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IP v6
Introduction:
IPv6 or IP version 6 is the next generation Internet protocol which will eventually replace the current protocol IPv4.it is the communication protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). IPv6 has a number of improvements and simplifications when compared to IPv4. The primary difference is that IPv6 uses 128 bit addresses as compared to the 32 bit addresses used with IPv4. This means that there are more available IP addresses using IPv6 than are available with IPv4 alone. For a very clear comparison, in IPv4 there is a total of 4,294,967,296 IP addresses. With IPv6, there is a total of 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 IP addresses in a single /64 allocation. Many operating have native IPv6 support nowadays. IPv6 provides other technical benefits in addition to a larger addressing spaceIPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits with the groups being separated by colons, for example 2001:0db8:0000:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334, but methods to abbreviate this full notation exist. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is being worked on to be as seamless as possible, and many might not even notice the subtle changes in the coming years.
Requirements of IPv6:
All software must support IPv4 and IPv6 and be able to communicate over IPv4-only, IPv6-only and dual-stack networks. If software includes network parameters in its local or remote server settings, it should also support configuration of IPv6 parameters. All features that are offered over IPv4 must also be available over IPv6. The user should not experience any noticeable difference when software is communicating over IPv4 or IPv6, unless this is providing explicit benefit to the user. IPv6 availability depends on your Service Provider, either at home or for work. In a dual-stack environment, IPv4 and IPv6 co-exist along the same connection and don't require any special kind of connection. If dual-stack is not available, you might find yourself using an IP tunneling product or service to bring IPv6 connectivity to you. Even though IPv4 exhaustion has happened at IANA, IPv4 won't simply disappear off the face of the Internet, but continued explosive growth requiring more unique IP address assignments will mean using more and more of the abundant IPv6 address space. The UNIX based platforms like Linux, BSD (Free, Open, Net) & MacOSX have had IPv6 support enabled for years now. Microsoft Windows starting having native IPv6 support enabled by default with its Vista and Windows 2008 products. Earlier Windows versions like 2000/2003/XP had to have it installed optionally, and did not have as robust features that are available in the newer versions of Windows. Even common web browsing and email software will use IPv6 if it is enabled and available, without having to check off an option or special configuration
Configuration:
Ipv6 can configure by Stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC)which means that IPv6 hosts can configure themselves automatically when connected to an IPv6 network using the Neighbor Discovery Protocol via Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) router discovery messages. When first connected to a network, a host sends a link-local router solicitation multicast request for its configuration parameters; routers respond to such a request with a router advertisement packet that contains Internet Layer configuration parameters. If IPv6 stateless address autoconfiguration is unsuitable for an application, a network may use stateful configuration with the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6 (DHCPv6) or hosts may be configured manually using static methods. On the other hand The fast Ethernet interfaces (F0/0 And F0/1) of routers R1, R2 And R3 are IPv6 enabled with IPv6 address of format eui-64. There are two basic steps used to activate IPv6 on a Cisco router: i. First, you must activate IPv6 traffic-forwarding on the router, ii. then you must configure each interface that requires IPv6
When a network router interface is configured with an ipv6 address, a link-local address will be configured automatically for the interface. You must specify the entire 128-bit IPv6 address or specify to use the 64-bit prefix by using the eui-64 option.

The above diagram is the ipv6 address configuration example which shows that router1 is shown connected to an IPv6 WAN to router2 with the a subnet prefix address of 2001:db8:3c4d:2::/64.
Compatibility with IPV4:
The biggest for ipv6 is It's not backwards compatible. The Internet engineering community says its biggest mistake in developing IPv6 a long-anticipated upgrade to the Internet's main communications protocol - is that it lacks backwards compatibility with the existing Internet Protocol, known as IPv4. Originally, IPv6 developers envisioned a scenario where end-user devices and network backbones would operate IPv4 and IPv6 side-by-side in what’s called dual-stack mode. However, they didn’t take into account that some IPv4 devices would never be upgraded to IPv6, and that some all-IPv6 networks would need to communicate with IPv4-only devices or content.but with the lack of address space of IPV4 it will run out of time and all users will be using IPV6 because IPV4 uses 32-bit addresses and can support approximately 4.3 billion individually addressed devices on the Internet. IPv6, on the other hand, uses 128-bit addresses and can support so many devices that only a mathematical expression - 2 to the 128th power - can quantify its size. However, in most respects, IPv6 is an extension of IPv4. Most transport and application-layer protocols need little or no change to operate over IPv6; exceptions are application protocols that embed Internet-layer addresses, such as FTP and NTP, where the new address format may cause conflicts with existing protocol syntax.
Communication between between terminals:
An IPv6 transition mechanism is a technology that facilitates the transitioning of the Internet from the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) infrastructure in use since 1981 to the successor addressing and routing system of Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). As IPv4 and IPv6 networks are not directly interoperable, transition technologies are designed to permit hosts on either network type to communicate with any other host.To meet its technical criteria, IPv6 must have a straightforward transition plan from the current IPv4.The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) conducts working groups and discussions through the IETF Internet Drafts and Requests for Comments processes to develop these transition technologies towards that goal. And Some basic IPv6 transition mechanisms are defined in RFC 4213.The basic approach for permitting all communications is the so-called dual stack IP, where each new host, server, router or other item of equipment dealing with the IP level can support both protocols. In this way, communication between IPv6 terminals takes place directly, while an IPv4/IPv6 terminal which must communicate with an IPv4-only terminal can do so in IPv4. This approach is not particularly burdensome for hosts and servers, as it is a software upgrade which has no significant impact on the system.

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