...Warfare: An Invention- Not a Biological Necessity In the passage, Mead argues that warfare is something that is invented. Not just something that occurs because of human nature. Now to be clear, she isn’t just talking about War that happens between countries. She’s talking about the race war, class war, nationalistic war, and so on. She defines warfare in the passage as “organized conflict between two groups as groups, in which each group puts an army into the field to fight and kill, if possible, some of the members of the army of the other group.” Mead argues that warfare is more of an invention and not a necessity. She states this because a necessity is something that is needed and therefore would be occurring all over the world. But warfare doesn’t exist throughout the entire world. Mead feels that the people who believe that warfare is a necessity tend to be more aggressive because they believe this is will help them achieve full human stature. However, she uses some examples of where warfare is irrelevant to certain cultures. Eskimos and the Lepchas of Sikkim are discussed in this passage. She states that “Neither of these peoples understands war, not even the defensive warfare.” The Eskimos are a great example to support her argument though. Just because they aren’t involved in warfare doesn’t mean they aren’t a hostile bunch. There would be fights, thefts of wives, murder, and sometimes even cannibalism that occurred among them. These men are driven to the brink of...
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...The Necessity of the Atomic Bombs in World War II On August 6th, 1945, the first atomic bomb intended to kill man was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan by the United States of America. Three days later, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, in hopes to force Japan to finally surrender. There is much controversy, even to this day, as to whether to deployment of the first atomic bombs were warranted and absolutely necessary. While the bombings did end the treacherous World War II, they ended up killing over 240,000 people. While Samuel J. Walker, a World War II historian, claims that “The fundamental issue that has divided scholars over a period of nearly four decades is whether the use of the bomb was necessary to achieve victory in the war in the Pacific on terms satisfactory to the United States”, the debate also boils down to other factors, such as the fact that it was part of the total warfare that began in WWII, it was more desirable than invasion, and it actually saved lives but hastily ending the war. Arguments against the bombing of Japan revolve around the inherent morality of the atomic bomb, especially considering Japan’s underdeveloped nuclear advancements and the actual necessity of the Atomic bombs. The two atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan were absolutely necessary despite the immorality because of Japan’s refusal to surrender, the bombs ended up saving more lives than it spent, it was part of total warfare, and it was the most efficient...
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...Advances in technology and weaponry have revolutionised warfare since time immemorial, where inventions such as the chariot, canon powder and the airplane effectively changed the landscape of warfare.1 The law of armed conflict (LOAC) that exists today has developed as a reaction to the atrocities committed in the past; the four Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols of 1977 originated as responses to the increased suffering of civilians in armed conflict due in part to developments of weapon technology.2 The legal instruments to regulate the application of these advances in technology can barely keep up with challenges resulting from the rapidness of the advancement of contemporary military technologies. Moreover, recent technological advances raise the prospect of upheavals in practice so fundamental that they challenge assumptions underlying long-established international laws of war.3 This is because advances in technology have dramatically affected the weapons and tactics of future armed conflict, the “places” where conflicts are fought, the “actors” by whom they are fought, and the “means and methods” by which they are fought.4 These changes stress the fundamental principles of the LOAC, thus undermining its ability to regulate the conduct of hostilities; namely, by posing challenges to the principles of distinction, proportionality, military necessity and unnecessary suffering. This essay aims to assess the impact technology has had upon the LOACs...
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...From the many inventions that emerged from the American Civil War, the Ironclad, designed by Captain John Ericsson and Robert L. Stevens, has impacted the world by advancing naval warfare technology. It gave America more influence in Europe and put America ahead of Europe in naval matters. The impact and influence changed naval warfare’s forever by forcing wooden ships to become obsolete. The Ironclad was among the first technological and modern tools of war. Its impact on technology in navies can still be seen today in the designs and the construction of naval ships.(Mac Bride,1) It has impacted technology in the way ships are built. Because of the ironclads the ships that are used in wars today are much safer. They are stronger and easier to maneuver. The first ironclad to ironclad battle between the Merrimac and the Monitor was long and drawn out. Although neither one emerged victorious, the world began to see what a major improvement in warfare these ironclads were. A reporter from the Norfolk Day wrote: “This work will create a revolution in naval warfare. America’s improvement has impacted naval history in a way that no other invention ever has!” Many times in United States history the major nations of the world, such as England, France and Germany, have ignored the United States in political matters but this invention and the ironclad to ironclad battle changed a large percentage of their attitudes toward the United States. It made America become feared and respected by...
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...“Technology has altered the face of war” (Globalization 101)—the world’s oldest exhibition, and running in perpetuity. Every facet of contemporary warfare has been technologically advanced with the cataclysmal intention of moderating soldier-to-soldier confrontation. The onset of World War One—hitherto an unparalleled conflict—prompted the world powers involved to “update” their wartime methodology. The result of these updates would ultimately birth the United States’ opportunity at world dominion. Manipulating initially how combat was seen and prepared for were Observation Balloons: piloted hydrogen-filled blimps first popularized in the French Revolutionary War that were adopted primarily to enhance reconnaissance (Globalization 101). Eliminating altogether the level of soldier endangerment in surveillance operations came the advent of Radar just before the commencement of World War Two (the title being an amalgamation of “Radio Detection and Ranging”) (Globalization 101). Radar was the first invention to come of the twentieth century that largely impersonalized...
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...CYBER WARFARE Student’s Name Institution of Affiliation CYBER WARFARE Cyber warfare is also commonly referred to as the cyber attack. It involves both the attacks and the counter cyber warfare. By definition, it is an intentional breaching of a person’s or community computer system with an intended to fraud money or steal knowledge from the system. Therefore, it involves manipulation of the computer systems, disabling or to wipe out the aggregate information contained in the system of equipment. It has thus been a stern challenge in the economic and national and the world security. As thus, it has become a primary concern for all business people protecting their ideas not to be leaked, in the military due to the protection of national security and also by the government which has to keep it a secret of all what is happening within it. The issue of the cyber attacks has not been one event but something that has occurred over time as a result of inventions and innovations by the governments and security agencies. It was triggered by the need to safeguard one's interests and at the same time keep secrets that if they leak the competitors or the enemies can use them against you. One of the periods that can be credited to giving birth to the period of developments that led to cyber attacks is 1918 all the way to 1939 whereby there was increased military revolution. One of these advances was the use of modern aircraft, weapons, and military strategies and, of course, the technology...
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...in which do not quite fit his argument, the background of the nine battles he uses support his claim; thus, making his theory agreeable overall. Furthermore, the title Carnage and Culture best illustrates Hanson’s theory on the western culture. The reason being why the west always wins their wars is due to the culture- “The Western Way of War”. This culture follows with characteristics in which represent the West: being freedom, individualism, civic militarism, superior weapons, organization, discipline, morale, initiative, flexibility, and command. All of these characteristics are shown through the West in the battles fought against the Non-West. Hanson talks about nine different battles in which helps back up his theory. Western warfare, a common foundation and continual way of fighting, that has made Europeans the most deadly soldiers in the history of civilization. With this being said, Hanson believed that with the western culture, the armies produce better quality arms and soldiers. Culture being such a big part of the Western way of life, the people believed in themselves and their rights to freedom. Although, for a long time the Western expeditionary forces were outnumbered and often deployed from their home they continued to fight off the superior enemies. This led to the Western culture to slaughter mercilessly their opponents. The cultural background is what Hanson’s theory is as...
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...their larger, deeper, more versatile economies and better access to global supplies. Many nations were involved in the war and we were fighting in almost all of the continents. During this war, much life was lost, and many changes came about as a result. The end of the war was a mark in history that brought about major social, cultural, political, and economic change, and thier adverse side effects. During World War I, Germany was in the beginning of its prime, a great nation with sheer power and strength. Germany can be indentified as the nation that was at the core of the world war. DuringWorld War I, the German Empirewas one of the Central Powers. Gemany had the presence of a massive army and state of the art machineries that enhanced warfare activities, steereing the war. Among the nations in the central powers, Germany was the strongest and controlled the entireity of the Tripple Entente. Germany is considered responsible and is the nation behind the first world. They wereresponsiblr for the majority of activities in different parts of the globe causing an increase in the war. The German revolution can thusly be indentified as a factor behind the fallout of World War I. The revolution occured in different angles where two top generals in in the German republic, Paul Von and Erich pressured the then leader known as Kaiser Wilhelm the II. The two generals wanted the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in Germany. The notion behind their actions was that the...
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...KOROTOKA-HILL FORT NATAVULOA-RING DITCH FORT Definitions Fortifications (noun) - the act of building military defenses to protect a place against attack Sedimentary (noun) - material deposited by water, wind, or glaciers Subsistence (noun) - a source or means of obtaining the necessities of life Alluvial (adjective) - made up of or found in the materials that are left by the water of rivers, floods, etc. Shifting cultivation (noun) - a land-use system, in which a tract of land is cultivated until its fertility diminishes, when it is abandoned until this is restored naturally Terrace (noun) - a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which resemble steps, for the purposes of more effective farming Fortified Sites in Fiji Early visitors to Fiji focused a great deal of attention on the predominance of warfare and the presence of fortifications. Fortifications in Fiji consisted of ring-ditch forts in the sedimentary costal flatlands, as well as ditch and bank fortified sites on the hill slopes and ridges. Oral tradition stipulates the main source for details regarding the basis of warfare and fortifications in Fiji. Most of these trace their origin to around the sixteenth century. A migration of a population from the west of the archipelago carried with them more advanced subsistence skills such as building fortified villages. According to the Fijian researcher Palmer, who conducted field investigations...
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...Jean Baudrillard claims that the system put into place in the west is that the cause for this manner of warfare. He quotes a proverb saying “Even God cannot declare war on Himself.” Nevertheless, the west, by positioning itself in the position of God, has imposed this war, and so brought it on itself. To cite Baudrillard, “By seizing all the cards for itself, the west forced the other to alter the principles.” The west asserted ethical, cultural and economic necessity. Viciousness was then left as the sole route for the others to follow. This conflict goes on the far side evolution, and faith. The War on Terror is, rather, according to Baudrillard a delusion that crafts the misrepresentation of a solution based on force. Wars like the Gulf...
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...Authority on cyber warfare As we approach a new generation of warfare, we face new problems. Each generation before us has shown that there are continued advancements in warfare technology and with new technology there are different guidelines and terms of use in concordance with international law. The art of war has not changed since the beginning of time. Yes, there are new weapons, but the content for the most part is the same. Defeat your enemy, rendering them unable to strike back, or attack them where it hurts so that they do not want to proceed in the war. Through the evolution of war, the United States has conquered and been defeated. We may not always be law abiding, but we do what we deem necessary to defend the nation. In the process of defending, we learned that technological advancements are not always a positive thing, and technology can become too powerful for any one nation alone. The creation of the nuclear bomb was just that. Now that there is this terrifying new advancement in warfare technology, how do we stop it from getting into the hands of the wrong people? Executive summary, In this paper, I will discuss how the Stuxnet virus was used to stop the use and development of nuclear weaponry in Iran. The laws on proper use will also be discussed, exploring whether it was lawful to deploy the virus, with relation to the use of Traditional Military Activities and presidential findings. In addition...
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...ingenious ways to survive this harsh environment, and eventually prosper for many centuries. Unfortunately, as this rapidly growing culture became more advanced and powerful, struggle for more power and resources from different city-states caused the Mayans to frequently and viciously go to war with each other. Self destruction- a high probability! On the other hand, as the environment suffered a long period of drought, the absence of water supply hindered the Mayans to the basic necessities of life. With basic resources running low (especially lack of water supply), one can see why the Mayans warred among themselves, which would eventually cause their own extinction, and furthermore, why famine became so widespread. This is why these two particular theories regarding the collapse of the Mayan civilization are the most compelling to me. What Happened To The Mayan Civilization Warmongering and Environmental Famine While there are many mysteries regarding the termination of the Mayan Empire, warfare and famine are among the numerous theories. Disputing evidence has been hypothesized as to when exactly the era of the Mayan Civilization began, but Archeologists believe the Mayan culture began around 2600 BCE. But as of 2010, one of the most accepted views as to when...
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...connection of the theory to medieval Christian theory and particularly, contemporary Catholicism is in the works of Thomas Aquinas and Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis (Gutman & Rieff, 2000). The former, also called Thomas of Aquin was an Italian Dominican priest, a theologian and a philosopher. The latter, also called St. Augustine, Blessed Augustine or Augustine of Hippo, was a onetime Bishop of Hippo Regius, a philosopher and theologian. This paper describes the tenets of the just war theory derived from the works of these philosophers and the utility of the theory within contemporary warfare. Specific focus is on the justification of the US invasion of Iraq and the consequences thereof. In the works of these three philosophers, the Just War Theory took a Christian connotation of the Roman Empire’s view of warfare. The Christian understanding of provocation to war and the ethics of warfare shifted to strong beliefs in a jurisdiction’s duty or right to fight for a course that is considered just. This paradigm shift abandoned the oft strict pacifism that characterized relations in pre-medieval history of human civilization. In the works of the mentioned moral thinkers, the belief that all international disputes could be settled by arbitration was discarded...
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...commissioned (The US Navy). Although the Seawolf is thought to be better than the Virginia Class (The US Navy), the Virginia class is the best solution to the Navy’s needs at the lowest cost. Every vessel that the United States has ever created all have a common purpose, to complete a specific mission effectively. Whenever a new task or problem occurs, a need for a new vessel arises if no other vessel can complete the mission effectively. In the case of the Virginia Class, the mission of the 774 Class is to implement “open-ocean and littoral covert operations” through the execution of the following missions: Squadron and Expeditionary aid, Anti-Surface Warfare (ASUW), Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW), Intelligence gathering and observation, and warfare such as mine, strike, special and electronic (US Navy, SSN 774). The necessity of the Virginia Class came about because of the retirement of the very old and technologically inferior Los Angeles Class. The Virginia Class Submarine is faster, quieter and more technologically advanced than the forty-four year old design of the SSN-688 Class. The Virginia Class is like no other submarine in the world, being built in sections and then being welded together (O'Rourke). With this new process of using standardized pieces, the SSN-774 Class uses about forty percent less parts than the Seawolf Class. With only 17,963 parts versus 45,000 parts, the Virginia Class is much easier to construct, as well as faster to build (U.S. Department of Defense)...
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...During World War II in August 6, 1945 America dropped worlds first atomic bomb on Hiroshima in Japan. This atomic bomb was given a nickname "Little Boy". On August 9, 1945 three days after the first bomb was dropped United States dropped the second bomb on the Nagasaki. This bomb was given a nickname "Fat Man". Together these two bombs killed over 90,000 people immediately and it demolished the cities. The decision by President Harry S. Truman and his advisors to drop the atomic bomb on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II was a military necessity. The first reason the bombing of Japan was military necessity because four years ago Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. According to document A bombing of pearl harbor killed 2,400 American .So Americans hated the Japanese, they wanted revenge from Japan. According to document B, on the poster it was written that " stay on the job until every MURDERING JAP is wiped out!". Americans were angry at Japan. They were encouraging other Americans by posting posters to take strong action against Japan. Also, Japanese Kamikaze attacked on United States ships in the Pacific Theater, these were the suicidal attacks on ships....
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