...followed by nitrogen cycle, dual mixed refrigerant process with spiral wound exchangers. To compare properly one process to another, it must be done with the same gas, with the same site conditions, with the same gas turbines and with the same cooling medium temperature (air or water). That done, to compare processes like for like is still not that easy. For instance, it seems fair to take the same efficiencies for the compressors, however, axial and centrifugal compressors do have different efficiencies. Similarly, equal basis leads to have the same temperature approach for the air-cooler (or water coolers), however between mixed refrigerant and propane, the heat exchange area will be much lower for mixed refrigerant if the approach is kept identical. The end flash vapour quantity has also a big influence on the process efficiency, but each process has a different fuel gas consumption. Those added factors may lead to wide differences. Axens has calculated the effect of all those parameters on efficiency. The equipment characteristics play also an important role in the comparison: the limitations of axial compressors, of centrifugal compressors (Mach number) and possibly spiral-wound exchangers maximum size do have to be taken into account. Even the gas turbines or alternative drivers chosen can be well adapted to one process, but not to the other. Another important parameter is the LPG recovery: a large LPG recovery will decrease the efficiency of any process, but not to the...
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...Conversion of a Propeller Turbine to Full Kaplan Operation at Michigamme Falls By Gerard J. Russell, P.E., American Hydro Corp., York, Pennsylvania, USA, Craig Peterson, P.E., American Hydro Corp., York, Pennsylvania, USA, and Douglas T. Eberlein, P.E., We Energies, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA ABSTRACT FERC license renewal stipulations for We Energies’ Michigamme Falls plant included new flow constraints that were outside the existing fixed-blade propeller turbines’ efficiency range. One of the turbines was converted to fully adjustable Kaplan operation to regain the lost generation. Introduction Renewal of the project’s FERC license in October of 2001 required that the minimum flow could be no less than 50% of the maximum flow during a given calendar day. The existing generating units were typical fixed-blade propeller turbines with a very narrow range of efficient operation, so they could not effectively meet this new requirement. We Energies evaluated several options for addressing the new operating regime including spilling the required low flow when necessary, installation of a minimum flow turbine-generator unit, and conversion of one of the propeller units to full adjustable blade Kaplan operation. The Kaplan conversion was chosen as the most effective option to improve the operating efficiency and flexibility of the plant while achieving the required low flow operating capability. This paper describes the Owner’s planning process that resulted in the decision to convert...
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...1. Blade Design: The design of the blade does not just depend on the stress analysis; several other factors play significant roles as well. The leading edge is thicker than the trailing edge for a streamlined Flow. Furthermore, the blade should be as thin as possible to improve cavitation Characteristics; it is thicker near the flange becoming thinner and thinner towards the tip. In Addition, the blade has to be distorted on the basis of the tangential velocity. Blade design is the most complex thing in Kaplan turbine. It consists of six steps. 1. Velocity triangle is evaluated at the leading and Trailing edge of the blade. 2. Angle of distortion of the chord lengths (β∞). 3. Lift Coefficients. 4. Chord length to Spacing (L/t) ratio. 5. Drag Coefficient. 6. Profile. 2.1. Velocity Triangle: U U As shown in the figure different types of velocities occur as the fluid flows from the blades of this turbine. Thorough understanding of the velocity triangle (fig 1. 1) is necessary for a good design. Figure 1.1 Figure 1.1 β∞ β∞ Wu Wu Cu Cu Wm Wm Cm Cm Blade Tangential Velocity ………. (1.1) Tangential Flow velocity ……………… (1.2) Relative Tangential Velocity……………. (1.3) Relative Axial Velocity…………………… (1.4) Where, U = blade Tangential velocity [m/s] Wm= Axial Component relative velocity [m/s]. Cm = Axial Component flow Velocity [m/s]. Cu= Tangential Component flow velocity [m/s]. Wu= Tangential Component relative velocity [m/s]...
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...EDIBON International, S.A. C/ del Agua, 14. P.I. San José de Valderas 28918 LEGANÉS (Madrid) Spain TEL.: +34 916198683 FAX: +34 916198647 E-mail: edibon@edibon.com Web: www.edibon.com DATE: 23/08/2012 N/REF.:PAVI0820.12 TO: PAVING COUNTRY: BANGLADESH TFNO. : FROM: JESUS MUNOZ SUBJECT: QUOTATION ACCORDING TO YOUR REQUEST. Dear Sirs, According to your request, in the following page is attached a quotation corresponding to our best offer and our best conditions. Sincerely, JESUS MUNOZ EDIBON International This quotation has been made under the following conditions: CONDITIONS: - All prices are in: EURO - Ex-Works Madrid Prices - Delivery time estimated: 3-4 months from factory approx. (to be confirmed with the order) - This offer is valid for 60 days. - Normal export payment. - Manufacturer: EDIBON INTERNATIONAL S.A. - Origin: SPAIN - Warranty: 2 years. - Customs Tarif Number: 902300.10 AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (AUST) QUOTATION: PAVI0820.12 7.5.1 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS GENERAL ITEM UNIT|QTY.|DESCRIPTION||| ||||||| 1|EEFC|1|Computer Controlled Fatigue Testing Unit|||| 2|EEU/20KN|1|Universal Material Testing Unit|||| 3|EEFCR|1|Creep Testing Unit|||| 4|EEICI|1|Charpy and Izod Impact Testing Unit|||| 5|EEDB|1|Brinell Hardness Testing Unit|||| 6|MVV|1|Unsymmetrical Cantilever Unit, without masses (1 of SET B)|||| |||Additional Accessory:||||| ...
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...85 Hydraulic turbines—basic principles and state-of-theart computational fluid dynamics applications P Drtina* and M Sallaberger Sulzer Hydro AG, Zurich, Switzerland ¨ Abstract: The present paper discusses the basic principles of hydraulic turbines, with special emphasis on the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a tool which is being increasingly applied to gain insight into the complex three-dimensional (3D) phenomena occurring in these types of fluid machinery. The basic fluid mechanics is briefly treated for the three main types of hydraulic turbine: Pelton, Francis and axial turbines. From the vast number of applications where CFD has proven to be an important help to the design engineer, two examples have been chosen for a detailed discussion. The first example gives a comparison of experimental data and 3D Euler and 3D Navier–Stokes results for the flow in a Francis runner. The second example highlights the state-of-the-art of predicting the performance of an entire Francis turbine by means of numerical simulation. Keywords: hydraulic turbines, flow prediction, stage simulation, hill chart, Navier–Stokes and Euler computations NOTATION C, c E g h at h d H H s k K c K u K w n Q R, r T U, u W, w Z a b e f g absolute velocity (m/s) energy per unit mass (m2/s2) gravity (m/s2) atmospheric pressure head (m) vapour pressure head (m) turbine head (m) suction head (m) turbulent kinetic energy (m2/s2) normalized velocity normalized circumferential velocity normalized relative...
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...Study of Manufacturing of Turbine Blades A Summer Internship Project Report Abstract Steam Turbine is a prime mover which converts the energy associated with the steam into mechanical energy which results in the rotation of the turbine rotor. It is nearly an ideal working device among all heat engines and prime movers and widely used in Power plants and in all industries to generate power because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. Presently, 80% of all electricity is generated by using steam turbines alone. In this project report, I have mainly concentrated on the turbine-rotor-blades. Because, the rotor is the heart of the turbine and it affects (i.e. blading of rotor) the efficiency of the steam turbine. In this manufacturing of blades is widely focused. Key Words: Steam Turbine, Blades, Rotor BY k.sai sailender Summer Internship Program 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude I give to Prof. V.Srinivas, Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, GIT-GITAM, Visakhapatnam. Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the staff of BHEL Hyderabad, who gave the permission to use all required equipment and the necessary materials to complete the task “ASSEMBLY OF STEAM TURBINES” Last but not least, many thanks go to the guide of the project, Mr.VIVEKANADA MANDAL...
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...The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. Power is recovered from both the hydrostatic head and from the kinetic energy of the flowing water. The design combines features of radial and axial turbines. The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around the turbine's wicket gate. Water is directed tangentially through the wicket gate and spirals on to a propeller shaped runner, causing it to spin. The outlet is a specially shaped draft tube that helps decelerate the water and recover kinetic energy. The turbine does not need to be at the lowest point of water flow as long as the draft tube remains full of water. A higher turbine location, however, increases the suction that is imparted on the turbine blades by the draft tube. The resulting pressure drop may lead to cavitation. Variable geometry of the wicket gate and turbine blades allow efficient operation for a range of flow conditions. Kaplan turbine efficiencies are typically over 90%, but may be lower in very low head applications.[2] Current areas of research include CFD driven efficiency improvements and new designs that raise survival rates of fish passing through. Because the propeller blades are rotated on high-pressure hydraulic oil bearings, a critical element of Kaplan design is to maintain a positive seal to prevent emission of oil into the waterway. Discharge of oil into rivers is not desirable...
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...Quint Amongan Hydro-power or water power is power derived from the energy of falling water and running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydro-power has been used for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices, such as watermills, sawmills, textile mills, dock cranes, domestic lifts, power houses and paint making. Since the early 20th century, the term has been used almost exclusively in conjunction with the modern development of hydro-electric power, which allowed use of distant energy sources. Another method used to transmit energy is by using a trompe, which produces compressed air from falling water. Compressed air could then be piped to power other machinery at a distance from the waterfall. Hydro power is a renewable energy source. Water's power is manifested in hydrology, by the forces of water on the riverbed and banks of a river. When a river is in flood, it is at its most powerful, and moves the greatest amount of sediment. This higher force results in the removal of sediment and other material from the riverbed and banks of the river, locally causing erosion, transport and, with lower flow, sedimentation downstream. Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine A turbine, from the Greek is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. A turbine is a turbo machine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades...
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...The Water Wheel The water wheel has helped to shape modern society because it was one of the earliest machines. It dates back to dates Before Christ. Once it was being used its popularity grew fast and spread quickly. At first there was no real engineering but a wheel with paddles in the center. It was first used to for grinding grains. As people used it for more things like driving sawmills and pumps, they also looked for ways to make the water wheel more efficient. They created the overshot wheel, the undershot wheel, and the breast wheel. The designs were for different uses and generated different amount of horsepower depending on the user’s needs. They also started making water wheels out of cast iron. People were always looking for ways to make it more efficient and some inventions were very successful like the cast-iron gearing which brought all wood construction to an end. Since they were always looking for more efficient ways this also brought to people inventing turbines and even windmills. Even now a days small companies use water wheels instead of turbines because they are more affordable and the payback is greater. They are also very affordable to maintain. If it wasn’t for this early machine that started it all maybe we wouldn’t have evolved so fast in this technology. Maybe they would have been grinding grains by hand for a couple hundred years more. Hydro-electric dams are descendants from water wheels, as they also take advantage of the movement of water downhill...
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...I personally feel that there is substantial respect to be gained by pursuing the field of Mechanical Engineering. The diversity present in this field has attracted me and it is consistent with my enthusiasm for Mathematics and Science. It has a lot of scope as well. I have gone through the entire course and the specific areas, which interested me, were Robotics and Project Design. I know what a career in Engineering is like, since I have done an internship as a Engineer in MTA. I have been quite impressed by the teamwork involved in Mechanical Engineering; how people work in groups, in order to complete a project for example in MTA we are producing a device called the Help Points which will help people achieve emergency assistance or information within the press of a button on the platform itself. In my opinion, supervising, problem solving and decision-making play an important role in most of the Engineering firms. Taking courses such as Physics, Dynamics, Thermodynamics, Fluids, Mechanics of Materials, and etc. have helped me develop these skills. They have equipped me with adequate knowledge and understanding so that I could become a confident member of the advanced world of technology. I have the zeal to develop self-inspiration and the talent to work in a consistent manner. I believe that Science and Mathematics are cohesive. By studying Mathematics, I have gained the skills, which help me solve real life problems, and such skills, more importantly, have been useful in the...
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...Rolls Royce – Power By the Hour Project Report Prepared by NUPUR MITTAL (WMP7106), PANKAJ GUPTA (WMP7107), PHANESH V. R. ATMURI (WMP7108), PIYUSH RAJESH GUPTA (WMP7109), POULASTYA DUTTA (WMP7110), PRAMUKH SINGH RAWAL (WMP7111)) and PRASHANT JOSHI (WMP7112) Section B, WMP 2011-14, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LUCKNOW – NOIDA CAMPUS Rolls Royce – Power By the Hour 1 Executive Summary Today most Multi National Companies that are operating globally are realizing that they have to take complete control of After-Sales-Service, in order to compete effectively and synergize their operations with profitability. Earlier days, much of the service operations were handled by third parties. Companies have identified that after-salesservice is a significant source of revenue for the organization. With this paradigm shift and change in the culture, Rolls Royce pioneered and conceptualized ‘Power by the Hour’, an after-sales-service program that helps focus customer in their core business activities & offers peace of mind. In order to achieve this, Rolls Royce had to restructure and revamp its various operations including vertical integration of various divisions. The after-sales services provided by Roll-Royce helped its customers reduce maintenance costs and downtime. The service also enabled the company to improve its aero engine designs and build good relationships with customers. Moreover, the company gained a steady long-term revenue stream from the maintenance contracts. Analysts felt...
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...guageable so they can not be able to maintain a uniform taste. It depends on situation that whenever any defects would arise then they use some indirect materials to overcome them. Other indirect materials are; • Tape and ink used in packing • Factory supplies • Lubricants • Fuel etc. 4.3.2 Indirect labor Indirect labor consists of; • Mixing supervisor • Cutting supervisor • Packing supervisor • Kaman supervisor • Feeder supervisor • Sorter supervisor • Store keeper • Superintendence • Inspection team • Factory clerks 4.3.3 Other manufacturing costs These include; • Rent • Fire insurance • Inward travelling cost • Depreciation of plant and machinery • Maintenance and repair cost • Property tax on factory premises • Heat, light, power and water • Miscellaneous factory overhead ...
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...INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT AT KAPAR ENERGY VENTURES SDN.BHD KAPAR, SELANGOR BY CHOLAN A/L VENU (ME090139) DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL START DATE :09/03/15 END DATE :29/05/15 ABSTRACT As a third year degree student in Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Hons.), I have been assigned to undergo industrial training for 12 weeks. This industrial training is one of the vital part of my coursework whereby I will be able to graduate from the degree programme if and only if I passed this industrial training session. Therefore, I have applied to several companies and Kapar Energy Ventures Sdn. Bhd., one of the leading companies in power plant field accepted my application as an intern. I went through a lot of challenging as well as knowledgeable working experiences throughout the industrial training period. Therefore, I am writing this report based on my working experiences during the industrial training period. The main purpose of this report is to put down in writing the record of my training experiences. Apart from that this report is also written with the purpose of explaining my visiting supervisor about every task as well as aspects that have been assigned to me as my job scope throughout the entire industrial training period. I hope this report will serve as a summary or as an overall view for my industrial training period. Apart from summarizing the entire industrial training experience, this report also ...
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...Mechanics and Manufacturing, Vol. 1, No. 2, May 2013 Hydro turbine Runner Design and Manufacturing Fatma Ayancik, Umut Aradag, Ece Ozkaya, Kutay Celebioglu, Ozgur Unver, and Selin Aradag Abstract—This research describes a methodology for the parametric design, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) aided analysis and manufacturing of a Francis type hydro turbine runner. A Francis type hydro turbine consists of five components which are volute, stay vanes, guide vanes, runner and draft tube. The hydraulic performance of the turbine depends on the shape of the components; especially on the shape of the runner blades. The design parameters for the other components are affected by the runner parameters directly. Runner geometry is more complex than the other parts of the turbine. Therefore; to obtain accurate results and meet hydraulic expectations, CFD analyses and advanced manufacturing tools are necessary for the design and manufacturing of the hydro turbine runner. The turbine runner design methodology developed is presented using an actual potential hydraulic power plant in Turkey. Index Terms—CFD, francis turbine, runner, design and manufacturing. I. INTRODUCTION Turbines are used for hydropower generation. There are basically two types of hydraulic turbines, the first one is impulse and the second one is reaction type turbines. Impulse turbines work based on momentum principle; while in the reaction type turbines, the flow is fully pressurized and it works according to conservation...
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...General Electric uses a multifaceted approach to help make them one of the industries leaders in engine production. This approach includes resources both financially and managerially. Financially General Electric has invested $50 million in new engine technology, with an additional $1.2 billion to $1.4 billion being required to help them bring new engine designs to the forefront. General Electric has also received a $20 million grant from NASA in order for them to create the first tester UDF engine. General Electric’s Aircraft Engine Business Group (AEBG) manages the production of GE’s engine technology. AEBG has successfully put together a list of resources including Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and others in an attempt to put their engine group at the front of the market. According to industry segmentation models, General Electric’s AEBG occupies around $4.7 billion in revenue sales. Using the segmentation model it is also clear that AEBG’s profitability is net yearly earnings of $381 thousand. In order to develop a good product, AEBG spends a lot of time making sure that the area of research and development is given close attention. AEBG invested 20% of its total revenue in company funded research and development, which is a high amount, even in the high technology sector of aircraft engines. To properly develop the new UDF engine, General Electric will have to spend $1.2 billion to $1.5 billion. This is after an initial investment of $50 million. General Electric will be able...
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