...As to what actions need to be taken to combat terrorism? For starters, we need to take homeland security as a serious matter. The debates around illegals are distracting us from border and port security matters. We need to better manage the funds in rebuilding Iraq because every (billion) dollar saved can be spent on local security and intelligence efforts. Terrorism must be fought both abroad and at home. Next, we must stop fostering terrorism in the world. We may call them insurgents or terrorists, but we need to be mindful that those same people are hailed as heroes, freedom-fighters, and liberators by many in the Middle East and beyond. Every time a stray bomb blows up women and children, every time a soldier murders an innocent villiager, more freedom-fighters/terrorists are created. To rebuild Iraq, we must put the Iraqi-people-building before nation-building. Finally, we must put freedom ahead of any single idealogy, both domestic and abroad. This means that we must implement security measures without taking away individuals' due process under law, we must not allow any government agency to run amok and terrorize our own citizens. Our mission for freedom must be clear to both our soldiers and people of other nations so it does not appear as if we are fighting for oil and profit. Our mission for freedom must be so pure and true so others are willing to fight alongside with us and not against us. The Buddha and the Terrorist Seaman, Donna. The Booklist 102. 22 ...
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...securitization theory – using the case study of War on terror in Afghanistan (2001-2012) Introduction Security study was in the past regarded as a sub-discipline of international relations underpinned in Anglo-American thinking. Until early 1990s, security studies were considered as a strategic studies focusing on a strong military focus. This traditional view of security involved the protection of the state and a scientific agenda to secure the state from definable threats and maintain the status quo. This is a positivist approach which was based on rationalism and realism. The Copenhagen School presented an alternative view of security studies by responding to the traditional approach of forming a clear sense of ‘what is security’. This approach is defined in three mechanisms: development of sectors approach to security, developing a regional focus on security and critically engendering a social constructivist theory of security through securitization studies. This theory will be the main focus of this discussion. To achieve a critical discussion of what securitization really entails, this paper will use the case study of USA’s war on terrorism in Afghanistan. The approach used by the US government to fight against terrorism in Afghanistan and Iraq can be considered as a securitization approach which has led to a resulted in security problems in the two countries rather than solving the issue. Securitization of USA’s war on Afghanistan can be viewed in three perspectives:...
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...4/2/2016 War on Terrorism Introduction Terrorism was dated back all the way to the first century, were a Jewish group called the Sicarii were willing to kill their enemies and their enemies associates in order to drive out the Roman Ruler from Judea. There was also the Hashhashin who was an Islamic sect who were located in Iran and Syria from the 11th to the 13th century. Though these groups were not consider terrorist in the modern sense, the use of violence to affect politics was a clear sign of terrorism. The word terrorism comes from the Reign of Terror which was started by Maxmilien Robespierre in 1793, following the French revolution. The definition of terrorism is an illegitimate use of force or violence against people and their property and is used to intimidate or persuade a government and its civilian population to advance their interest of political or social objectives. It is very effective tactic for the weaker side of a battle and can change flow or pace of a war. The act of terrorism has been used throughout history to prove dominance to a certain group of people. The war on terrorism affects people and the countries these people live in all around the world in many ways, for example, the war on terrorism effect the economy globally. According to the 2015 Global Terrorism Index, the cost of terrorism to the world was 52.9 billion in 2014, and it was the highest amount since 2001. Not only that the war on terrorism affect the economy, has it also affects people...
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...RUNNING HEAD: TERRORIST AND ASSASSINS Effie Cane ENG 122 Sophie Sills February 25, 2013 There is so much that we do not know or understand about terrorism and assassins. Many things that we may never figure out. This is a subject that I never worried about until that grave day on 9/11. This is when it all really hit me. I was 20 years old and I can remember RUNNING HEAD: TERRORIST AND ASSASSINS someone running into my college course screaming, “They have killed them. They flew the planes into the tower. Oh my God1” From that day on I knew that terrorism was real and we had all been affect. It has become one of the scariest things in American life. A lot of us are left wondering when, how, and why after a terrorist attack. It is my belief that most attacks are because of religious beliefs. I also belief that the affects that these attacks have on our society can be over whelming and devastating. It can cause people to loose love ones and suffer for the rest of their lives. In this paper I will attempt to understand what is going on in the mind of a person who commits such acts. I will also take a good look into the lives of the many people that they affect. Even though terrorism and assassination is not something that we worry about on a daily basis, the fact remains that it is very much real and can become a threat at any time. (Mueller 2006) I found this evident while reading an article written in September/October 2006 by John...
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...Terrorism in the United States Terrorism is like a plague. It has haunted the world as well as the United States for years. It is only currently, in light of what has happened to New York and Washington, been threatened by a nation. This newly found hatred for terrorism is not just from a government, it is from the governed as well. It is not as strait forward as one may think. There are many definitions of terrorism. The definition of terrorism depends mostly on the views and occupations of the people who define it. Scholars, politicians and journalists all define terrorism differently. Words and motivations that define terrorism range from violence and force to racism. Although one well known notion that many people are familiar with is, “one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.” The notion, one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter, over time has become more than a cliché. Senator Henry Jackson commented on this notion at the Jonathan Institute's 1979 conference. The idea that one person's "terrorist" is another's "freedom fighter" cannot be sanctioned. Freedom fighters or revolutionaries don't blow up buses containing non-combatants; terrorist do. . . It is a disgrace that democracies would allow the treasured word "freedom" to be associated with the acts of terrorist. (Netanyahu 18-9) Although there are many definitions of the terrorism, one of the most widely accepted definitions is that of the FBI. The FBI states that terrorism is,...
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...Capstone final project Student’s name Course Title Instructor Date submitted Is United States justified to adopt a first-strike policy against independent nations in war on terrorism? The attack on United States on September 2001 brought the truth and reality of terrorism to the land of America in a way that most people had not imagined. Over three thousand people lost their lives. With that several innocent lives lost, America and other friendly nations joined to condemn terrorism. United States accused Taliban government of Afghanistan of harboring perpetrators. The accusation led the United States to begin military operations in Afghanistan. Many nations accepted the military operations as a justifiable response. The Taliban became an easy target because they were sympathizers of terrorist. After a short successful military operations in Afghanistan, United States turned attention to Iraq. They began to build a case against the regime government of Saddam Hussein. The United States suggested that Iraq had also been supporting terrorist and developing nuclear weapons. It was after those inflammatory suggestions about Iraq that a different debate surrounding military operations in that country started to emerge. In September, 2002, American government published a document titled The National Security Strategy. The President, George Bush, pointed the enemy of twenty century as a shadowy network of individuals who were out to harm the society with inexpensive weapon...
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...preferred. Remember to clearly delineate quotations and paraphrasing through the use of quotation marks or other conventional methods. I. Based on the readings, the greatest deterrent in finding a universal definition of terrorism deals with each countries subjective views of legitimacy. The definition of terrorism seems to be culturally biased with some groups related the legitimacy of terrorism to the person who is carrying out the act and not the act itself. The interesting part is that the idea of moral is questionable to some countries. Prior to the attacks of 9/11, the major difference between the Us’s definition of terrorism was the absence of the term “weapons of mass destruction” which is now prvelant in our anti terror agenda. In the years following the attack on September 11 the idea of terrorism, primarily in the US, has been seen as based on a political agenda. I choose to look a the United States’ definition or terrorism as well as the Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism’s definition of terrorism. In 1998, the Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism was already addressing an issue that other countries in the world wouldn’t focus on heavily until the beginning of the War on Terrorism following 9/11. There definition does not specify a specific agenda or threat and focuses on the advancement of any criminal agenda. I found this particularly interesting being that the media puts so much emphasis on the political connection...
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...he goes home to Lianne, Keith’s exwife and wants to get back together with her. They resume their in disjointed fragments, a form of cohabitation. The novel is, especially in a non-US context, an interesting description and interpretation of what the terrorist attacks meant for the New Yorker’s self-understanding. The terrorist attack splits, like the kind of catastrophic events tend to make the world into a before and an after. “It was no longer a street, but a world, a time and space of falling ash and near night. (...) The roar was still in the air, the fall along curved rumbling. This was the world now. ..” The downfall, the catastrophic dust chaos, is in the novel structure also a new beginning, and Keith's appearance in Liannes doorway is a violent return from the dead: "When he stood in the doorway, it was not possible, a man come out of an ash storm, nothing but blood and slag, which stank of something burnt, with pinpoint glimpses of shattered glass in his face." Keith's return after the terrorist attacks becomes a crucial event that puts the protagonists' lives upside down. But unlike the traditional magazine layout of such experiences where they bring those involved back to some original and traditional family values with cooperation and presence, Keith disaster experience affects him in an equally destructive way. Although he returns to Lianne and has a lot of time to be with their son, Justin. Sadly, the experience also makes him unable to maintain human relationships...
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...issues affect a large number of people around the world, directly or indirectly. It is estimated that some 1.1 billion people are affected currently by violent conflict or at extremely high risk of being affected in the future. The persistence of conflict has ripple effect far and wide. These issues have prompted world leaders to initiate new measures, spearheaded by the U.S. under the Bush Administration after the attack on September 11, 2001. Today, one complex issue that has been around for a long time is terrorism. Modern terrorism has become a global issue that has hit our own country here in the United States. Terrorism defined as, is the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes or the state of fear and submission produced by terrorism or terrorization. (Dictionary.com) Also, there could be sub categories that terrorism can fall under; political psychological coercive dynamic and deliberate. There are many types of terrorism that are seen throughout the world today. These examples are, but are not exclusive to the following; state terrorism, nuclear terrorism, narcoterrorism, ecoterrorism, cyberterrorism and bioterrorism. Also there are many different types of terrorist groups; National Liberation, Left Wing Revolutionary, Islamic and State Sponsors of Terrorism. Terrorism has become a part of everyday culture with bombings and assassinations throughout the world. It may seem like isolated attacks, but they show how society...
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...2001 members of Al Qaeda were able to take over US planes in an act of terrorism. Two of the planes struck the Twin Towers in New York and caused them to fall taking many lives in the process. Another plane struck the Pentagon and caused damage and casualties. The last plane was on its way to another attack when it abruptly crashed in a field in Pennsylvania and killed all passengers and terrorists on board.9/11 attacks were orchestrated by Al Qaeda in a move to disrupt the Western economies and to strike fear in our country and the world. It was a form of both economic and social terrorism. As well, the attackers intended to impose the direct and secondary costs on the target nation, the United States. Other nations in the western hemisphere were also part of the target and felt the burden of this attack. The attacks caused immense damage in terms of physical infrastructure as well as loss of lives and earnings. The effects caused many families to lose their earnings, and also slowed down the growth of the global economy. Capital losses were experienced in the stock markets around the world as well. Some of the effects included higher insurance and shipping costs. On the other hand, it had a massive impact on public confidence. It affected tourism and travel in a great way. The effects led to the invasion of two nations, Iraq and Afghanistan and meant the beginning of the global war on terrorism. To this day the war in Afghanistan is still going on. In the wake of...
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...Organizations CRM 363,professor Ryan Burchnell The Role of the Intelligence Community in the Exploitation of Weaknesses in Terrorist Organizations Ways to help prevent terrorism Cherie Sterling 6/8/2012 Abstract This paper will let you in on what is going on in the intelligence community today and what they are doing to stop the war on terror with all the different agencies and what theories they are using to help fight this battle/war. The role of the intelligence community/agency plays a huge part in the exploitation of weakness among terrorist organizations. In this paper we will see how there are many different theories on how the intelligence community can help stop terrorism or at least calm it down. Also to see how the different intelligence agency work together to help stop the war on terror. We all know that terrorism will probably never completely end, but if we are willing to understand and take charge of the problem at hand maybe, we come to some sort of resolution amongst all the countries. Intelligence agency has been working behind the scenes for many years without any public knowledge on fighting the war on terror. Intelligence agency is behind the scenes type of people they are not out on the battlefield fighting the war so to speak. The intelligence agency is a very tight knit community that works very close with one another they talk with each other and learn from one another. There are...
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...What is Terrorism? By: James Morris Terrorism Terrorism is political phenomenon by which offenders threaten or use violence on civilians with the intent of exploiting fear. It can be defined as substitute classification of political violence. A quote by Sloan (2006) states “Terrorism is intentional violent acts carried out by nonstate actors against noncombatants with the purpose of effecting a political response.” In our society, the term terrorism is a method or strategy to effect political change in an area. Terrorism can be seen as crime, exploitation of fear, and a form of warfare (Lutz, 2005). Since the 1700’s, history has always kept record of the different types of violence our world has faced. And with terrorism it comes with consequences. (Sloan, 2006). A quote by Moghaddam & Marsella (2004) says “It is usually perpetrated by groups utilizing warfare, due to the fact that they are unable to gain advantage while using conventional methods.” Terrorism as Crime The relationship between the terrorism and crime are both equally considered as wrong doing. Traditionally, within the legal system of the United States, domestic terrorism is treated as a criminal act (Bender & Leone, 1986). It is directed toward civilians for the purpose of inducing fear, dread, and terror. Lutz states (2005) “The focus would be on collection of evidence that would be used in court to prosecute those accused of threats or acts of terrorism.” In a sense, all terrorism can be...
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...The Affects of Terrorism James Wilford HIS/145 December 3, 2012 Senitra Upton The Affects of Terrorism Terrorism, the heinous acts of an individual or group whose purpose is to create fear for religious, political, or ideological goals by deliberately targeting or disregarding the safety of non –combatant civilians has heightened the security of the nations abroad. Terrorism when looked at through a historical point of view has always been present throughout the world, but mainly stronger in the Middle Eastern countries such as Israel, Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Lebanon. The three main reason why terrorist activity is considered heavier in these areas are due to ethnic groups that are not able to get along because of their difference in religious beliefs, the need to protect their oil from the interest of the Western countries, and “the need to extract or purge all imperialists, infidels, or those who challenge their interest and from this is where we have terrorism escalating to international levels” (The North States Emergency Consortium). In the mind of a terrorist when planning or conducting terrorist acts is to choose places where they can avoid detection or capture before and after their attack, “others are willing to commit suicide in order to carry out an attack against a much more secure target” (The North States Emergency Consortium). Normally, the places that are selected are institutions were the disaster would bring about large-scale losses of life, widespread...
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...decides to partake in terrorism. This paper will examine three theoretical models that may have some utility in explaining why an individual might decide to be involved in terrorist activities. One reason why a person would involve themselves with terrorist acts is theorized by Gottredson and Hirschi's Self-control Theory, in that, those individuals with low self-control are more likely to be influenced and involved with participating in terrorist acts. A second reason why a person may chose to be involved with terrorist acts is described by Wikstrom's Situational Action Theory; that there's a situational mechanism linking person and environment to actions. In other words, an individual's perceptions of action alternatives are influenced by that person's morality and executive capabilities. A third, and final reason as to why an individual might involve themselves in terrorist activities, is Stryker's idea of Identity Theory. It explains social behavior in terms of the reciprocal relations between self and society. In other words, society affects social behavior through its influence on self. This in turn will help explain why a person would commit a terrorist act. It is important to first define exactly what is meant by the word terrorism. Once there is an understanding of the definition of terrorism, then it will be easier to understand the theories stated above as to why an individual commits terrorist acts. According to Robert Kumamoto, terrorism, "is the threat or...
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...Global Crimes Analysis University of Phoenix Cynthia Butler CJA/394 April 16, 2012 This paper will identify the various major global crimes and criminal issues that affect national and international criminal justice systems and processes. In addition, there will be a comparison and contrast of the different criminal justice systems and how they have addressed major global crimes and criminal issues. Global crime is an issue that threatens the safety and security of people all over the world. Global crime can be international drug smuggling operations, human trafficking, or international prostitution rings. Weapons trading are also a problem that exists all over the world. There are always concerns of rogue nations selling nuclear weapons to other nations that do not follow the guidelines of the world community. In the international community, human trafficking has become an issue that is spiraling out of control. The "International Trafficking" (2010) website cites that victims of this crime are usually trafficked both within the countries borders and inside other countries borders. Human trafficking happens in different ways, sex trafficking occurs all over the world, while Burma traffics children to be soldiers. The trafficking crimes are not contained to other countries as Florida has been known to have forced labor practices within the citrus fields. Lucas (2011) addresses the difficulties in securing weapons caches that can be...
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