth Behind the Gender Gap. Retrieved October 9, 2015. 5. Smith, K. (2014, April 10). The Gender Pay Gap Is Just the Beginning of America's Pay Inequity Problem. Retrieved October 9, 2015. 6. The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap (Fall 2015) (AAUW: Empowering Women Since 1881) 7. Mind the Gap: How One Employer Tackled Pay Equity. (n.d.). Retrieved October 9, 2015. 1. It’s no secret that women are paid less than men, even when occupations are held constant, and even when those occupations are high-pay and high-skill. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median weekly earning for American female physicians working full-time is $1,497, while for men it is $2,087. A 2013 BLS report shows pay inequity by occupation for women of all races: women in architecture and engineering occupations earn 83.7% to the dollar in comparison to men and in computer and mathematical occupations 81% to the dollar in comparison to men. When Forbes analyzed 2012 median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers data from BLS for the top-paying professions...
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...Final Paper Introduction In this paper we will be exploring and analyzing the disciplines of business communication and organizational leadership. In regards to these disciplines we will be looking at their history, three bachelor’s degree programs, 3 masters programs, hot topics in these fields and also be looking at peer reviewed articles in these fields. We will also use these disciplines to investigate the real-world challenge of the gender pay gap by using existing peer-reviewed literature of Business Communication and Organizational Leadership. “Some scholars see business communication as a hybrid discipline with broad theoretical traditions in rhetorical theory, communication theory and management theory making business communication the intersect of such (Shaw, 1993: Smeltzer, Glab & Golden, 1983); while other argue that to identify the field of business communication the conceptual problematic underlying its intellectual inquiry should be examined, rather than by its instructional practices or vocabulary (Murphy, 1988). It seems that research on this subject started in 1993 with Dulek, R.E. 1993). Models of development: Business school and business communication, there are also text book themes that have emerged from 1910 to 1974. Familiar items that have emerged are: human relations and consumer behavior” In order to get a business communication degree from ASU a person must take an array of different courses. Someone must take communications courses, managements...
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...[Type the company name] | Gender discrimination in workplace in Pakistan | Research Methods | | HIRA ARSHAD | 3/30/2013 | [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | Introduction: Nature has always maintained a balance in the objects of this world in order garnish it with a beauty, and so it produced a balancing factor for each and every object. These balancing factors vary in the proportion of the support they provide to their counterpart. In the very same context, ALLAH created man and woman as the supporting counterparts for each other. When a baby boy is born in a family, everyone congratulates the parents but if it is found out that the baby is a girl, the reaction is opposite, there is no happiness, either the baby is killed or accepted with least happiness. Gender discrimination is something in which a woman is discriminated and given less rights and opportunities as compared to males. Importance of the study with respect to the world: Gender discrimination has been a problem not just in this era but since the beginning of humanity. It doesn’t matter that which part of the world we look at, we will always find that woman are at the disadvantage. The major drawback is that this problem has become so common that it is considered normal now and accepted as a part...
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...reach the top in any business today. Even in recent years, after some progress regarding women’s advancements in corporate settings has been made, it is found that only one tenth of the senior roles in companies are filled by women. The idea of the glass ceiling started in the 1980’s, when the phrase was used in multiple different books to describe an invisible barrier imposed on people because of race, gender, or any other “limiting” factors that may socially inhibit one from reaching their goal (Lewis). This is a socially constructed limit on these people, and is very prominent in corporate environments. When the Americans were asked if most people thought that barrier has been broken, 86 percent thought that the glass ceiling has not yet been broken, if even cracked (Lewis). Women’s salary, rank, and reputation in the workforce has consistently changed over the years. Fair treatment at the office has been a constant struggle for women in today’s society. Breaking...
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...TRIDENT UNIVERSITY Module 1 Case Assignment MGT 501: Management and Organizational Behavior Dr. August 17, 2011 ABSTRACT Has anyone ever really been satisfied with their chosen job, career choice, and an anticipated promotion or being bored with certain levels of achievement? It is difficult dealing with employee’s attitude and wondering if he or she is or is not satisfied on the job and also wondering if his or her level of motivation toward success is being achieved to produce at the level the company needs to succeed. These areas are studied in what is called the three gaps between HR practice and the scientific research in the area of employee attitudes in general and the most focal is employee attitude in particular what promotes job satisfaction. I will attempt to explain the three gaps described in HR practices according to the article by Lise M. Saari titled “Employee Attitudes and Job Satisfaction” are the causes of employee’s attitudes, the results of positive or negative job satisfaction, and how to measure and influence employee attitudes. This paper will also explain how and to which extent research on job satisfaction resolves each of the three gaps, and I will use at least two examples to show where do the gaps still exist and how future research on job satisfaction can help to close these gaps? GAP ONE: ATTITUDES The dispositional influence correlates to Maslow’s theory of an individual needs. Other than the principles needs of a human, food...
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...Women in the workplace: Obstacles they may never overcome For decades, women have been striving for gender equality in the workplace. Since then, there have been several laws that have been passed to project and protect gender equality. One of these laws is the Employment Non-Discrimination Act, and this law prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Although these laws are enacted, many places of employment do not implement these laws. Because of this, gender equality in the workforce has been very delayed, and women are still struggling for equality. The feminist movement has been ongoing for several decades, and although the movement has made tremendous strides towards total gender equality in the workplace, there are some barriers that will never be overcome such as salary differences, gender stereotypes, and anatomical differences. What is Discrimination, and how does it affect women in the workplace? The legislation defines discrimination as treating one person in a less favorable way than another person (“overview…”). In the workplace discrimination is evident in all areas of work. Discrimination can range from unequal pay to sexual harassment. More specifically discrimination can be based off of 9 grounds: gender, civil status, family status, sexual orientation, religion, age, disability, race, and membership of the traveler community (“overview…”). Women in particular often experience this discrimination when trying to obtain a job...
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...Dominique Hollie Professor Bitzenhofer December 2, 2016 Texas Government 2306 - 014 Equality of Pay It is interesting to realize how anybody can go to the store, see a male and female cashier who both have been working at the store for 7 years, both work equally as hard and even sometimes the female will work harder than the male. Little do people know, is that the female, like many others in the United States, especially in Texas, are only receiving 77% of what her fellow male co worker is making. Currently in Texas, employers are protected by a pay equity policy called the Fair Pay Act of 2013. They are also pending the Fair Minimum Wage act to raise minimum wage in which the costs from $8.20 would rise to $9.15 after one year and...
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