...Non-Western Culture Kerry Pemberton HUMA215-1104B-11 Topics in Cultural Studies Professor Kelly Dormady AIU December 3, 2011 Abstract This paper will explore the decentering of culture by the Europeans. Also, this paper will give examples of the effects of decentering of culture by the Europeans in Africa. Introduction As the western world began strengthening its military, communication, and developing naval technology, its new focus was conquering civilizations in the New World and decentering their culture. The Europeans were determined to pose their will on the weaker civilizations and claim these territories as part of their own. Analyze and interpret the following quotation: “Worldwide, non-Western cultures faced fundamental challenges to their cultural identities—not so much a recentering of culture but a decentering of culture. The late 19th and early 20th century produced western cultures that inherited modern technology, communication, and a strong military presence. The growth of these western cultures both politically and economically influenced other cultures. As the western cultures continued to strengthen, other cultures began to fear the power the western cultures were gaining. The non-Western cultures did not want to circum to these Western cultures because they had their own values and own way of thinking. The non-Western cultures were not ready for a decentering of their own culture...
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...During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century’s the Western cultures had began to modernize with technology, communication and the military. The growth had given the Western culture political power and economic success in other cultures. As the Western culture reaped accomplishments, other cultures feared the change and the progression. Struggling with the influence of the western cultures the non-western cultures had their own ways and their own values; they were not ready to take on neither change nor modifications, creating a decentering of their own culture, as they began losing their own identities. Due to the globalization of the nineteenth to the twentieth century non western cultures were faced with the influences of the western cultures, causing a decentering of their own culture. During the twentieth century such things as fashion, music, traditions, media, communication, and technology began to change and modernize to the times. Technology and communication has had an overwhelming growth since the nineteenth century. Some cultures such as music and literature has been passed down from generation to generation. There are many cultures that suffered decentering, such as Africa. The impact that the European culture had on Africa was devastating, as families and villages began to fall as men were sold or traded as slaves The African culture had many of their own traditions and their region flourished prior to the Europeans. The African nation lived quietly in...
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...and other western cultures. Individualism, which some claim dates back centuries in America and other western cultures. Sonata form (also sonata-allegro form or first movement form) is a large-scale musical structure used widely since the middle of the 18th century (the early Classical period). Sonata form (also sonata-allegro form or first movement form) is a large-scale musical structure used widely since the middle of the 18th century (the early Classical period). Symphony is an extended musical composition in Western classical music, normally thought of as being written for orchestra Symphony is an extended musical composition in Western classical music, normally thought of as being written for orchestra Lyricism-gentle or romantic emotion, expressed in writing or music. Lyricism-gentle or romantic emotion, expressed in writing or music. Symmetrical is not restricted to the visual arts. Its role in the history of music touches many aspects of the creation and perception of music. Symmetrical is not restricted to the visual arts. Its role in the history of music touches many aspects of the creation and perception of music. Classical are generally accepted as being between about 1750 and 1820. However, the term classical music is used in a colloquial sense as a synonym for Western art music, which describes a variety of Western musical styles from the ninth century to the present, and especially from the sixteenth or seventeenth to the nineteenth. This article...
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...phrase used predominantly by economists to characterize areas that were settled mostly though European migration during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. However, in reality the term has much complexity and a greater dimensionality when trying to define a precise meaning, and furthermore an understanding. By exploring who developed the term in conjunction with conducting investigation into those who further tried to clarify it, we can begin to grasp an understanding of the fundamental characteristics that were exhibited by ‘Regions of Recent Settlement’, and whether or not this is useful as an explanatory model. The term ‘Regions of Recent Settlement’ was developed and used by Ragnar Nurske an international economist and policy maker who worked primarily in the fields of international finance and economic development. He also spent much of his time examining the circle of poverty in underdeveloped countries, linking it to insufficient investment. He used the term ‘Regions of Recent Settlement’ to define “areas which successfully developed during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in response to the stimulus of expanding world trade which accompanied the industrialisation of the North Atlantic economies.” They were areas which experienced a “distinct process of growth which was unique to a specific time period”, being the Mid Nineteenth Century to the onset of World War I or at the latest, the Great Depression. They were immense, productive and relatively empty...
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...Our ancestor told stories to entertain, to comfort each other, to instruct the young in the lessons of living, to pass on their religious and cultural heritage. Storytelling is an integral part of every world culture. In early times, people did not distinguish between adult and children’s literature. Children heard and presumably, enjoyed the same stories as their parents, whether they were the adventurous tales of gods and demons and magic spells and talking animals-as are found throughout the world. According to Russell (2004), Western civilization has its roots in the culture of ancient Greece and Rome, which flourished between about 500 BCE and 400 CE, now known as the Classical period. Greece in the fifth century BCE is in many ways the birthplace of Western culture and so that is where our story begins. In this cradle of democracy and individualism, children grew up with the stories of Trojan War (from Homer’s Iliad) and the travel Odysseus (from Homer’s Odyssey) and the stories of Jason and the Golden Fleece and the adventures of Hercules. They also knew of the now-famous fables attributed to the slave Aesop, believed to be a teacher, writing to instruct his students in cultural and personal...
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...some disagreement as to when the construction of race took its current form. First, it has been suggested that the descriptions of race in ancient literature demonstrate that it originates in xenophobic beliefs (Hirschfield, 1998, p.34). The system of natural classification that developed in the Eighteenth Century is also seen as an important contribution (Hannaford, 1996, p.188). However, almost all studies agree that a distinctive development of racial thinking began to take place in the Nineteenth Century (Hirschfield, 1998, p.35). The Nineteenth Century saw the search for the historical and biological origins of race (Hannaford, 1996, p.235). It went beyond the simply classification of race and towards a more significant delineation of race into one that embodies characteristics, personalities and even mental abilities. Several key developments were relevant to this progression. These will be examined as follows: first the importance of the development of biological categories and the influence of power will be examined. Secondly, the development of scientific dialogue of Darwinism and Eugenics will be discussed. Thirdly, an examination will be made of the influence of nationalism and imperialism. Finally, the notion to which the discourse became self-serving will be considered in that as the connection...
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...Development of Corrections Hope Washington CJS/230 Introduction to Corrections May 2, 2013 John Feltgen Throughout history, the female criminal has been cast as a "double-deviant"; first, because she violated the criminal or moral law and, second, perhaps more importantly, because she has violated the narrow moral strictures of the female role within society. In almost every Western society, women have been cast as second-class citizens, subservient to the will and wishes of men. Women who violated the law, then, also violated their subservient position and were seen as morally suspect as well as criminal. Prior to the development of prisons in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, punishment for women and men took a variety of forms: Serious offenders were put to death by hanging or burning, or banished from their community or sold as slaves. Prisons for women have changed now because they are not as brutal and it was in the 1800’s but women still go to prison for crimes they have committed. Despite the evidence for pre-modern concerns about juvenile crime, a number of historians have argued that the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century was a pivotal period of change in the treatment of juvenile criminals. Accordingly, a traditional approach to the history of crime has argued that during the nineteenth century there was an invention of juvenile crime, and that, henceforth, the foundations were laid for the juvenile justice system of the later nineteenth century...
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...Pelle the Conqueror - A Motivation to pursue social democracy In the early twentieth century, a famous Danish writer Martin Andersen Nexo wrote many literature masterpieces to depict the life of working class in Scandinavian countries. Pelle the Conqueror Volume 01, one of his most reputational works which he described as “ the novel of the first organized stage of labor’s development,” ( Thompson, 1) has won the fame of the world and given people the inspirational power to fight for their freedom and human rights. More importantly, his works accurately reflect the period when people in the lower class, especially workers had experienced the oppression of the upper class and reveal the beginning of socialist movement in European countries in the early nineteenth century. “Martin Andersen Nexo was born in Copenhagen on 26 June 1869” (Ingwersen, 1) . As a communist writer, he devoted his whole life in the career of socialism and to spread communist ideology in those countries, he wrote many literature works depicting the labor movement in Scandinavian countries, especially Denmark. As an adamant opponent of Fascism and Nazism, Nexo was temporarily detained from the German Army and eventually realeased. He experienced many turmoils and finally moved to East Germany and passed away with the East German’s citizen honor. During the time Nexo was writing Pelle the Conqueror, the countries in Scandinavian region were still in agriculture centralized economic condition, and...
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...material etc.). Are there reasons for this dominance that are more important than others? Looking back at the world in the past few hundred years, it would have been difficult to imagine that one day, majority of Western Europe would come to dominate the world in global economy (Landes, European Exceptionalism: A Different Path, 1998). Frank (2001) described the process of which the western society overcame pre-modern growth restraints and risen during the 19th century as the most powerful and wealthy region, as ‘The Great Divergence’ (Also commonly referred to as ‘the European miracle’ (Jones, 2003)). This essay will explore the development of European civilization through examining the revolution of commercial, industrial, agricultural, scientific, and the beginning of colonial empires. Also, we will look at various works of many authors and their theories regarding how and why the process of Great Divergence occurred. This includes the change in economical effects, the role of government, culture, the technological development, and innovation. In addition, we will briefly explore the previously developed areas; such as China and compare them to European civilization. The approximate beginning of ‘great divergence’ has been debated between many authors, being as early as 17th century, where Europe’s economy was starting grow over other region’s economy (Maddison, 2001). However, many historians believe that it was during the 19th century when Europe was developing rapidly. On...
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...Globalization "Globalization" is a term that came into mainstream use in the 1980's to portray the expanded development of individuals, information and thoughts, and merchandise and cash crosswise over national outskirts that has prompted expanded interconnectedness among the world's populaces, monetarily, politically, socially and socially. Globalization as a concept refers both to the compression of the world and intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole both concrete global interdependence and consciousness of the global whole in the twentieth century (Robertson, 1992: 8). Despite the fact that globalization is regularly considered in monetary terms (i.e., "the worldwide commercial center"), this methodology has numerous social and political ramifications too. A lot of people in nearby groups partner globalization with modernization (i.e., the change of "conventional" social orders into "Western" industrialized ones). At the worldwide level, globalization is considered regarding the difficulties it postures to the part of governments in universal issues and the worldwide economy. There are warmed verbal confrontations about globalization and its sure and negative impacts. "Friedman realized early that to write intelligently about world economics he needed to make himself an expert in six tightly integrated domains that are usually reported separately: financial markets, politics, culture, national security, technology, and the environment" (Brand, 2002, Introduction...
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...extent did the Atlantic Revolutions reflect the influence of early modern historical developments? The Haitian Revolution in Saint Domingue extended the ideas of equal rights to encompass colored people as well, opening up moral issues concerning slavery. This revolution injected a deep caution and social conservatism in Spanish elites that led their countries to independence in the early nineteenth century. It also inspired other slave rebellions in the British West Indies to go against slavery, create abolitionist movements, and eventually put an end to Atlantic slavery in the nineteenth century. The Atlantic Revolutions introduced the idea of a nation, where people would come together as loyal citizens. The Spanish American Revolutions supported liberalism by having creoles bring everyone of different wealth, race, and culture to go against Spanish forces. Nationalism spread across nineteenth-century Europe and beyond, stimulating political unification of places like Germany and Italy. It encouraged Greeks and Serbs to become independent from the Ottoman Empire and the Hungarians to demand more autonomy from the Austrian Empire. The ideas of equality from the Enlightenment challenged women’s position in society as inferiors. The French Revolution, with its goal to re-create new human societies, contained women who strongly believed in progress and the change in these gender systems that would later spread to Western Europe and the United States. Feminist movements became apparent...
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...fruits. They ritually addressed and prepared the animals they killed, the agricultural fields they tended, and the vegetal and mineral materials they processed. They used song and ritual speech to modify their world, while physically transforming that landscape with fire and water, brawn and brain. They did not passively adapt, but responded in diverse ways to adjust environments to meet their cultural as well as material desires. The pace of change in Indian environments increased dramatically with Euroamerican contact. Old World pathogens and epidemic diseases, domesticated plants and livestock, the disappearance of native flora and fauna, and changing resource use patterns altered the physical and cultural landscape of the New World. Nineteenth-century removal and reservation policies reduced the continental scope of Indian lands to mere islands in the stream of American settlement. Reservations themselves were largely unwanted or remote environments of little perceived economic value. Indian peoples lost even that land as the General Allotment Act of 1887 divided reservations into individual holdings. By 1930, this policy...
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...Name Professor Course Date Definition of Civilization When people in the community live peacefully, the level of development increases tremendously thereby civilization sets in. Before civilization came into existence, the early people lived off the land and were nomadic hunter-gatherers. With time, these hunters and groups of foragers started to settle down. There were strains on the nomadic people in that they had to find reliable sources of food for the animals that were large to feed. The exact meaning of “civilization” sometimes becomes hard to define since it can be ambiguous. It is easier for civilization to be described than it can be defined. According to Mazlish (5), civilization can be defined in many ways, but many scholars agree that when a society forms cities the result is that it becomes a civilization. Scholars define civilization as a set of attributes that certain societies possess, for example, agriculture, writing, monumental construction, government, mathematics among others. Emphasis is employed in the definition of civilization in terms of describing societies as being urbanized and hierarchical. Civilization is traced back to the Latin word “civilis” that has the meaning of “citizen” that means a member in a state that has a government or any sort of ruling in place. Civilization takes many forms that may include division of labor, surplus of food, and organization of governments and religion. Many people should be cognizant, and understand...
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...Essay on Native American Environmental Issues by David R. Lewis This essay is taken from Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia, edited by Mary B. Davis and published in 1994 by Garland Publishers of New York. The encyclopedia includes additional essays on mining, natural resource management, hunting and fishing rights, and economic development. It's a highly recommended resource. Reprinted without permission for educational purposes. Traditionally Native Americans have had an immediate and reciprocal relationship with their natural environments. At contact, they lived in relatively small groups close to the earth. They defined themselves by the land and sacred places, and recognized a unity in their physical and spiritual universe. Their cosmologies connected them with all animate and inanimate beings. Indians moved in a sentient world, managing its bounty and diversity carefully lest they upset the spirit "bosses," who balanced and endowed that world. They acknowledged the power of Mother Earth and the mutual obligation between hunter and hunted as coequals. Indians celebrated the earth's annual rebirth and offered thanks for her first fruits. They ritually addressed and prepared the animals they killed, the agricultural fields they tended, and the vegetal and mineral materials they processed. They used song and ritual speech to modify their world, while physically transforming that landscape with fire and water, brawn and brain. They did not passively...
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...Non-Western Cultures Unit 4 Individual Project Amanda Waterhouse January 29, 2012 Abstract Interpretation The meaning of, “Worldwide, non-western cultures faced fundamental challenges to their cultural identities-not so much a recentering of culture but a decentering of culture” (Sayre, 2010), Sayre is saying that Western cultures have begun to lose their identities that brought them over from native countries. Almost every culture that migrated to the US brought some kind of their culture with them. Even though some only came with only clothes and nothing else. They came here to hoping to fill their dreams and for a better life. Cultural Identities Culture identity is perception of oneself and they group they ma belong to. This can be influenced or inherited. Culture and belief is a big identity in most culture. There are many identities that identify a culture. Some examples of those identities are clothing, music, food, religion, language etc. (http://www.digitrends.com/crossingcultures/iden.htm) Meaning of “decentering” of a Culture Non-western cultures in the late ninetieth, early twentieth century were influenced by western cultures due to globalization. During the twentieth century, such as technology of music, media, traditions, communication progress the culture felt overwhelmed. Technology had begun growing and modernizes to the times. Music and literature has been passed down from generation to generation. Impact of Western or European Cultures ...
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